Annals of botany最新文献

{"title":"Phylogenetic diversity sheds light on the evolution of the unique fern flora of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo.","authors":"Hong Qian, Michael Kessler","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf013","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Mount Kinabalu is an isolated, geologically young mountain (Pliocene and early Pleistocene) in northern Borneo harbouring a highly diverse flora with a high level of endemism. It is one of the global centres of fern diversity, but how this diversity has evolved has not been studied to date. We assess patterns of evolutionary legacies in the fern flora of Mount Kinabalu, with an emphasis on testing the tropical niche conservatism hypothesis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used several metrics of phylogenetic structure, including phylogenetic diversity (PD), mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), mean pairwise distance (MPD), and their respective standardized effect sizes (PDses, MNTDses and MPDses), which represent different depths of evolutionary history, to investigate patterns of evolutionary legacies in the fern flora of Mount Kinabalu.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>We found that there was a decrease of PDses with elevation, reflecting a tropical origin of ferns and a gradual evolutionary adaptation to colder environments by fewer successive lineages. However, when separating the evolutionary old non-polypod lineages from the modern polypod radiation, we found a decrease of MNTD with elevation for the former, reflecting an ongoing upslope evolutionary trend, whereas for the modern polypod radiation, the inverse was true. Within the polypods, terrestrial and epiphytic species also showed different patterns, with the former showing a hump-shaped pattern for all phylogenetic diversity metrics, whereas the latter showed a more or less linear decline. Again, this suggests different evolutionary histories for ferns inhabiting the forest floor and canopy, due to the influence of the different habitat conditions. Finally, we found that mean annual temperature had a much stronger effect on phylogenetic diversity metrics than annual precipitation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found that the current fern assemblages on Mount Kinabalu show a strong evolutionary legacy that mirrors that of other mountains, suggesting a global consistency in phylogenetic diversity patterns of ferns along elevational transects, presumably due to a combination of dispersal between mountains and evolutionary convergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"991-1000"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143063307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter- and intra-observer variation in phytolith morphometry.","authors":"Welmoed A Out, Rand Evett, Kristýna Hošková, Robert C Power, Javier Ruiz-Pérez, Monica Tromp, Luc Vrydaghs, Kali Wade, Mario Hasler","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae116","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Archaeobotanists and palaeoecologists use geometric morphometrics extensively to identify plant opal phytoliths. Particularly when applied to assemblages of phytoliths from concentrations retrieved from closed contexts, morphometric data from archaeological phytoliths compared with similar data from reference material can allow taxonomic attribution. Observer variation is one aspect of phytolith morphometry that has received little attention but might be an important source of error and a potential cause of misidentification of plant remains.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>To investigate inter- and intra-observer variation in phytolith morphometry, eight researchers (observers) from different laboratories measured 50 samples each from three phytolith morphotypes (Bilobate, Bulliform flabellate and Elongate dendritic) three times, under the auspices of the International Committee for Phytolith Morphometrics (ICPM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data for 17 size and shape variables were collected for each phytolith by manually digitizing a phytolith outline (mask) from a photograph, followed by measurement of the mask with open-source morphometric software.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Inter-observer variation ranged from 0 to 23 % difference from the mean of all observers. Intra-observer variation ranged from 0 to 9 % difference from the mean of individual observers per week. Inter- and intra-observer variation was generally higher among inexperienced researchers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Scaling errors were a major cause of variation and occurred more with less experienced researchers, which is likely to be related to familiarity with data collection. The results indicate that inter- and intra-observer variation can be reduced substantially by providing clear instructions for and training with the equipment, photograph capturing, software, data collection and data cleaning. In this paper, the ICPM provides recommendations to minimize variation. Advances in automatic data collection might eventually reduce inter- and intra-observer variation, but until this is common practice, the ICPM recommends that phytolith morphometric analyses adhere to standardized guidelines to assure that measured phytolith variables are accurate, consistent and comparable between different researchers and laboratories.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"851-866"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141756724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of post-glacial migration and hybridization on the gene pool of marginal Quercus pubescens populations in Central Europe.","authors":"Jil Pütz, Simon Jansen, Oliver Reutimann, Christian Rellstab, Sándor Bordács, Charalambos Neophytou","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae216","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>In Central Europe, the drought-tolerant downy oak (Quercus pubescens) is at the northern edge of its natural distribution range, often growing in small and spatially isolated populations. Here, we elucidate how the population genetic structure of Central European Q. pubescens was shaped by geographical barriers, genetic drift and introgression with the closely related sessile oak (Q. petraea).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total, 27 Q. pubescens populations from the northern margin of its natural distribution range were sampled. Based on 16 nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs), Bayesian clustering and distance-based analyses were performed to determine the intraspecific genetic structure and to identify genetic barriers. To identify drivers of introgression with Q. petraea, generalized linear models were applied to link levels of introgression with environmental conditions. To track post-glacial migration routes, the spatial distribution of haplotypes based on eight chloroplast microsatellite markers (cpSSRs) was investigated.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Based on nSSRs, the study populations of Q. pubescens were divided into a western and an eastern genetic cluster. Within these clusters, more pronounced genetic substructure was observed in the west, probably due to a rugged topography and limited gene flow. Introgression from Q. petraea was more prevalent at wetter and north-exposed sites and in the west. The identified cpSSR haplotypes followed known migration pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest two late-glacial refugia in or near the southwestern Alps and the southeastern Alps as potential sources for post-glacial migration. Although some genetic exchange is evident in northern Italy, south of the Alps, the two clusters remain distinct at a large scale. Landscape features and introgression with Q. petraea shaped the genetic substructure at a smaller scale. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the genetic structure of Q. pubescens in Central Europe, relevant for conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"867-884"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142852043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Niche comparisons reveal significant divergence despite narrow endemism in Leavenworthia, a genus of rare plants.","authors":"Kyle M Simpson, Daniel Spalink","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae226","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Quantifying niche similarity among closely related species offers myriad insights into evolutionary history and ecology. In this study, our aim was to explore the interplay of geographical and niche space for rare, endemic plant species and to determine whether endemic habitats were environmentally similar or unique.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We characterized the niche of all Leavenworthia species, a genus of rare plants endemic to rocky glades in the eastern USA, using WorldClim data, surface geology, elevation and slope. We calculated the area of range overlap and estimated niche similarity between pairs of species in their total occupied niche space and the subset of niche space shared by both species. We used linear discriminant analyses to determine which niche dimensions differed the most between species. We used niche dimensions with consistently high discriminatory power to perform a random forest classification analysis and principal component analysis. Using a linear model, we related geographical distance to distance in niche space.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Most species comparisons concluded that species niches had diverged, with niche similarity increasing linearly with range overlap. Temperature variation, precipitation amount and seasonality, and surface geology were the most divergent niche dimensions among all species comparisons. Geographical distance explained 42 % of the variation in niche space distance. Sites that were closer in niche space than expected were oriented east-west owing to the strong correlation between latitude and scores on the first principal component.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite being endemic seemingly to very similar habitat, niche similarity is low among Leavenworthia species. Low niche similarity, combined with low geographical overlap, suggests that this lineage of rare plants potentially diversified in isolation but across a very small geographical area. The correlation between geographical space and niche space has received considerable attention, but our results suggest that geographical distance is a weak predictor of distance in niche space.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"935-948"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142943174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Temperature dependence of pollen germination and tube growth in conifers relates to their distribution along an elevational gradient in Washington State, USA.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae225","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae225","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"1027-1028"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142943173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative pericarp biomechanics and germination physiology of Raphanus raphanistrum and Raphanus pugioniformis indehiscent fruits.","authors":"Tina Steinbrecher, Samik Bhattacharya, Jonathan Binder, Katharina Kleemeier, Felix Przesdzink, Franziska Groene, Kyra Jacoblinnert, Klaus Mummenhoff, Gerhard Leubner-Metzger","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf015","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The biomechanical, morphological and ecophysiological properties of plant seed/fruit structures are adaptations that support survival in unpredictable environments. High phenotypic variability of noxious and invasive weed species such as Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish) allow diversification into new environmental niches. Dry indehiscent fruits (thick and lignified pericarp [fruit coat] enclosing seeds) have evolved many times independently.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multiscale biomechanics and imaging (microscopy, X-ray, finite element stress simulation, puncture force analysis) approach was used to comparatively investigate the indehiscent fruits of R. raphanistrum (global weed), R. pugioniformis (endemic weed) and R. sativus (cultivated radish).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The hard pericarp of Raphanus species (Brassicaceae) imposes mechanical dormancy by preventing full phase-II water uptake of the enclosed seeds. The apparently unilocular fruits of Raphanus species develop from two fused valves, pericarp rupture to permit germination is confined to the midvalve regions, and each midvalve region contains a predetermined breaking zone that is biomechanically defined by the internal shape of the seed chambers. Direct biomechanical analysis revealed great variability in within-fruit and between-fruits pericarp resistances.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Variability in pericarp-imposed dormancy provides a bet-hedging strategy to affect soil seed bank persistence and prolong the germinability period.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"977-990"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143045356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making dew in the Atacama Desert: a paradigmatic case of plant water uptake from an unsaturated atmosphere fails a test.","authors":"Jess Gersony, Anju Manandhar, Uri Hochberg, Nora Abdellaoui, Paula Llanos, Jacques Dumais, N Michele Holbrook, Fulton E Rockwell","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae221","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Nolana mollis is a dominant plant species in the hyper-arid Atacama Desert. A previous hypothesis states that N. mollis owes its success to the condensation of atmospheric water from undersaturated air onto its leaf surfaces by exuded salts, and absorption of this water by its leaves, or by shallow roots following drip onto the soil surface; living roots of N. mollis were suggested to only exist near the soil surface.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a field experiment with three treatments to establish the source of water for N. mollis: control, root cutting to block uptake of all soil moisture, and plastic skirting at the soil surface to block leaf drip of atmospheric water.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Xylem tensions monotonically increased after root cutting until the plants wilted irreversibly, diverging clearly from the skirted and control treatments showing diurnal patterns of increasing tension in the day followed by recovery overnight.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hydration in N. mollis requires access to deep soil water, motivating an alternative hypothesis: imperfect salt exclusion at the root surface and salt exudation by the leaf results in less root fouling and lower xylem tensions, while during the day evaporation of the surface brine, condensed overnight, increases the water use efficiency of carbon gain.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"841-850"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064421/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142833778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: New beginnings for dead ends: polyploidy, -SSE models and the dead-end hypothesis.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae215","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae215","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"1025-1026"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142852082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orchid phylogenetics and evolution: history, current status and prospects.","authors":"John V Freudenstein","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae202","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Orchidaceae are one of the two largest families of angiosperms; they exhibit a host of changes - morphological, ecological and molecular - that make them excellent candidates for evolutionary study. Such studies are most effectively performed in a phylogenetic context, which provides direction to character change. Understanding of orchid relationships began in the pre-evolutionary classification systems of the 1800s, which were based solely on morphology, and now is largely based on genomic analysis. The resulting patterns have been used to update family classification and to test many evolutionary hypotheses in the family.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>Recent analyses with dense sampling and large numbers of nuclear loci have yielded well-supported trees that have confirmed many longstanding hypotheses and overturned others. They are being used to understand evolutionary change and diversification in the family. These include dating the origination of the family, analysis of change in ecological habit (from terrestrial to epiphytic and back again in some cases), revealing significant plastid genome change in leafless holomycotrophs, studying biogeographic patterns in various parts of the world, and interpreting patterns of fungal associations with orchids.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Understanding of orchid relationships has progressed significantly in recent decades, especially since DNA sequence data have been available. These data have contributed to an increasingly refined classification of orchids and the pattern has facilitated many studies on character evolution and diversification in the family. Whole-genome studies of the family are just beginning and promise to reveal fine-level details underlying structure and function in these plants, and, when set in a phylogenetic context, provide a much richer understanding of how the family has been so successful in diversification.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"805-822"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142638043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoliths in dicotyledons occurring in Northwest Europe: establishing a baseline.","authors":"Rosalie Hermans, Caroline A E Strömberg, Tessi Löffelmann, Luc Vrydaghs, Lien Speleers, Alexandre Chevalier, Karin Nys, Christophe Snoeck","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae217","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The absence of a modern plant-based 'dicotyledon' phytolith reference baseline impedes the accurate interpretation of fossil phytolith records in archaeological and palaeoecological research within Northwest (NW) Europe. This study aims to fill this gap by documenting and analysing the phytolith record from modern dicotyledon taxa occurring in this region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Phytoliths were extracted from several plant parts of 117 plant specimens representing 74 species (one or two specimens per species). The study employed light microscopy to examine phytolith production (non-producer, trace, common or abundant) and phytolith assemblage composition. The data were analysed statistically to (1) determine the influence of taxonomy and plant part on phytolith presence (absent/present) using a mixed model, (2) assess phytolith assemblage variation using a permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PerMANOVA) and (3) identify patterns among sample groups including segregation for plant part, life form (forbs vs. shrubs/trees) and order using linear discriminant analyses (LDA).</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Morphotype analysis revealed diagnostic morphotypes and features for specific plant families, genera and plant parts. LDA effectively segregated plant parts and life forms, though taxonomic groupings showed limited segregation. Phytolith presence (absent/present) was found to vary, influenced by both plant part and taxonomy. For species examined through two specimens, although phytolith production varied considerably, phytolith assemblage composition was consistent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study establishes a 'dicotyledon' phytolith baseline for NW Europe, showing that the phytolith record can be informative in terms of plant part and life form and that several phytolith morphotypes and/or features are taxonomically diagnostic below 'dicotyledon' level. The findings constitute a foundation upon which future research can build, refining and expanding our knowledge of the NW European region.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"885-908"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142826767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}