Annals of botany最新文献

{"title":"Monitoring genetic diversity of Torminalis glaberrima for resilient forests in the face of population fragmentation.","authors":"Lila Afifi, Aglaia Szukala, Raphael Klumpp, Karin Tremetsberger, Heino Konrad","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Torminalis glaberrima (Gand.) Sennikov & Kurtto is a European tree species currently underutilized in forestry, valued for its high-quality wood and contribution to ecosystem stability. Despite a projected range expansion as climate change progresses, current population fragmentation levels may inhibit the species' ability to migrate and stabilize fragile forest ecosystems. To investigate the relationship between structural and functional connectivity, we surveyed the genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure, and gene flow of T. glaberrima across Austria, to understand which populations should be given conservation priority.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our sampling encompasses 21 natural and planted populations and 910 individuals of T. glaberrima covering the species' distribution in Austria. We estimated genetic diversity indices, the extent of gene dispersal, and conducted SPAGeDi, STRUCTURE, and discriminant analyses of principal components analyses using one chloroplast minisatellite and eight nuclear microsatellite markers.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Despite a highly fragmented distribution of T. glaberrima in the southern, western and central part of its range in Austria, we found high genetic diversity, low population differentiation and inbreeding, and estimated higher gene dispersal values than previous studies. Population structure analyses identified two main regions of genetic ancestry in the northwestern and southeastern part of the species' range in Austria and evidence for the usage of foreign genetic material in two planted populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Only two of the established ex situ plantations and seed orchards appear to well represent the fine-scale population structure present in Austria, and existing in situ gene conservation units (GCUs) are insufficient to conserve the current natural genetic diversity. We suggest the establishment of further in situ GCUs to maximize the conservation of extant forest genetic diversity. Additionally, we encourage corridor plantings between isolated populations, bolstering the genetic connectivity and diversity of populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Niche shift and localized competitive dynamics influence the persistence and distribution of polyploids in the genus Achillea (Asteraceae).","authors":"Wen-Xun Lu, Wen-Qin Tu, Duo Chen, Zi-Zhao Wang, Yan-Ping Guo","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Competition with sympatric diploid progenitor(s) hinders the persistence of polyploids. The hypothesis that polyploids escape from competition through niche shifts has been widely tested; however, niche escape is unlikely to completely avoid competition. Given species growing in less favorable environments likely have weaker competitive abilities, we hypothesize that polyploid populations tend to persist in areas where their progenitors with relatively low habitat suitability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study investigated two sibling allopolyploid species, Achillea alpina and A. wilsoniana of the daisy family, which originated independently from the same two parental species. We explored the patterns of niche shifts between the polyploids and their progenitors by using several ecoinformatics analyses in the environmental and geographic spaces, and performed ecological niche modeling to estimate the historical distribution of these species as well as the potential regions for persistence of allopolyploids.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The niche shift patterns of the two polyploids were not completely consistent: A. alpina showed niche expansion, while A. wilsoniana exhibited a trend towards niche novelty. Their potential suitable areas were both more likely to overlap with regions where the habitat suitability values of their parental species became low.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present results support our hypothesis that polyploids tend to persist their populations in areas that are less suitable for their diploid progenitors. Meanwhile, niche shifts may promote the success of polyploids. These findings contribute to our understanding of the ecological processes involved in the maintenance and persistence of polyploids.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-Wide Analysis of the CsAP2/ERF Gene Family of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) and Joint Analysis of Transcriptional Metabolism under Salt Stress.","authors":"Mengjie Zhang, Yinqiang Zi, Xiujia Yang, Xiuyao Yang, Ling Zhu, Hanbing Cai, Tuo Yin, Xiaozhen Liu, Hanyao Zhang","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sweet orange is an important economic crop, and salt stress can inhibit its growth and development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we identified AP2/ERF genes in sweet orange via bioinformatics and performed a combined transcription‒metabolism analysis, which revealed for the first time the integrated molecular mechanism of salt stress regulation in sweet orange.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>A total of 131 sweet orange AP2/ERF genes were identified and categorized into five groups. By comparing the tertiary protein structures of these genes with those of Arabidopsis, we found that five sweet orange genes (CsERF38, CsERF41, CsERF42, CsERF84, and CsERF110) related to salt stress and ethylene transcription are highly similar in composition and structure to those of Arabidopsis, and we hypothesize that they have similar functions. ABREs and AREs were the predominant cis-acting elements in the sweet orange AP2/ERF gene family, and both were associated with salt stress. The AP2/ERF gene family was verified to be involved in the salt stress response via qRT-PCR. According to the differentially abundant metabolite KEGG network, we chose the differentially abundant metabolites ET, GA, and JA as the primary research objects; the CsAP2/ERF gene family is an ethylene-responsive element binding factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, the complete framework of the AP2/ERF gene family was constructed for the first time. A model of salt stress regulation in sweet oranges was established.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review suggests extension and redefinition of a food-deception pollination syndrome involving anautogenous flies.","authors":"Valentin Vrecko, Magali Proffit, Aroonrat Kidyoo, Doyle McKey, Rumsais Blatrix","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The currently recognized diversity of pollination strategies requires pollination syndromes to be updated. Described a decade ago, kleptomyiophily is a deceptive pollination system in which plants exploit the nutrient-seeking behavior of females of kleptoparasitic flies (Chloropidae and Milichiidae) by olfactorily mimicking their insect host. Such a pollination system was already hypothesized for pollination by biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) but has never been formalized. This review aims to explore the extent of pollination interactions deceiving anautogenous flies, especially by considering pollination by biting midges and kleptomyiophily as two facets of a common pollination syndrome: insect-host mimicry. As attraction of these flies seems to rely on insect-mimicking volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we propose an overview of the floral odours emitted by these plant species.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We compiled bibliographic data on plant species pollinated by Chloropidae, Ceratopogonidae and Milichiidae, to list plant species that could be involved in insect-host mimicry pollination strategies. Then, we reanalyzed data from the literature on floral VOCs of 18 of these plant species distributed among four plant families and compared them with related plant species performing brood-site mimicry, the pollination syndrome closest to insect-host mimicry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We show that at least 97 plant species from seven families are mainly pollinated by Chloropidae, Ceratopogonidae and Milichiidae, with almost exclusively females found in flowers. Deception of anautogenous flies has been shown for only four plant species but has been supposed for a total of 28 others. Comparison of floral VOCs shows significant differences between insect-host mimicry and brood-site mimicry in terms of chemical composition, diversity and models mimicked.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite fragmentary knowledge about the biology of the Diptera involved in insect-host mimicry, our results show similarities in floral odours and the putative mimicked resource between kleptomyiophilous plants and those pollinated by biting-midges, emphasizing a broader, unique, pollination syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeatome landscapes and cytogenetics of hortensias provide a framework to trace Hydrangea evolution and domestication.","authors":"Sara Ishiguro, Shota Taniguchi, Nicola Schmidt, Matthias Jost, Stefan Wanke, Tony Heitkam, Nobuko Ohmido","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcae184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Ornamental hortensias are bred from a reservoir of over 200 species in the genus Hydrangea s.l. (Hydrangeaceae), and are valued in gardens, households and landscapes across the globe. The phenotypic diversity of hortensia cultivars, hybrids and wild relatives is mirrored by their genomic variation, with differences in genome size, base chromosome numbers and ploidy level. We aim to understand the genomic and chromosomal basis of hortensia genome variation. Therefore, we analysed six hortensias with different origins and chromosomal setups for repeatome divergence, the genome fraction with the highest sequence turnover. This holds information from the hortensias' evolutionary paths and can guide breeding initiatives.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We compiled a hortensia genotype panel representing members of the sections Macrophyllae, Hydrangea, Asperae and Heteromallae and reconstructed a plastome-based phylogenetic hypothesis as the evolutionary basis for all our analyses. We comprehensively characterized the repeatomes by whole-genome sequencing and comparative repeat clustering. Major tandem repeats were localized by multicolour FISH.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The Hydrangea species show differing repeat profiles reflecting their separation into the two major Hydrangea clades: diploid Hydrangea species from Japan show a conserved repeat profile, distinguishing them from Japanese polyploids as well as Chinese and American hortensias. These results are in line with plastome-based phylogenies. The presence of specific repeats indicates that H. paniculata was not polyploidized directly from the common ancestor of Japanese Hydrangea species, but evolved from a distinct progenitor. Major satellite DNAs were detected over all H. macrophylla chromosomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Repeat composition among the Hydrangea species varies in congruence with their origins and phylogeny. Identified species-specific satDNAs may be used as cytogenetic markers to identify Hydrangea species and cultivars, and to infer parental species of old Hydrangea varieties. This repeatome and cytogenetics information helps to expand the genetic toolbox for tracing hortensia evolution and guiding future hortensia breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a comprehensive understanding of the phenological responses of nonnative plants to climate warming: A review.","authors":"Emma Dawson-Glass, Rory Schiafo, Chelsea N Miller, Sara E Kuebbing, Katharine L Stuble","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plants often shift their phenology in response to climate warming, with potentially important ecological consequences. Relative differences in the abilities of native and nonnative plants to track warming temperatures by adjusting their phenologies could have cascading consequences for ecosystems. Our general understanding of nonnative species leads us to believe these species may be more phenologically sensitive than native species, but evidence for this has been mixed, likely due, in part, to the myriad of diverse ecological contexts in which nonnatives have been studied.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>Here, we review the current state of knowledge on nonnative plant phenological responses to climate warming. From observational and experimental studies, we synthesize: 1) the ways in which nonnative plant phenology shifts with increased temperature, 2) the relative differences between natives and nonnatives in phenological timing and sensitivity to warming, 3) the contingencies driving variable nonnative phenological responses to warming, and 4) the ecological consequences of warming-induced phenological shifts in nonnatives.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Early-season phenophases tend to advance with warming, sometimes (but not always) more so in nonnative species relative to native species. Late-season phenophases, on the other hand, tend to be more variable; advancing, delaying, or remaining unchanged. Similarly, relative differences in phenological sensitivity between native and nonnative plants were less consistent for late-season phenophases. However, our ability for inference is limited by the scope of studies done to date, which best represent temperate ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere. We found phenological shifts in nonnative species to be driven by various factors including their evolutionary histories and the environmental context of the invaded system. Shifts in nonnative phenologies result in varied ecological consequences, from shifting demographics of the nonnative species themselves, to changes in ecosystem level processes such as carbon cycling. Additional study addressing key gaps is vital to improving understanding of nonnative phenological responses to warming.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new phylogenetic framework for the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) and implications for infrageneric classification.","authors":"Seraina E Rodewald, David-Paul Klein, Ronen Shtein, Gideon F Smith, Elizabeth Joyce, Diego F Morales Briones, Sven Bernhard, Rokiman Letsara, Hannah Mertes, Philipp Hühn, Gudrun Kadereit","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Kalanchoe is a diverse genus in the Crassulaceae, with centres of diversity in Madagascar and sub-Saharan Africa. The genus is known for its popularity in horticulture, its use as a model system for research on CAM photosynthesis and vegetative reproduction, its high invasive potential, and its use in traditional medicine. The genus-rank circumscription and infrageneric classification of Kalanchoe have been the subject of debate for centuries, especially regarding the status and rank of what is now treated as K. subg. Bryophyllum and K. subg. Kitchingia. We aim to generate a densely sampled phylogeny of Kalanchoe s.l. and evaluate the current infrageneric classification system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We inferred a phylogenetic tree for Kalanchoe using a ddRAD sequencing approach, covering 70% of taxa and four out of five subgenera currently recognised in the genus.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>We recovered four well-supported clades, partially corresponding to the current subgeneric classification. Kalanchoe subg. Calophygia resolves as sister to the rest of the genus. The relationships among the three remaining clades, however, receive less support. The predominantly mainland African K. subg. Kalanchoe forms a strongly supported clade that resolves as sister to K. subg. Bryophyllum. These two clades are together sister to a clade containing mainly species from K. subg. Kitchingia and K. sect. Pubescentes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current subgeneric classification of Kalanchoe is partially backed up by our phylogenetic tree but requires further refinement. The tree topology suggests a Malagasy origin of the genus and one dispersal event to the African mainland, with subsequent dispersal from continental Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and Southeast Asia. The formation of bulbils on the leaf margin is restricted to a larger clade within K. subg. Bryophyllum and thus only evolved once. Our tree provides a framework for further taxonomic, evolutionary, and physiological research on the genus.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flower size evolution in the Southwest Pacific.","authors":"Riccardo Ciarle, Kevin C Burns, Fabio Mologni","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Despite accelerating interest in island evolution, the general evolutionary trajectories of island flowers remain poorly understood. In particular the island rule, which posits that small organisms become larger and large organisms to become smaller after island colonization, while tested in various plant traits, has never been tested in flower size. Here, we provide the first test for the island rule in flower size for animal- and wind-pollinated flowers, and the first evidence for generalized in-situ evolution of flower size on islands.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Focusing on 10 archipelagos in the Southwest Pacific, we amassed a dataset comprising 129 independent colonization events, by pairing each island endemic to its closest mainland relative. We then tested for the island rule in flower size and for gigantism/dwarfism in floral display for animal- and wind-pollinated flowers.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Animal-pollinated flowers followed the island rule, while wind-pollinated flowers did not, instead showing evidence of gigantism. Results remained consistent after controlling for breeding system, mainland source pool, degree of taxonomic differentiation, taxonomic family, and island type.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While in situ evolution of flower size is widespread on islands in the Southwest Pacific, animal- and wind- pollinated flowers exhibited unexpected and markedly different evolutionary trajectories. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms behind these patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity patterns and knowledge gaps of Atlantic Forest epiphyllous bryophytes: a highly neglected group.","authors":"Antonia Tainara Sousa da Silva, Jean M Freitag Kramer, Victor Pereira Zwiener","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epiphyllous bryophytes are a group of plants with complex adaptations to colonize the leaves of vascular plants and are considered one of the most specialized and sensitive groups to environmental changes. Despite their specificity and ecological importance, these plants represent a largely neglected group in relation to scientific research and ecological data. This lack of information directly affects our understanding of biodiversity patterns and compromises the conservation of this group in threatened ecosystems.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>Based on the compilation of data from a systematic review and virtual herbarium databases, we provide the first biogeographic assessment of diversity patterns of epiphyllous bryophytes in the Atlantic Forest hotspot. We also identify their phorophytes and assess sampling bias, knowledge gaps, and the current conservation state of epiphyllous bryophytes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The state of knowledge about epiphyllous bryophytes in the Atlantic Forest is still incipient and taxonomic and geographically biased. Sampling effort and climate variation highly influenced species richness patterns. Notably, Bromeliophila natans, a threatened and endemic species, has not been recorded in the past 20 years, possibly indicating extinction due to anthropogenic activities such as habitat loss. We found that the occurrence information, distributed across the domain, was positively influenced by the presence of protected areas, forest cover and density of cities, whereas it was negatively influenced by distance to access roads and research centers. More fieldwork and taxonomic and molecular studies are urgently needed to uncover biodiversity patterns and conservation priorities of this sensitive group. Without an increased collection effort, we may lose important species and their contributions to people.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient reticulation, incomplete lineage sorting and the evolution of the pyrenoid at the dawn of hornwort diversification.","authors":"Gabriel Peñaloza-Bojacá, Adaíses Maciel-Silva, D Christine Cargill, David Bell, Emily B Sessa, Fay-Wei Li, J Gordon Burleigh, Stuart F McDaniel, E Christine Davis, Lorena Endara, N Salazar Allen, Peter Schafran, Sahut Chantanaorrapint, Jeffrey G Duckett, Silvia Pressel, Claudia Solís-Lemus, Karen S Renzaglia, Juan Carlos Villarreal A","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Resolving the phylogeny of hornworts is critical in understanding the evolution of key morphological characters that are unique to the group, including the pyrenoid. Extensive phylogenomic analyses have revealed unexpected complexities in the placement of Leiosporoceros, the previously identified sister taxon to other hornworts. We explore the role of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and ancient reticulation in resolving interrelationships and comprehending the diversification and evolutionary processes within hornworts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the GoFlag probe set, we sequenced 405 exons representing 234 nuclear genes, sampling 79 hornwort specimens, including representatives of all hornwort genera. We inferred the species phylogeny from gene tree analyses using concatenated and coalescence approaches, assessed ancient reticulation, ILS, and estimated the timing of divergences based on fossil calibrations.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Extreme levels of gene tree incongruence challenge the sister relationship of Leiosporoceros to other hornworts. This phylogenetic discordance is due to incomplete lineage sorting and ancient reticulation, the latter revealed using a network approach to identify evidence of gene flow among hornwort lineages. Hornworts diversification began in the Carboniferous with widespread family-level divergences during the mid-Cretaceous and Paleogene.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Incomplete lineage sorting and ancient reticulation are identified as important in hornwort evolution. Patterns of hornwort diversification parallel those in other plants groups (e.g., liverworts, mosses, ferns, and gymnosperms). Two scenarios on pyrenoid evolution are plausible based on the variable position of the pyrenoid-free Leiosporoceros. Pyrenoids were retained from a green algal ancestor and are plesiomorphic, or they evolved in response to the substantial drop in atmospheric CO2 levels during the Carboniferous as has been hypothesized in other photosynthetic organisms. Both hypotheses require losses and gains during hornwort speciation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}