Annals of botany最新文献

{"title":"Phylogenetics of the supertribe Paulliniodae (Sapindaceae) with emphasis on chromosome evolution: Taxonomic implications including the new genus Acevedoa.","authors":"Juan D Urdampilleta, Eliana R Forni-Martins, María S Ferrucci","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The supertribe Paulliniodae includes Athyaneae, Bridgesieae, Thouinieae, and Paullinieae tribes. Molecular phylogeny and chromosomal diversity are relatively known, and some doubts persist about chromosome evolution processes and the taxonomic position of a group of Cardiospermum and Urvillea species weakly associated with Serjania.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analysed the molecular phylogeny and diversification time of the group, including unpublished DNA sequences of the ITS, trnL intron and trnL-trnF for 26 species. A total of 87 species were subjected to maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis of molecular sequences. The association between chromosome number variation and phylogenetic relationships was analysed using ChromEvol, incorporating 14 newly determined chromosome numbers for Athyana, Paullinia, Serjania, and Urvillea.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The basic chromosome number reconstructions in Paulliniodae indicated x = 15 in all models. These results demonstrate a significant chromosome reduction process in the tribe Paullinieae that allows characterising some genera of the tribe during the late Oligocene/early Miocene (15-20 Mya), supporting the foundation of a new genus to accommodate Cardiospermum integerrimum and C. heringeri, two species with uncertain taxonomy position.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We propose the new genus, Acevedoa, which is defined by a unique set of character states, including two corniculiform nectaries, in the form of arched horns, calyx pentamerous, fruit trigonous turbinate, 3 winged, with remarkable stipe, relatively large sculptured seeds, and 2n = 14. The following two new combinations are made to incorporate the results of our findings: Acevedoa heringeri and A. integerrima. Descriptions and illustrations are provided, with comments on geographical distribution, phenology, conservation status, and generic relationships. The lectotype for the name belonging to Cardiospermum integerrimum is designated. A key to the genera of Paullinieae is added. The new genus, supported by morphological, chromosomal, and molecular evidence, adds new features and extends knowledge on the supertribe Paulliniodae.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-sterility, self-incompatibility and xenia: a review of the mechanisms of cross-pollination benefits in animal-pollinated crops.","authors":"Stan Chabert, Rachel E Mallinger","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While there are multiple mechanisms of self-incompatibility (SI), known to promote outbreeding in angiosperms, these are not well synthesized and described across major global crops. This can lead to misinterpretations of biological processes involved in crop pollination, fertilization and fertility, in particular by confusing them with an additional overlooked mechanism causing self-sterility (SS), early-acting inbreeding depression (EID). Another overlooked mechanism, called xenia, results in increased quality of seeds and fruits through cross-pollination even in self-compatible and self-fertile crops.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>The aim of this review was to describe and synthesize all the known mechanisms of SI and SS encountered in animal-pollinated (zoophilous) crops, and additional mechanisms by which cross-pollination can be beneficial for crop production. All the known zoophilous crops presenting SS, SI or xenia were quantified and described.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>134 zoophilous crops were found to be self-sterile, including 52 displaying complete SS and 82 displaying partial SS. We identified all the known mechanisms of SI and SS in these crops, including gametophytic SI, sporophytic SI, heteromorphic SI, late-acting SI and EID. In addition, 58 zoophilous crops were found to display xenia, including 22 that are self-compatible and completely self-fertile. In total, 156 zoophilous crops were identified as benefitting from cross-pollination for the quantity and quality of seed and fruit production.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While previous reviews focused on quantifying the benefit of animal pollinators for crop production, they did not synthesize the mechanisms underlying pollinator dependence for such crops. Our review provides valuable knowledge about crop pollination requirements in general and more particularly the benefits of cross-pollination across crops ranging in self-fertility. This information could help growers make suitable management decisions regarding their field and orchard planting designs, specifically by mixing mutually suitable cultivars in crops displaying SS, SI, or benefiting from xenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143668833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lifespan outperforms climate as a predictor of wood functional traits, but secondary woodiness shows no clear climatic pattern in Heliophila, a diverse clade from the Cape Floristic Region.","authors":"J Baczyński, A A Oskolski, P J D Winter, R Manuel, T Lyner, A R Magee, A M Muasya, K E Frankiewicz","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Annuals produce little wood due to their short life cycle, while perennials can accumulate more, though not all do. Consequently, lifespan extension is a prerequisite for-but not synonymous with-secondary woodiness. Even if a shift to perenniality does not substantially increase wood production, it may still affect wood anatomy, as annuals prioritise rapid growth, whereas perennials invest in structural resilience. Heliophila, a genus of the Brassicaceae from the Cape Floristic Region, provides an excellent system to investigate drivers of secondary woodiness and the impact of lifespan shifts on wood traits due to its multiple independent lifespan transitions and occurrence of secondary woodiness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reconstructed evolutionary transitions between annual and perennial lifespans and between herbaceous and secondarily woody habits. Using phylogenetically informed statistics, we analysed the relationship between climate, lifespan, and nine wood anatomical traits. Lifespan-specific evolutionary optima for these traits were estimated and compared. We also tested whether secondary woodiness in Heliophila is associated with specific climatic niches.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Lifespan shifts in Heliophila are primarily driven by water availability and seasonality, with perennials evolving in wetter and less seasonal environments. Secondary woodiness may be more frequent in warmer niches, though this trend was not statistically supported, likely due to the limited number of secondarily woody species. Lifespan, not climate, better predicted wood traits: annuals had longer, thinner-walled cells, while perennials had shorter cells with thicker walls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Heliophila, a shift in climatic niche prompts a change in lifespan, followed by slower adaptations in wood anatomy. Possibly, this pattern arises because alterations in lifespan affect stem architecture, establishing a developmental framework that governs subsequent anatomical adjustments. Furthermore, although not statistically robust, increased wood production may be linked to warmer niches, potentially associated with a temperature-driven enhancement in lignin biosynthesis that reinforces stem structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can grapevine physiology inform best management practices for new techniques in agrivoltaics and agroforestry? A commentary on 'Source-sink manipulations through shading, crop load and water deficit affect plant morphogenesis and carbon sink priorities leading to contrasted plant carbon status in grapevine'.","authors":"Nicholas C Collins, Stephen D Tyerman, Cassandra Collins","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making the most of herbaria. A commentary on 'Integrating datasets from herbarium specimens and images to treat a Neotropical myrtle species complex'.","authors":"J Mason Heberling, Bonnie L Isaac","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why conserve genetic diversity? A perspective based on a case study with a European conifer.","authors":"Bruno Fady, Caroline Scotti-Saintagne","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms that exists within species, between species and of ecosystems. Yet, genetic diversity, the within species component of biodiversity, is rarely considered as a conservation concern or goal in protected areas.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>In this perspective, we explore possible reasons why genetic diversity is poorly considered in conservation and ecological restoration. We also present the case study of a threatened forest conifer in France (Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco, Salzmann's pine) that we offer as proof of how straightforward implementation of genetic diversity conservation goals can be in protected areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Scientific studies in the fields of either conservation or biodiversity consider genetics in less than 10% of scientific productions. While genetic tools are used for taxonomic delineation, concerns about diversity within species at population level appear comparatively rare in conservation and biodiversity science or management. The use of genetic tools for the conservation of genetic diversity of Salzmann's pine in France clarified its taxonomic status, identified populations relevant for in-situ conservation compatible with habitat conservation and made it possible to select genetically original individual trees that could be grafted as a core collection for dynamic ex-situ conservation. As threats on biodiversity increase worldwide, fully integrating genetic diversity in conservation demands that conservation adopts an evolutionary centered, nature for itself perspective, rather than either an anthropocentric, resource focused perspective or a bio-centered, emblematic species focused perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143655971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and developmental analysis of Plantago spp. seed capsules reveal key features of the dehiscence zones.","authors":"Lina Herliana, James M Cowley, Lisa A O'Donovan, Tina Bianco-Miotto, Rachel A Burton","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Shattering is a natural phenomenon displayed by dry fruits or capsules that dehisce at maturity to distribute seeds. This undesirable trait in commercially-important Plantago ovata can cause high yield losses, especially when triggered by weather events. However, the underlying internal and external triggers of capsule dehiscence are not well understood. This study aimed to characterise the morphological features of Plantago seed capsules, focusing on dehiscence zones (DZ) and structural components influencing capsule opening.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Capsule development and dehiscence in P. ovata were examined using staining, immunolabelling, and electron microscopy, with particular emphasis on the dehiscence zone between the lid and base. Polysaccharide-directed antibodies and monosaccharide profiling were used to analyse cell wall composition. Findings were compared across three Plantago relatives ranked by manually-induced dehiscence propensity.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Capsule walls are dominated by xylans and differentially-esterified pectins. The operculum (lid) shows a distinct lignification pattern absent in the capsule base. A key feature is the \"operculum hook\", a vertical cell layer with thickened walls enriched in xylans and lignin, connecting the lid to the base. The DZ contains two separation layers: the first formed by cuboidal cells lacking unesterified homogalacturonan with the second layer found at the junction between the operculum hook and the capsule base. Dehiscence occurs in two steps, involving abscission at these zones. Structural differences in the operculum hook, particularly cell wall thickness, vary across Plantago species and are correlated with ordinally ranked differences in manually-triggered dehiscence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Capsule dehiscence in Plantago involves two sequential separation events influenced by cell wall composition and structure. Cell wall dimensions at the operculum hook base could be critical in determining dehiscence ease. These findings provide new insights into capsule development and dehiscence, which could inform future breeding strategies to reduce yield losses in P. ovata and other crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143623273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid metabolism improves salt tolerance of Salicornia europaea.","authors":"Lei Yang, Yanzhi Wang, Yang Bai, Jiahui Yang, Yunyan Gao, Chenxue Hou, Mengya Gao, Xinlu Gu, Weizhong Liu","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae189","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Salicornia europaea L., a succulent euhalophyte plant, has been found to exhibit optimal reproductive capabilities under appropriate salinity concentrations. However, the underlying metabolic changes are not yet fully understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis combining transcriptomic and lipidomic techniques to investigate the molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism in response to different NaCl concentrations (0 and 200 mM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Transcriptomic data demonstrated that salt treatment mainly affected processes including lipid biosynthesis, phosphatidylinositol signalling and glycerophospholipid metabolism. The expression levels of several key genes involved in salt tolerance, namely SeSOS1, SeNHX1, SeVHA-A, SeVP1 and SePSS, were found to be upregulated upon NaCl treatment. A total of 485 lipid compounds were identified, of which 27 changed in abundance during salt treatment, including the enrichment of phospholipids and sphingolipids. Moreover, the increase in the double-bond index was mainly attributable to phospholipids and sphingolipids. Comparing the acyl chain length showed that the acyl chain length coefficient of sphingosine-1-phosphate decreased significantly in the presence of 200 mM NaCl.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study suggests that S. europaea adapts to saline environments by altering phospholipids and sphingolipids to improve salt tolerance. The salinity response of S. europaea can provide important insights into the action of lipids and their salt adaptation mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"789-802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11904900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142520802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants combine common developmental processes to make a complex epidermal trapping surface.","authors":"Oona C Lessware, Judith M Mantell, Ulrike Bauer","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae147","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>A hierarchical micro-topography of ridges and steps renders the trap rim of carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants unusually wettable, and slippery for insects when wet. This complex three-dimensional epidermis structure forms, hidden from plain sight, inside the still-closed developing pitcher bud. Here, we reveal the sequence of epidermal patterning events that shape the trap rim. By linking this sequence to externally visible markers of bud development, we provide a framework for targeting individual stages of surface development in future studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used cryo-scanning electron microscopy to investigate the detailed morphogenesis and epidermal patterning of the Nepenthes × hookeriana pitcher rim. In addition, we collected morphometric and qualitative data from developing pitcher traps including those sampled for microscopy.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>We identified three consecutive patterning events. First, strictly oriented cell divisions resulted in radially aligned rows of cells and established a macroscopic ridge-and-groove pattern. Next, conical papillate cells formed, and papillae elongated towards the trap interior, increasingly overlapping adjacent cells and eventually forming continuous microscopic ridges. In between these ridges, the flattened papillae formed acutely angled arched steps. Finally, the cells elongated radially, thereby establishing the convex collar shape of the rim. This general sequence of surface development also showed a spatial progression from the outer to the inner trap rim edge, with several consecutive developmental stages co-occurring at any given time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We demonstrate that the complex surface micro-topography of the Nepenthes pitcher rim develops by sequentially combining widespread, evolutionarily conserved epidermal patterning processes in a new way. This makes the Nepenthes trap rim an excellent model for studying epidermal patterning mechanisms in leaves.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"643-654"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11904891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring silica accumulation in bamboo leaves: a study on phytolith morphology and epidermal patterning in the tropical giant bamboo Dendrocalamus copelandii.","authors":"Naritsa Rotmuenwai, Ketsara Aryuyo, Nuttida Kruethaworn, Witoon Wattananit, Nimnara Yookongkaew","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae209","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Bamboo is a grass in the Poaceae family with various applications. Bamboo leaves can accumulate high silica. However, silica deposition in bamboo has received limited study. Therefore, this research investigated silica accumulation in Dendrocalamus copelandii leaves. The study includes the localization of silica through phytolith morphology, examination of the distribution patterns of phytoliths in epidermal tissues, analysis of silica accumulation within specialized silica cells (short cells) and analysis of silicon concentration across various leaf developmental stages.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used imaging techniques, including differential interference contrast and a scanning electron microscope incorporating an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, to investigate silica accumulation in bamboo leaves. We also analysed the silicon concentration using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Leaves of D. copelandii exhibited 11 phytolith morphotypes, namely Bilobate, Polylobate, Saddle, Acute, Acute bulbosus, Microhair, Stomata, Bulliform flabellate, Elongate sinuate, Elongate entire and Tracheary. Most of these phytoliths were found in short cells (Bilobate, Polylobate and Saddle) of epidermal tissues. The short cells were arranged transversely along the leaf length. Bilobate phytoliths were found in both the abaxial and adaxial epidermis, whereas the Saddle morphotype was found only in the abaxial epidermis. Silica accumulation in the short cells of unexpanded leaves begins at the leaf apex, spreads to the middle and base positions, and accumulates initially in the abaxial epidermis, then the adaxial epidermis. Moreover, bamboo leaves accumulate a higher silicon concentration as they age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Phytolith morphotypes and silica accumulation in epidermal short cells are key factors in understanding silica deposition. Leaf age and climate significantly impact the silicon concentration in bamboo leaves. Our findings are informative for archaeological studies and for plant taxonomical classification. The results are also applicable for biotechnological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"757-768"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11904895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}