Annals of botany最新文献

{"title":"Climate change may alter seed and seedling traits and shift germination and mortality patterns in alpine environments.","authors":"Jerónimo Vázquez-Ramírez, Susanna E Venn","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf132","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The early life-history stages of alpine plants are strongly influenced by climatic factors. Predicted changes in alpine climate could significantly impact the ability of plants to regenerate from seed and thus on the long-term survival of these species. However, our knowledge on this topic has focused predominantly on the effects of warming on germination. Other early life-history stages or other changing environmental factors have been overlooked. Here, we determine the effects of a future warmer and drier climate and post-fire conditions on (1) seed development, (2) germination and (3) seedling establishment of 13 alpine species.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For 2 years, we conducted a factorial field-based manipulative experiment in the Australian Alps where we created a warmer and drier microclimate using modified open-top chambers and post-fire conditions by controlled burning of selected plots. We (1) collected seeds that had developed under experimental conditions and determined their mass, size, germinability and the characteristics of emerging cotyledons; (2) buried seeds in experimental plots and monitored germination throughout the snow-free season; and (3) grew and planted seedlings and determined their survival over a year.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Overall, we found negative responses to the experimental treatments. Warmer and drier conditions during (1) seed development reduced seed mass, seed size and cotyledon area. (2) Seed germination decreased in response to warmer and drier and post-fire conditions. Importantly, the timing of germination shifted under warmer and drier conditions. (3) Seedling establishment was negatively affected by post-fire conditions and, to a lesser extent, by warmer and drier conditions. The timing of seedling mortality shifted relative to the control conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Predicted future climate will have a negative impact on the ability of plants to regenerate from seed. Furthermore, species-specific responses are likely to contribute to changes in the composition and diversity of alpine communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"651-667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standard and non-standard measurements of wood density: how big is the breach?","authors":"Alex Fajardo","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf093","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A crucial functional trait related to plant strategies is wood density. Wood density is determined as the ratio between the wood dry mass and its fresh volume. Standard laboratory methods for determination of wood density are the norm, but other non-standard methods can also be used, especially in the field. At present, we do not know how accurate these non-standard methods might be. This research compared standard and non-standard methods for determination of wood density while taking into consideration particular plant growth forms that are often neglected in wood density studies (e.g. vines, short shrubs).</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>Wood density was estimated and compared using the standard methods (water displacement for volume and oven drying at 101 °C for 72 h for mass) and non-standard methods (geometric for volume and oven drying at 70 °C for 72 h for mass) for 153 species with different growth forms and taxonomic orders.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Across species and growth forms, wood density did not vary as a result of the drying temperature. However, wood density was underestimated on average by 5.36 % when the volume determination was done using the geometric instead of the water-displacement method. The s.d. of wood density was also significantly higher when using the geometric method for volume determination. These differences in wood density estimation were not altered by growth form, taxonomic order or the size of the woody sample.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is statistically reliable to estimate wood density following the drying of samples at 70 °C for 72 h. The difference in the amount of water that remains in the wood after drying between 70 and 101 °C for 72 h is negligible. However, the geometric method of determination of wood volume is likely to incur a 'positive bias' of overestimation attributable to error in the estimation of wood density.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"485-489"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455709/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144075469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulic architecture, height-related changes in photosynthesis and seasonal positive pressure declines in bamboo: implications for top dieback.","authors":"Wen Guo, Jing-Qiu Feng, Jiao-Lin Zhang, Ze-Xin Fan, Pei-Li Fu, Hervé Cochard, Yong-Jiang Zhang, Shi-Jian Yang","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf102","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Bamboos, arborescent monocotyledons without secondary growth, often show top dieback during the dry season. The potential mechanism underlying bamboo top dieback and its association with culm hydraulic architecture and positive pressure dynamics remain unclear. We investigated how the axial scaling of anatomical traits influenced physiological performances of the culm top under drought conditions, as well as how seasonal changes in positive pressure were related to top dieback and culm height.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Variations in culm anatomical and physiological characteristics (hydraulic traits, leaf photosynthetic gas exchange and water potentials) along the longitudinal axis of a bamboo (Dendrocalamus membranaceus) were investigated and seasonal changes in positive pressure were monitored to reveal potential factors associated with top dieback.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The hydraulically weighted mean vessel diameter (Dh) exhibited a widening pattern from the culm apex with a scaling exponent in the range reported for trees. However, Dh did not increase continuously and instead declined noticeably near the culm base. Theoretical hydraulic conductivity decreased to a low level near the culm top, where most of the resistance was located. The lower water potentials, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate indicated that the culm top was subjected to severer water stress than the base part. Height supported by the maximum positive pressure declined from the wet season to the dry season, which was close to the measured culm height after top dieback.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study suggests the potential impact of vessel widening pattern on water supply along the culm height, and the association of seasonal changes in positive pressure with culm height, and offers novel insights into understanding bamboo top dieback.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"597-609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455720/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zooming in to see the big picture: the value of integrative work to understand early stages of pollinator-mediated plant divergence. A commentary on 'Geographical variation in flower colour of a food-deceptive orchid reflects local pollinator preferences'.","authors":"Katherine Wenzell, Mikhaela Neequaye","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf135","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf135","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"i-iii"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographical variation in flower colour of a food-deceptive orchid reflects local pollinator preferences.","authors":"Steven D Johnson, Timotheüs van der Niet, Ethan Newman, Nina Hobbhahn, Bruce Anderson","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf074","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Intraspecific variation in floral traits can reflect shifts among different pollinator niches. We investigated whether a geographical mosaic of pollinator niches can explain divergence of flower colour and morphology among populations of Disa porrecta, a food-deceptive orchid in South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used field observations and pollen load analysis to establish pollinators of D. porrecta and measured spectral reflectance, morphology and scent emissions in populations. We used reciprocal translocation experiments and pairs of artificial inflorescences to establish pollinator foraging preferences. A phylogenetic analysis was used to assess relationships among populations of D. porrecta and related taxa.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We documented two colour forms of D. porrecta that differ in pollinator assemblages. The orange-flowered form in the east of the distribution is pollinated solely by a wide-ranging nymphalid butterfly species. The pink-flowered form in the westernmost part of the distribution is pollinated primarily by a long-proboscid fly species. The orchid's floral spectral reflectance and morphology closely match those of most nectar plants used by these pollinators, implying a potential role for mimicry. In reciprocal translocations, butterflies showed strong preference for the orange-flowered form of the orchid at sites in the east, while both long-proboscid flies and butterflies showed a preference for the pink-flowered form at sites in the west. These preferences were also evident in experiments involving pairs of artificial inflorescences that varied only in colour. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two colour forms of D. porrecta share an immediate common ancestor, but the direction of the colour shift could not be reliably reconstructed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study identifies a role for a geographical mosaic of nectar plants and pollinators in the divergence of floral traits in D. porrecta. Differences in flower colour among populations of this orchid species are strongly correlated with pollinator foraging preferences.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"513-527"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143974785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased nitrate uptake by plants in response to nitrogen addition and mowing in a temperate grassland.","authors":"Jinglei Tang, Junjie Yang, Yi Zhu, Lu Bai, Shidong Cui, Xingguo Han, Haiyan Ren","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf112","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Plants absorb different forms of nitrogen (N) from the soil, which influences biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. However, how N uptake responds to different N addition rates and traditional mowing practices remains largely unexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A field experiment was carried out to examine the effects of six N addition rates (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 g N m-2 yr-1) and mowing on N uptake. Using a 15N labelling method, we quantified ammonium, nitrate and glycine absorption by the dominant rhizomatous grass (Leymus chinensis) and three common bunchgrass species (Stipa grandis, Agropyron cristatum and Achnatherum sibiricum) in a temperate grassland.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Our results showed an overall N acquisition pattern across all species in the control: ammonium (46-51 %) > nitrate (27-41 %) > glycine (10-26 %). Nitrogen addition increased nitrate uptake while decreasing glycine uptake, with ammonium uptake enhanced only in the rhizomatous grass, L. chinensis. Mowing increased nitrate uptake by 5-12 %. However, the interactions between N addition and mowing had no significant effect on plant N uptake. Structural equation modelling revealed that both N addition and mowing reduced the NH4+/NO3- ratio, thereby promoting nitrate uptake.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight distinct N acquisition strategies between rhizomatous and bunchgrass species in response to N addition and mowing. The greater uptake of nitrate compared to ammonium aligns with the increasing trend of nitrate deposition. Future rises in nitrate deposition may favour the succession of common plant species, especially dominant ones, potentially enhancing ecosystem stability and mitigating the negative effects of N deposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"543-552"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wikidata for botanists: benefits of collaborating and sharing Linked Open Data.","authors":"Sabine von Mering, Siobhan Leachman, Joaquim Santos, Heidi M Meudt","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf062","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Wikidata is a multilingual linked open knowledge base to which anyone can contribute that contains multitudes of botany-related information. Wikidata reveals interactions between entities and connects botany-related information from multiple institutions and other sources, benefiting the botanical community in numerous ways. The aim of this article is to give an overview of Wikidata from a botany perspective and issue a call to action to the botanical community to collectively improve the quantity and quality of information related to botany, botanists and botanical collections, in Wikidata. Here, we use a broad definition of botany to include the study of many different taxa and specializations.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>Wikidata contains botany-related data and identifiers for botanists and botanical collectors, botanical taxa, natural history institutions and collections, botany-related publications, geographical locations and research expeditions, as well as genes, genetic variants, chemical compounds, diseases, and more. As an open, collaborative and community-curated knowledge base, Wikidata enables different communities to add and link data related to botany and empowers the querying and reuse of this data via digital tools such as the Wikidata Query Service, Bionomia, Scholia, TL-2 and Expeditia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Collaboration is key in botany and Wikidata, and the sharing and enriching of botany-related Linked Open Data benefits us all. Several resources, including ethical and legal guidelines, are available for botanists to edit, use, reuse, roundtrip and teach Wikidata. We call on all botanists to be active participants in Wikidata, improving the quality, quantity and linking of botany-related data. Our individual and collective actions can help harness the power of Linked Open Data to answer important queries in the field, improve accessibility of herbaria, increase visibility of botanists and their scientific contributions, integrate Wikidata into the classroom, support the Madrid Declaration strategic actions, achieve our collective goals, and ultimately make botany-related information more FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) and equitable.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"491-511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455711/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic responses of Antarctic plants to in situ warming: uncovering molecular mechanisms behind physiological adjustments.","authors":"Kyungwon Min, Syahril Sulaiman, Jungeun Lee, León A Bravo, Patricia L Sáez, Hyoungseok Lee","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf108","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Previous studies using open-topped chambers to simulate warming in Antarctic field conditions have shown distinct physiological responses between the two Antarctic vascular plants Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica. Colobanthus quitensis exhibited significantly increased photosynthetic capacity and growth during in situ warming conditions, whereas D. antarctica showed no differences in these parameters. To understand the differences in ecological strategies of these plants in response to climate change, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying physiological responses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Transcriptome profiling was performed on plants from open-topped chambers and a control open area on King George Island, after three growing seasons. Differential gene expression was analysed using RNA sequencing, followed by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses to identify key biological processes affected by in situ warming.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Colobanthus quitensis exhibited significant upregulation of photosynthesis-related genes, including aquaporins, carbonic anhydrases and Rubisco activase, enhancing CO2 diffusion and assimilation. Conversely, D. antarctica showed downregulation of photosynthetic pathways but upregulation of genes related to flowering, including flowering-promoting factor and phytochrome-regulatory proteins. Both species showed molecular signatures suggesting reduced freezing tolerance in warming conditions, potentially increasing their susceptibility to frost damage.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results indicate distinct ecological strategies between the two plants in response to in situ warming. Colobanthus quitensis enhances its photosynthetic efficiency, whereas D. antarctica appears to accelerate its reproductive phase rather than focusing on growth. These findings contribute to our understanding of how Antarctic plants might respond to ongoing climate changes, with potential implications for their future resilience to extreme environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"529-542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Geosiphon-Nostoc symbiosis: recent elaboration or remnant of an enduring association?","authors":"Matthew P Nelsen, H Thorsten Lumbsch, C Kevin Boyce","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf057","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Fungal associations with photosynthetic microbes have regularly been invoked as precursors to the evolution of land plants and their mycorrhizal associations. The fungus Geosiphon pyriformis (Glomeromycotina) deviates from its arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)-forming relatives through the presence of an intracellular symbiosis with Nostoc cyanobacteria and is frequently viewed as the only extant representative of an ancient and formerly widespread association between fungi and cyanobacteria that occupied early terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we add to growing evidence suggesting the Geosiphon-Nostoc-like associations are not ancestral to AM associations and did not occupy landscapes prior to the evolution of land plants. In addition, we discuss the underlying drivers contributing to the origination and persistence of this argument and other ways in which Geosiphon has been misunderstood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We inferred time-scaled phylogenies of Glomeromycotina and leveraged ancestral state reconstruction both to evaluate the plausibility of a Geosiphon-like ancestral state while highlighting the additional complexity required to maintain support for a Geosiphon-like ancestral state.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Our analyses overwhelmingly recovered the Geosiphon-like state as being derived from AM associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our work illustrates the diverse ways in which Geosiphon has been misunderstood and adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that the Geosiphon-like ecology is derived from AM-forming ancestors and did not occupy terrestrial ecosystems prior to the evolution of land plants. We conclude by discussing outstanding questions pertaining to the ecology and evolution of Glomeromycotina fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"473-484"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in arabinogalactan proteins in banana peel during fruit development and ripening.","authors":"Shazma Gulzar, Zan Yi, Rahat Sharif, Jing Liu, Tong Ning, Xiaoquan Li, Zuxiang Su, Chunxiang Xu","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf123","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are vital for supporting the structural aspects of plant growth and development. However, knowledge regarding their role in the growth and ripening of banana fruit remains elusive.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, changes in the spatiotemporal distribution, transcriptional level of different AGPs and their content during the development and ripening of banana fruit were investigated.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Immunofluorescence labelling results indicated that banana AGP components were predominantly present in the epidermis, xylem and phloem. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that during fruit development, the expression of 88 out of 259 MaAGP genes decreased, while 29 displayed opposite expression. Nevertheless, some genes demonstrated peak expression at stage II, aligning closely with the levels of AGP epitopes identified by JIM4, JIM8, LM2 and JIM13 antibodies. Ethylene treatment raised the expression of 31 members and inhibited 57 of them. This is supported by a decreasing trend in the AGP epitope level of LM2, MAC204 and MaFLA27 antibodies, whereas it was inverse for JIM8 antibody. Consequently, AGP content showed a decline in expression during the development and ripening processes. The profusion of plant hormone and growth-responsive cis-acting regulatory elements found in the 2-kb upstream region of MaAGPs further indicates the involvement of AGPs in developmental and ripening activities. MaSAUR39, MaSYD1/2, MaF-box1/2/3, MaBP1, MaRIMA1, MaLLR1, MaATMRP1, MaBBR1/2 and MaPPS1 were among the proteins that interacted the most and are essential for plant growth and development.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study offer new understanding into the role of AGPs in banana fruit growth and ripening.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"623-636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}