Annals of botany最新文献

{"title":"Floral morphology tracks divergence time despite radical ecological shifts in southern South American mistletoes.","authors":"Fiorella Muñoz-Domínguez, Sebastián Cordero, Isidora B Sepúlveda, José I Orellana, Guillermo C Amico, Francisco E Fontúrbel","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcag317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcag317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Pollinator-mediated selection is a primary driver of floral trait evolution, yet how far phylogenetic history constrains this process remains poorly understood in aerial parasitic plants, whose reproduction depends entirely on animal mutualists. We studied floral divergence in four southern South American Loranthaceae mistletoes: Tristerix aphyllus, T. corymbosus, T. verticillatus, and Desmaria mutabilis, spanning three nested divergence times (Eocene-Pleistocene): an Eocene intergeneric split, a Miocene intrageneric divergence, and a Pleistocene sister-species speciation event.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We measured five floral traits (ovary length, tepal length, pistil length, stamen length, and herkogamy) in 78 individuals (15-22 per species) and quantified divergence using linear discriminant analysis with leave-one-out cross-validation, Mahalanobis distances, and effect sizes (η2).</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>All five traits differed among species overall, although not every species pair was separated by every trait, and the discriminant analysis assigned 82.1% of individuals correctly. Desmaria mutabilis was the most distinct species (Mahalanobis distances: 6.83-7.46 from all Tristerix species), consistent with its position as the intergeneric outgroup and with its pollination biology: it flowers in summer and receives far more insect than hummingbird visits. Tristerix verticillatus was intermediate, while Pleistocene sister species T. aphyllus and T. corymbosus, which share Sephanoides sephaniodes as pollinator despite radical ecological divergence, were nearly morphologically indistinguishable (d = 1.174). Ovary length was the most informative trait (η2 = 0.805) and herkogamy most clearly separated D. mutabilis from the ornithophilous Tristerix clade.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Floral similarity among the three Tristerix species reflects retention of a shared ornithophilous morphology rather than convergence, since they form a clade. Morphological distance is ordered as their divergence times are, a nested pattern consistent with the Andean orogeny-driven history of the group. Four species sampled at two sites cannot, however, separate divergence time from the differences that accumulate alongside it.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recurrent Hermaphroditism and Sex-Biased ABCDE Gene Expression Reveal Latent Floral Plasticity in the Pedunculate Oak Lineage (Q. robur s.l.).","authors":"Hugo R Afonso, Mariana Macedo, Herlander Azevedo, Carlos Vila-Viçosa, M Manuela R Costa","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcag318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcag318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The development of unisexual flowers relies on the tight coordination of flower organ identity and sex determination. The genus Quercus is typically considered strictly monoecious, bearing fully segregated male and female flowers within the same individual tree. However, several reports of atypical flowering across the genus challenge this prevailing view, suggesting that flowering in oaks may be more flexible than traditionally assumed. In this work, the dynamics of flower development in Quercus orocantabrica were examined to correlate contrasting floral morphologies with divergent molecular profiles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The flowering phenology of Q. orocantabrica trees was closely monitored over several individuals and years, together with a detailed floral morphological analysis of male, female and atypical flowers. Key floral homeotic gene homologues were identified, and their expression assayed in the development of different flowers.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Recurrent and widespread hermaphroditic flowering was detected in several Q. orocantabrica trees, frequently associated with unseasonal flowering events. Gene expression analysis of male, female and hermaphroditic flowers revealed a sex-biased expression of Q. orocantabrica B- and C-class genes, with the B-class gene QoPI in particular being tightly associated with the presence of fully-developed stamens. In addition, the expression of the C-class gene QoSHP contrasted with reports in other Fagaceae, highlighting a potential functional divergence of the C/D-class lineage within the family.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results here depicted indicate that the dynamics of floral sex identity in oaks are more plastic than traditionally assumed, supporting a reinterpretation of oak reproductive biology based on a versatile and resilient framework responsive to different developmental contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New perspectives on tropical grassy biomes and the trophic consequences of the evolution of grass.","authors":"William J Bond","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcag120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcag120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Biomes are physiognomically distinct large vegetation units traditionally defined by climate. Yet, grassy biomes differ by growing in diverse climates and on diverse soils. Consequently they were long assumed to be secondary vegetation produced by human deforestation. However, since the new millennium, studies have shown grassy biomes have endemic species-rich biotas contradicting their supposed recent origin. Here I review novel perspectives on the nature of tropical grassy biomes, how they are maintained where forests can also grow and why the evolution of grasses displaced ancient forests.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>A significant problem is defining grassy biomes as distinct from forests. Controversy over definitions has contributed to the lack of a widely accepted global grassland map. Nevertheless, generalizations from studies from diverse regions are that ancient grasslands have diverse floras, especially rich in herbaceous plants. Plants are adapted to high sunlight and frequent disturbance contrasting with forest taxa. Plant adaptations to grassland disturbances depend on whether mammalian herbivory or fire is the dominant disturbance. There is considerable interest in which grassy biomes could potentially switch to forests for sequestering carbon. The new perspective is that neither site nor disturbance predicts tree densities but rather their interaction. Predicting potential tree biomass remains controversial with little consensus among methods and many failing to include fire or herbivory. Alternative stable state theory has been applied as an explanation for forest/grassy biome mosaics driven by frequent fires.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The evolution of grasses has been transformative in creating grassy biomes by promoting novel trophic interactions with grazing mammals and grass-fuelled fire regimes. The extirpation of large mammals by humans and their replacement by livestock, and human-driven changes in grassland fire regimes are altering the domain of grassy biomes. An understanding of the unique features of grassy biomes can contribute to wiser management in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Same-sex neighbours grow better than opposite-sex neighbours across three plant species.","authors":"Suqin Fang, Meiling Luo, Yulin He, J Aaron Hogan, Han Xu","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcag309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcag309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Plants recognize their neighbours through above- and belowground signaling, adjusting their growth strategies to maximize individual performance and maintain species coexistence. Dioecious plants are common in nature, but it is unknown whether they can recognize the sex of neighbouring plants and how they affect their performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed the root-based sexual recognition mechanisms in the seedlings of three dioecious species with different life forms including Spinacia oleracea (herb), Siraitia grosvenorii (vine) and Diospyros morrisiana (tree). Seedlings were planted in treatments that tested for the interaction of plant sex (female/male) and neighbour density (a single, two same-sex and two opposite-sex plants). The sexes of the three dioecious species seedlings were identified by the improved CTAB method and three previous reported methods relatively. The chemical components and relative contents of the root exudates were measured for each sample via solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (SPME‒GC‒MS).</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The three dioecious species detected their neighbours through root-based signaling by generally similar patterns; that is, opposite-sex neighbours inhibited growth, but same-sex neighbours did not affect growth. The sensitivity of seedlings to a neighbouring plant's sex varies by sex and species. Among the female plants, the herbaceous plants presented the greatest sensitivity, whereas the trees presented the lowest sensitivity. While for male plants, trees presented the greatest sensitivity, whereas herbs presented the lowest sensitivity. Root recognition may be regulated by candidate allelopathic root exudate compounds (such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, dimethylsilane glycol, and 3,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde) and their concentrations in the rhizosphere.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study revealed consistent sex recognition via root communication in three dioecious plants. This finding suggests that niche differentiation differs among sexes and may interpret the formation of plant population sex ratios and spatial patterns of dioecious plants in natural communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deceptive Aristolochia Trap-Flowers Pollinated by Male Phorid Flies Mimic Volatiles Specific to Female Phorids.","authors":"Thomas Rupp, Birgit Oelschlägel, Christian Schlawis, Regina Berjano, Hafez Mahfoud, Daniele Buono, Bernd Grundmann, Katharina Rabitsch, Christoph Neinhuis, Stefan Schulz, Stefan Wanke, Stefan Dötterl","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcag304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcag304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Floral mimicry is a form of deceptive pollination in which flowers or inflorescences imitate specific resources relevant to potential flower visitors, such as food, brood sites, or mating partners (sexual mimicry). A plant genus containing many unstudied species with potentially highly diverse deceptive systems is fly-pollinated Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae), famous for its trap flowers. A few species with strongly male-biased pollinator assemblages have been suggested to mimic the female sex pheromones of flies. However, so far, neither the floral scents nor the female sex pheromones of the fly species involved are known.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study on the Mediterranean Aristolochia lutea and A. paucinervis, we identified male-biased pollinator assemblages, analyzed the floral scents and female-specific fly volatiles by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and (enantioselective) synthetic chemistry, and performed field bioassays with synthetic floral scents to characterize these pollination systems.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>We found that the two Aristolochia species were pollinated by different assemblages of exclusively or primarily male phorid species (mostly Megaselia). The floral scents of both Aristolochia species were dominated by a small, largely overlapping set of structurally related short-chain, methyl-branched aliphatic alcohols and ketones, several of which we also identified as female-specific compounds in phorids (e.g., 4-methyl-2-pentanone, (E)-3-methyl-3-penten-2-one, 5-methyl-3-hexanone). In field bioassays, synthetic floral scent resembling A. lutea attracted males of two pollinator species of A. lutea (Megaselia giraudii, M. pleuralis) and the main pollinator of A. paucinervis (M. pumila). A mixture resembling A. paucinervis attracted also a pollinator of A. lutea (M. giraudii). No female phorids were attracted in these assays.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both Aristolochia species mimic female-specific volatiles to deceive male phorid pollinators. Future studies must test whether the compounds involved function as female sex pheromones of the pollinating flies. If confirmed, this would be the first case of sex pheromone mimicry outside of orchids.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149073463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversification, evolutionary time, and climatic niche conservatism jointly explain global fern diversity.","authors":"Guilin Wu, Joel H Nitta, Michael Sundue, Timothy R Baker, Qing Ye, Zhiheng Wang, Harald Schneider, Hui Liu, Xiaoting Xu, Zhang Zhou, Peirong Liu, Tao Zhang, Dexiang Chen","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcag298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcag298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & aims: </strong>Macroevolutionary gradients in species richness are commonly attributed either to variation in diversification rates or to differences in time available for species accumulation, but may also be shaped by climatic niche conservatism. Although this framework has been widely applied across animals and angiosperms, it has rarely been tested in lineages exceeding 150 million years (Ma), where long-term niche conservatism may play a larger role.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here we evaluate these competing hypotheses across nested fern clades spanning over 400 Ma of evolutionary history, including ferns as a whole (∼422 Ma), leptosporangiates (∼395 Ma), Polypodiales (∼302 Ma) and eupolypods (∼185 Ma).</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Across climatic zones, species-rich fern assemblages were associated with elevated diversification rates, extended time for speciation, and strong climatic niche conservatism. Notably, diversification rates peaked in warm and humid regions-an inverse pattern to that reported for many other major clades, including birds, ants, fishes, and angiosperms. Although both diversification rate and evolutionary time predicted species richness, diversification rate showed substantially greater explanatory power than did time across all clades. Contrary to expectations, support for diversification-rate and time-for-speciation effects did not depend on clade age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results demonstrate that ancient plant lineages can exhibit macroevolutionary dynamics distinct from those inferred in relatively younger radiations. In ferns, evolutionary time allowed diversity to accumulate in warm and humid climates, elevated diversification rates increased that diversity, and climatic niche conservatism kept it concentrated within those same climatic regimes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149073541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought tightens rhizosphere networks-but where does the carbon go? A commentary on 'Increased dependencies among plant performance traits, root exudates and the rhizosphere microbiome under drought'.","authors":"Eva Kastovska","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcag311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcag311","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149057306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of novel floral organs from an evo-devo perspective.","authors":"Xinran Leng, Li Zhang, Ziyue Xu, Shaolan Dong, Zakir Husain, Xiaojun Pu, Hong Liao","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcag308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcag308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Novel floral organs represent new types of floral organs that have acquired novel identities distinct from those of the four canonical floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels). These organs have evolved independently in multiple lineages and exhibit extensive morphological and functional diversification. However, the molecular mechanisms and ecological drivers underlying their origin and diversification remain largely unresolved in most lineages. Recent advances suggest that novel floral organs can arise through multiple developmental routes, including modification of organ identity programs, rewiring of gene regulatory networks, and elaboration of boundary regions between floral organs. In this review, we summarize these key insights and milestones by focusing on two types of novel floral organs (the staminode and corona) and one specialized floral structure (the inflated calyx). Furthermore, we propose that integrative evolutionary developmental frameworks that combine comparative morphology, functional genetics, and ecological context are therefore required to fully elucidate the origins and diversification of novel floral organs in angiosperms for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149057361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-dependent seedling development in native and alien herbaceous plants and associations with naturalization extent.","authors":"Margherita Gioria, Lenka Moravcová, Hana Skálová, Sergey Rosbakh, Petr Pyšek","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcag282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcag282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Temperature-dependent responses during early seedling development may contribute to variation in naturalization among herbaceous plants, yet experimental evidence remains limited. We compared how temperature affected leaf development in 123 dicotyledonous species native or alien to Central Europe and tested whether species-level temperature-dependent developmental metrics were associated with reported global naturalization extent.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recorded the timing of appearance of the first five true-leaf stages (D1-D5) and calculated leaf appearance rate (LAR) in 64 native and 59 alien species grown at seven constant temperatures (10-34 °C). We tested the effects of temperature and alien status in 10,015 seedlings using Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models. We then derived three species-level developmental metrics, namely, Max LAR, temperature at Max LAR (T-max-LAR), and observed developmental temperature range (TWobs) and tested for differences between alien and native species and associations with naturalization extent, accounting for life history and seed mass.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Temperature strongly affected both the timing and rate of early leaf development. Alien species did not clearly differ from native species in the timing of first true-leaf appearance but showed modestly higher LAR from 22 to 34 °C. Max LAR was modestly higher in alien species and lower in perennials and larger-seeded species, while T-max-LAR and TWobs were similar in alien and native species. Greater naturalization extent was associated with higher Max LAR and wider TWobs, but not with T-max-LAR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Early post-germination development was strongly dependent on temperature, making this stage particularly relevant under climate warming. Although differences between alien and native species were modest, they became more evident at warmer temperatures and may thus become more important as temperatures experienced during recruitment increase. Associations with reported naturalization extent further suggest that temperature-dependent early development could become more relevant to naturalization of alien plants under a warming climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149036213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mast seeding mitigates the negative demographic effects of conspecific adults on rowan seedling survival.","authors":"Seget Barbara, Bogdziewicz Michał, Piechnik Łukasz, Holeksa Jan, Ledwoń Mateusz, Żywiec Magdalena","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcag300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcag300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Seedling mortality filters tree recruitment, yet we know little about whether the year in which a seedling is produced leaves a demographic signal after emergence. This gap is central for mast-seeding species, where seed crops vary widely among years and may generate cohorts that differ in offspring quality. We tested whether the size of the seed crop from which a seedling cohort comes predicted subsequent seedling survival, and whether this effect depended on seedling size, age, and conspecific neighbourhood context.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used 15-years of data monitoring the establishment, survival and growth of 4678 individually marked rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) seedlings in a natural subalpine spruce forest in West Carpathians. We modelled annual survival in relation to seedling age, leaf area, crop size, and establishment beneath conspecific rowans or heterospecific spruces.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Seedling survival increased with age, leaf area, and establishment beneath heterospecific spruces compared with conspecific rowans. The effect of crop size depended on neighbourhood context. Beneath the crowns of conspecific rowans seedlings from high-crop years survived better than seedlings from low-crop years, whereas survival beneath heterospecific spruces changed little with crop size. As a result, the seedling survival disadvantage associated with establishment beneath conspecifics was reduced for cohorts from high-crop years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Masting can shape recruitment beyond seed production and seedling emergence by influencing the survival of established cohorts. Our results suggest that variation in cohort quality among years may determine how many seedlings pass through the establishment bottleneck. By increasing survival in conspecific neighbourhoods, high-crop years may also alter the spatial pattern of recruitment, allowing more seedlings to persist near conspecifics.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149036161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}