Annals of botany最新文献

{"title":"Rearranging development makes a slippery slope: a commentary on 'Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants combine common developmental processes to make a complex epidermal trapping surface'.","authors":"C D Whitewoods","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae182","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11904898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142613530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity on a small scale: phylogeography of the locally endemic dwarf succulent genus Oophytum (Aizoaceae) in the Knersvlakte of South Africa.","authors":"Sabrina A Schmidt, Ute Schmiedel, Frederic Carstens, Anna-Lena Rau, Barbara Rudolph-Bartsch","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae207","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Oophytum (Aizoaceae) is a locally endemic genus of the extremely fast-evolving subfamily Ruschioideae and consists of only two formally accepted species (Oophytum nanum and Oophytum oviforme). Both species are leaf-succulent dwarf shrubs and habitat specialists on quartz fields in the Knersvlakte, a renowned biodiversity hotspot in the arid winter-rainfall Succulent Karoo Biome of South Africa. Quartz fields present specialised patchy habitats with an island-like distribution in the landscape. Oophytum oviforme grows in the south-western part, whereas O. nanum covers most of the remaining Knersvlakte. These species co-occur in a small area, but within different quartz islands. We investigated the effects of the patchy distribution, environmental conditions and potential effects of palaeoclimatic changes on the genetics of Oophytum.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of 35 populations of the genus, covering its entire distribution area, were conducted using four chloroplast DNA markers and an amplified fragment length polymorphism dataset. These were combined with environmental data via a principal component analysis and comparative heatmap analyses.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The genetic pattern of the Oophytum metapopulation is a tripartite division, with northern, central and western groups. This geographical pattern does not correspond to the two-species concept of Oophytum. Only the western O. oviforme populations form a monophyletic lineage, whereas the central populations of O. oviforme are genetic hybrids of O. nanum populations. The highly restricted gene flow often resulted in private gene pools with very low genetic diversity, in contrast to the hybrid gene pools of the central and edge populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Oophytum is an exceptional example of an extremely fast-evolving genus that illustrates the high speciation rate of the Ruschioideae and their success as one of the leading plant groups of the drought-prone Succulent Karoo Biome. The survival strategy of these dwarf quartz-field endemics is an interplay of adaptation to diverse island habitats, highly restricted gene flow, occasional long-distance dispersal, migration, founder effects and hybridisation events within a small and restricted area caused by glacial and interglacial changing climate conditions from the Pleistocene to the Present. These findings have important implications for future conservation management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"735-756"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11904907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142826551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latin America: a hub for agrobiotechnological innovations.","authors":"Maria Eugenia Segretin, Gabriela Cynthia Soto, Christian Damian Lorenzo","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae191","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Modern biotechnology is one of the last century's major advances in human science. Particularly in the agronomical field, the landscape of crop improvement technologies has witnessed a great expansion, driven by the integration of molecular and genetic engineering methodologies into the breeding toolbox. Latin America (LATAM) serves as a pioneering region in incorporating such techniques with several countries swiftly embracing these technologies.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of the elements that influenced agrobiotech acceptance in LATAM countries and how such cases could provide support for upcoming technologies to be considered worldwide.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nearly 50 years of biotech breakthroughs have provided humankind with an impressive portfolio of tools already integrated into several life-science areas. The agronomical field has greatly progressed thanks to technologies derived from genetically modified organisms and great promises are being made to also incorporate genome-editing products. LATAM provides a prime example of how early introduction of novelties in the crop production chain can result in improved yields, paving the way for future developments to be easily integrated into the technological ecosystem of a region. The example set by LATAM can also be useful for the present gene-editing regulatory scenario. With several countries presently on the path to approving these methods in their current crop systems, basing their next steps on the example of LATAM could represent a safe and practical pathway towards a new agronomical revolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"629-642"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11904903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142520801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macro- and micro-geographical genetic variation in early-fitness traits in populations of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster).","authors":"Aida Solé-Medina, Agathe Hurel, Camilla Avanzi, Santiago C González-Martinez, Giovanni G Vendramin, Francesca Bagnoli, Andrea Piotti, Maurizio Marchi, Ilaria Spanu, Juan José Robledo-Arnuncio, José Alberto Ramírez-Valiente","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae190","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Assessing adaptive genetic variation and its spatial distribution is crucial to conserve forest genetic resources and manage species' adaptive potential. Macro-environmental gradients commonly exert divergent selective pressures that enhance adaptive genetic divergence among populations. Steep micro-environmental variation might also result in adaptive divergence at finer spatial scales, even under high gene flow, but it is unclear how often this is the case. Here, we assess genetic variation in early-fitness traits among distant and nearby maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) populations, to investigate climatic factors associated with trait divergence, and to examine trait integration during seedling establishment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Open pollinated seeds were collected from seven population pairs across the European species distribution, with paired populations spatially close (between <1 and 21 km) but environmentally divergent. Seeds were sown in semi-natural conditions at three environmentally contrasting sites, where we monitored seedling emergence, growth and survival.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>At large spatial scales, we found significant genetic divergence among populations in all studied traits, with certain traits exhibiting an association with temperature and precipitation gradients. Significant trait divergence was also detected between pairs of nearby populations. In addition, we found consistent trait correlations across experimental sites; notably, heavier seeds and earlier seedling emergence were both associated with higher seedling survival and fitness over two years in all experimental conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We identified mean annual temperature and precipitation seasonality as potential drivers of P. pinaster population divergence in the studied early-life traits. Populations genetically diverge also at local spatial scales, potentially suggesting that divergent natural selection can override gene flow along local-scale ecological gradients. These results suggest the species exhibits substantial adaptive potential that has allowed it to survive and evolve under contrasting environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"655-668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11904904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142520803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic differentiation and SNP variation reveal local adaptations to eastern Mediterranean environmental conditions in wild radishes.","authors":"Prabodh K Bajpai, Arye Harel, Jotham Ziffer-Berger, Yoni Waitz, Klaus Mummenhoff, Oz Barazani","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Morphological differences between the two genetically close wild radishes, Raphanus raphanistrum and R. pugioniformis, include differences in fruit structure that influence their dispersal ability and within population spatial structure. Here, we tested within- and among-populations genetic variation, hypothesizing that (i) short-distance dispersal of heavy fruits in R. pugioniformis provided opportunities for local adaptions, while (ii) long-distances of single-seeded diaspores increase migration rates in R. raphanistrum, resulting in closer genetic distances among populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Populations were mapped along a geographical gradient in the eastern Mediterranean, and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was employed to assess population genetic structure. Population genetic variation was analyzed using genetic diversity parameters, pairwise genetic differentiation coefficients, Mantel tests, migration rates (MR), and ADMIXTURE analyses. Furthermore, SNP detection was utilized to identify loci associated with local adaptations.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The average values of migration rates were similar in the two species, and non-synonymous SNP loci in CDS regions of R. raphanistrum (n=12) and R. pugioniformis (n=7) were well associated with directional selection. However, the genetic diversity parameters, isolation-by-distance Mantel tests, PCoA, and ADMIXTURE analyses indicated higher genetic differentiation among populations of R. pugioniformis than among populations of R. raphanistrum. Furthermore, a higher number of loci in R. pugioniformis than in R. raphanistrum (12 vs. 3 SNP outlier loci, respectively) were associated with average annual rainfall, the most prominent environmental parameter in the east Mediterranean.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results support the hypothesis that long-distance dispersal contributes to lower genetic diversity in populations of R. raphanistrum compared to R. pugioniformis. Considering that the distribution range of R. raphanistrum is relatively homogenous, whereas R. pugioniformis is scattered across varying topographical and climatic gradients, the results of this genome scan highlight the significant role of the environment in adaptive inter- and intra-species genetic variation in these two genetically-close species.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction costs and tradeoffs in carnivorous pitcher plant leaves: towards a pitcher leaf economic spectrum.","authors":"Kadeem J Gilbert, David Armitage, Ulrike Bauer, Kenji Fukushima, Laurence Gaume, Rachel Love, Qianshi Lin, Sukuan Liu, Sylvie Martin-Eberhardt, Jonathan Millett, Tanya Renner, Mathias Scharmann, Chris Thorogood","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leaf economic theory holds that physiological constraints to photosynthesis have a role in the coordinated evolution of multiple leaf traits, an idea that can be extended to carnivorous plants occupying a particular trait space that is constrained by key costs and benefits. Pitcher traps are modified leaves that may face steep photosynthetic costs: a high-volume, three-dimensional tubular structure may be less efficient than a flat lamina. While past research has investigated the photosynthetic costs of pitchers, the exact suite of constraints shaping pitcher trait variation remain under-explored-including constraints to carnivorous function.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>In this review, we describe various constraints arising from the dual photosynthetic and carnivorous functions of pitchers arising from developmental, functional, budgetary, and environmental factors. In addition, we identify the data required to establish the leaf economic spectrum (LES) for carnivorous pitcher plants (CPPs), and - owing to the multifunctional roles of pitcher leaves - discuss difficulties in placing pitchers onto existing frameworks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Because pitcher traps serve multiple functions, both photosynthesis and nutrient acquisition (carnivory), they are difficult to place in the context of the LES, especially in light of a current lack of trait data. We describe a spectrum across the independent CPP lineages in approaches to balancing carnivory-photosynthesis tradeoffs. Future efforts to collect relevant data can clarify the forces that shape observed pitcher trait variation, and increase understanding of principles that may be ultimately generalized to other plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning and digital Imaging for Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Stress Dynamics in the clonal plant Carpobrotus edulis: Uncovering a Functional Mosaic.","authors":"Erola Fenollosa, Ignasi Arqués-Viver, Jordi de la Torre, Sergi Munné-Bosch","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Rapid, large-scale monitoring is critical to understanding spatiotemporal plant stress dynamics, but current physiological stress markers are costly, destructive, and time-consuming. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of machine learning to non-destructively predict leaf betalains-yellow to reddish pigments unique to Caryophyllales species-for the first time, and to explore betalains' intra-individual variation on a clonal species and its role to respond to stressful periods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We characterized the betalainic profile of an invasive clonal plant for the first time, Carpobrotus edulis (L.) NE Br. (the cape fig), via HPLC. We measured multiple stress markers over a year, including betalain content using our optimized method, where the species is spreading. Additionally, 3,735 digital images at the leaf level were taken. Machine learning regression algorithms were trained to predict betalain accumulation from digital images, outperforming classic spectroradiometer measurements.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Betalain content increased sharply in non-reproductive ramets during extreme abiotic conditions in summer and during senescence in reproductive ramets. The stress markers revealed a strong intra-individual functional mosaic, underscoring the importance of spatiotemporal dimensions in stress tolerance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We developed a scalable, non-destructive tool for betalain research that integrates digital imaging with machine learning. This approach opens new possibilities for understanding spatiotemporal stress responses, particularly in clonal plant systems, using artificial intelligence.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143613182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolutionary dynamics of plant mating systems: how bias for studying 'interesting' plant reproductive systems could backfire.","authors":"Elena M Meyer, Laura F Galloway, Andrew J Eckert","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>An \"abominable mystery\": angiosperm sexual systems have been a source of both interest and frustration for the botanical community since Darwin. The evolutionary stability, overall frequency, and distribution of self-fertilization and mixed-mating systems have been explored in a variety of studies. However, there has been no recent study which directly addresses our knowledge of mating systems across families, the adequacy of existing data, or the potential for biases.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>Here we present an updated dataset of mating systems across flowering plants covering 6,781 species and 212 families based on a synthesis of existing reviews and an original literature review using Web of Science. We assess the adequacy of this data by evaluating for bias indicating enrichment of certain families or sexual systems.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>We find that the vast majority of our data on mating systems comes from a small number of disproportionally sampled families, and that families with significant proportions of dioecious or monoecious species are much more likely to be undersampled.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results show that the frequency of selfing in angiosperms is overestimated, possibly due to increased research interest in selfing and mixed-mating systems. This suggests that systematic study bias may mean we know less about this vital facet of plant life than we think.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing bryophyte research and conservation, a case study on Madagascar.","authors":"Lovanomenjanahary Marline, Ny Aina Sedera Ranaivoson, Rhian Smith, Claudine Ah-Peng, Terry A J Hedderson, Nicholas Wilding, Alexandre Antonelli","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bryophytes are a group of plant that are ecologically important, diverse and include many undescribed species. Setting like Madagascar is well known for its charismatic species, less conspicuous groups, such as bryophytes, are virtually unknown to the public and the scientific community. Bryophyte diversity is a highly overlooked component of Madagascar's rich biodiversity, underlined by geographical sampling biases, sparse representation, and an evident research and conservation deficit as compared to more charismatic groups. With a significant bryophytes research gap and conservation, Madagascar can serve as model for addressing knowledge gaps and talking the global issue of bryophytes blindness. Here we first summarise historical research and current knowledge on the diversity and distribution of Malagasy bryophytes; address the issue of 'bryophyte blindness'; and propose future directions.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>We give reason to think that to advance research and ensure the effective conservation of the bryophytes, it is crucial to build robust foundations for their study and appreciation. Investments on herbarium collections paired with leveraging technology and resources for identification, including an image bank and DNA barcodes, will facilitate taxonomic revisions, evolutionary biology and ecological research. Addressing geographical imbalances and fostering comprehensive research to elevate the scientific and public appreciation of bryophytes are key to advancing the integration of bryophytes into national, regional and global conservation initiatives. Key prospects also include research on ecosystems with high and/or endemic bryophyte diversity, facilitating the integration of bryophytes into conservation programs. Training the new generation of students and professionals on bryophytes is an imperative underlying all these initiatives. This is highly important to foster more equitable research and conservation in countries like Madagascar and help tackle bryophyte blindness in science and society, alongside with an urgently needed financial support for professional training to advance bryophytes research.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, bryophytes need urgent research and conservation investments. Researchers, organisations, governments, and universities should collaborate to raise scientific and public awareness of their importance. Addressing key questions about bryophyte diversity, threats, and conservation requires a holistic, collaborative, and inclusive approach to bryophyte research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic-based conservation status indicators applied to endemics with restricted distributions: a case for eastern Amazonian cangas plants.","authors":"Bárbara Simões Santos Leal, Valéria da Cunha Tavares, Maurício Takashi Coutinho Watanabe, André Luiz de Rezende Cardoso, Lourival Tyski, Alessandro Alves-Pereira, Jeronymo Dalapicolla, Guilherme Oliveira, Carolina da Silva Carvalho","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Critical analyses of genetic data are essential to assessing population and species' conservation status and establishing strategies for their protection, which include best monitoring and management practices. This is especially crucial for endemic species with restricted distribution ranges.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used genomic data to evaluate the efficacy of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) genetic indicators in assessing the conservation status of three endemic plants to the ironstone outcrops (cangas) from Amazon: Carajasia cangae, Parapiqueria cavalcantei, and Ipomoea cavalcantei. We also simulated population bottlenecks to estimate potential effects of future habitat fragmentation.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>: Carajasia cangae and P. cavalcantei exhibited low effective population sizes (NE), low genetic diversity, and high inbreeding. Simulations indicated a decrease in genetic diversity and an increase in inbreeding within decades triggered by NE decline. Conversely, I. cavalcantei retains larger NE, greater genetic diversity, and low inbreeding, and demands attention relative to the maintenance of the two genetically distinct populations. Parameters estimated for C. cangae and P. cavalcantei likely reflect their higher self-reproduction rates as opposed to I. cavalcantei, which is self-incompatible. We highlight some problems regarding the application of GBF genetic indicators to predominantly selfing species, such as the fact that their ratio of effective to census population size is far lower than 10% (the usual threshold to obtain NE when genetic data is unavailable) and their NE often falls below the threshold of 500 to maintain the species long-term evolutionary potential.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We suggest that the reproductive system of endemic plants should be considered to refine guidelines and improve the application of genetic indicators, such as a more appropriate minimum NE and group-specific ratios of effective to census population size. Applying these constraints to GBF indicators may also be appropriate to other organisms with similar biology, independent of their levels of endemism.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}