Annals of botany最新文献

{"title":"Comparison between computer recognition and manual measurement methods for the estimation of leaf area.","authors":"Youying Mu, Ke He, Peijian Shi, Lin Wang, Linli Deng, Zhuyue Shi, Mengdi Liu, Karl J Niklas","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae090","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Leaf area (A) is a crucial indicator of the photosynthetic capacity of plants. The Montgomery equation (ME), which hypothesizes that A is proportional to the product of leaf length (L) and width (W), is a valid tool for non-destructively measuring A for many broadleaved plants. At present, the methods used to compute L and W for the ME can be broadly divided into two kinds: using computer recognition and measuring manually. However, the potential difference in the prediction accuracy using either method has not been thoroughly examined in previous studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, we measured 540 Alangium chinense leaves, 489 Liquidambar formosana leaves and 215 Liriodendron × sinoamericanum leaves, utilizing computer recognition and manual measurement methods to determine L and W. The ME was used to fit the data determined by the two methods, and the goodness of fits were compared. The prediction errors of A were analysed by examining the correlations with two leaf symmetry indices (areal ratio of the left side to the right side, and standardized index for bilateral asymmetry), as well as the leaf shape complexity index (the leaf dissection index).</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The results indicate that there is a neglectable difference in the estimation of A between the two methods. This further validates that the ME is an effective method for estimating A in broadleaved tree species, including those with lobes. Additionally, leaf shape complexity significantly influenced the estimation of A.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results show that the use of computer recognition and manual measurement in the field are both effective and feasible, although the influence of leaf shape complexity should be considered when applying the ME to estimate A in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"501-510"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11341664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141236555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell death in bryophytes: emerging models to study core regulatory modules and conserved pathways.","authors":"Fernanda Marchetti, Ayelén Mariana Distéfano, Maximiliano Cainzos, Nicolás Setzes, Milagros Cascallares, Gabriel Alejandro López, Eduardo Zabaleta, Gabriela Carolina Pagnussat","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae081","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review summarizes recent progress in our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cell death pathways in bryophytes, focusing on conserved pathways and particularities in comparison to angiosperms. Regulated cell death (RCD) plays key roles during essential processes along the plant life cycle. It is part of specific developmental programmes and maintains homeostasis of the organism in response to unfavourable environments. Bryophytes could provide valuable models to study developmental RCD processes as well as those triggered by biotic and abiotic stresses. Some pathways analogous to those present in angiosperms occur in the gametophytic haploid generation of bryophytes, allowing direct genetic studies. In this review, we focus on such RCD programmes, identifying core conserved mechanisms and raising new key questions to analyse RCD from an evolutionary perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"367-384"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11341678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mother-reliant or self-reliant: the germination strategy of seeds in a species-rich alpine meadow is associated with the existence of pericarps.","authors":"Xiao-Qing Li, Hong-Yu Zhu, Yong-Deng He, Anne Christine Ochola, La Qiong, Chun-Feng Yang","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae086","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Some plants germinate their seeds enclosed by a pericarp, whereas others lack the outer packaging. As a maternal tissue, the pericarp might impart seeds with different germination strategies. Plants in a community with different flowering times might separately disperse and germinate their seeds; therefore, flowering time can be considered as one manifestation of maternal effects on the offspring. The mass of the seed is another important factor influencing germination and represents the intrinsic resource of the seed that supports germination. Using seeds from a species-rich alpine meadow located in the Hengduan Mountains of China, a global biodiversity hotspot, we aimed to illustrate whether and how the type of seed (with or without a pericarp) modulates the interaction of flowering time and seed mass with germination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seeds were germinated in generally favourable conditions, and the speed of germination [estimated by mean germination time (MGT)] was calculated. We quantified the maternal conditions by separation of flowering time for 67 species in the meadow, of which 31 produced seeds with pericarps and 36 yielded seeds without pericarps. We also weighed 100 seeds of each species to assess their mass.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The MGT varied between the two types of seeds. For seeds with pericarps, MGT was associated with flowering time but not with seed mass. Plants with earlier flowering times in the meadow exhibited more rapid seed germination. For seeds without a pericarp, the MGT depended on seed mass, with smaller seeds germinating more rapidly than larger seeds.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The distinct responses of germination to flowering time and seed mass observed in seeds with and without a pericarp suggest that germination strategies might be mother-reliant for seeds protected by pericarps but self-reliant for those without such protection. This new finding improves our understanding of seed germination by integrating ecologically mediated maternal conditions and inherent genetic properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"485-490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11341665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141174458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant biomass allocation advances our understanding of plant adaptation to environmental gradients: a commentary on 'Contrasting biomass allocations explain adaptations to cold and drought in the world's highest-growing angiosperms'.","authors":"Davide De Battisti","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae069","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"i-iii"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11341769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141178284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The genome assembly of Carex breviculmis provides evidence for its phylogenetic localization and environmental adaptation.","authors":"Tao Yuan, Xiaoman Gao, Niyan Xiang, Pei Wei, Guiyu Zhang","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae085","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Carex breviculmis is a perennial herb with good resistance and is widely used for forage production and turf management. It is important in ecology, environmental protection and biodiversity conservation, but faces several challenges due to human activities. However, the absence of genome sequences has limited basic research and the improvement of wild plants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We annotated the genome of C. breviculmis and conducted a systematic analysis to explore its resistance to harsh environments. We also conducted a comparative analysis of Achnatherum splendens, which is similarly tolerant to harsh environments.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The assembled the genome comprises 469.01 Mb, revealing 37 372 genes with a BUSCO completeness score of 99.0 %. The genome has 52.03 % repetitive sequences, primarily influenced by recent LTR insertions that have contributed to its expansion. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that C. breviculmis diverged from C. littledalei ~6.61 million years ago. Investigation of repetitive sequences and expanded gene families highlighted a rapid expansion of tandem duplicate genes, particularly in areas related to sugar metabolism, synthesis of various amino acids, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Additionally, our analysis identified crucial genes involved in secondary metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism, which have undergone positive selection. We reconstructed the sucrose metabolic pathway and identified significant gene expansions, including 16 invertase, 9 sucrose phosphate synthase and 12 sucrose synthase genes associated with sucrose metabolism, which showed varying levels of expansion.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The expansion of these genes, coupled with subsequent positive selection, contributed to the ability of C. breviculmis to adapt to environmental stressors. This study lays the foundation for future research on the evolution of Carex plants, their environmental adaptations, and potential genetic breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"467-484"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11341672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141185719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mode of carbon gain and fungal associations of Neuwiedia malipoensis within the evolutionarily early-diverging orchid subfamily Apostasioideae.","authors":"Franziska E Zahn, Hong Jiang, Yung-I Lee, Gerhard Gebauer","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae097","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The earliest-diverging orchid lineage, Apostasioideae, consists only of two genera: Apostasia and Neuwiedia. Previous reports of Apostasia nipponica indicated a symbiotic association with an ectomycorrhiza-forming Ceratobasidiaceae clade and partial utilization of fungal carbon during the adult stage. However, the trophic strategy of Neuwiedia throughout its development remains unidentified. To further improve our understanding of mycoheterotrophy in the Apostasioideae, this study focused on Neuwiedia malipoensis examining both the mycorrhizal association and the physiological ecology of this orchid species across various development stages.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We identified the major mycorrhizal fungi of N. malipoensis protocorm, leafy seedling and adult stages using molecular barcoding. To reveal nutritional resources utilized by N. malipoensis, we compared stable isotope natural abundances (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O) of different developmental stages with those of autotrophic reference plants.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Protocorms exhibited an association with saprotrophic Ceratobasidiaceae rather than ectomycorrhiza-forming Ceratobasidiaceae and the 13C signature was characteristic of their fully mycoheterotrophic nutrition. Seedlings and adults were predominantly associated with saprotrophic fungi belonging to the Tulasnellaceae. While 13C and 2H stable isotope data revealed partial mycoheterotrophy of seedlings, it is unclear to what extent the fungal carbon supply is reduced in adult N. malipoensis. However, the 15N enrichment of mature N. malipoensis suggests partially mycoheterotrophic nutrition. Our data indicated a transition in mycorrhizal partners during ontogenetic development with decreasing dependency of N. malipoensis on fungal nitrogen and carbon.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The divergence in mycorrhizal partners between N. malipoensis and A. nipponica indicates different resource acquisition strategies and allows various habitat options in the earliest-diverging orchid lineage, Apostasioideae. While A. nipponica relies on the heterotrophic carbon gain from its ectomycorrhizal fungal partner and thus on forest habitats, N. malipoensis rather relies on own photosynthetic carbon gain as an adult, allowing it to establish in habitats as widely distributed as those where Rhizoctonia fungi occur.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"511-520"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11341671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amphistomy: stomata patterning inferred from 13C content and leaf-side-specific deposition of epicuticular wax.","authors":"Balzhan Askanbayeva, Jitka Janová, Jiří Kubásek, Viktoria V Zeisler-Diehl, Lukas Schreiber, Christopher D Muir, Jiří Šantrůček","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae082","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The benefits and costs of amphistomy (AS) vs. hypostomy (HS) are not fully understood. Here, we quantify benefits of access of CO2 through stomata on the upper (adaxial) leaf surface, using 13C abundance in the adaxial and abaxial epicuticular wax. Additionally, a relationship between the distribution of stomata and epicuticular wax on the opposite leaf sides is studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We suggest that the 13C content of long-chain aliphatic compounds of cuticular wax records the leaf internal CO2 concentration in chloroplasts adjacent to the adaxial and abaxial epidermes. This unique property stems from: (1) wax synthesis being located exclusively in epidermal cells; and (2) ongoing wax renewal over the whole leaf lifespan. Compound-specific and bulk wax 13C abundance (δ) was related to amphistomy level (ASL; as a fraction of adaxial in all stomata) of four AS and five HS species grown under various levels of irradiance. The isotopic polarity of epicuticular wax, i.e. the difference in abaxial and adaxial δ (δab - δad), was used to calculate the leaf dorsiventral CO2 gradient. Leaf-side-specific epicuticular wax deposition (amphiwaxy level) was estimated and related to ASL.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>In HS species, the CO2 concentration in the adaxial epidermis was lower than in the abaxial one, independently of light conditions. In AS leaves grown in high-light and low-light conditions, the isotopic polarity and CO2 gradient varied in parallel with ASL. The AS leaves grown in high-light conditions increased ASL compared with low light, and δab - δad approached near-zero values. Changes in ASL occurred concomitantly with changes in amphiwaxy level.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Leaf wax isotopic polarity is a newly identified leaf trait, distinguishing between hypo- and amphistomatous species and indicating that increased ASL in sun-exposed AS leaves reduces the CO2 gradient across the leaf mesophyll. Stomata and epicuticular wax deposition follow similar leaf-side patterning.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"437-454"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11341673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141247436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing fine branch biomass estimation with lidar and structural models.","authors":"Mathilde Millan, Alexis Bonnet, Jean Dauzat, Rémi Vezy","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae083","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Lidar is a promising tool for fast and accurate measurements of trees. There are several approaches to estimate above-ground woody biomass using lidar point clouds. One of the most widely used methods involves fitting geometric primitives (e.g. cylinders) to the point cloud, thereby reconstructing both the geometry and topology of the tree. However, current algorithms are not suited for accurate estimation of the volume of finer branches, because of the unreliable point dispersions from, for example, beam footprint compared to the structure diameter.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We propose a new method that couples point cloud-based skeletonization and multi-linear statistical modelling based on structural data to make a model (structural model) that accurately estimates the above-ground woody biomass of trees from high-quality lidar point clouds, including finer branches. The structural model was tested at segment, axis and branch level, and compared to a cylinder fitting algorithm and to the pipe model theory.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The model accurately predicted the biomass with 1.6 % normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) at the segment scale from a k-fold cross-validation. It also gave satisfactory results when scaled up to the branch level with a significantly lower error (13 % nRMSE) and bias (-5 %) compared to conventional cylinder fitting to the point cloud (nRMSE: 92 %, bias: 82 %), or using the pipe model theory (nRMSE: 31 %, bias: -27 %). The model was then applied to the whole-tree scale and showed that the sampled trees had more than 1.7 km of structures on average and that 96 % of that length was coming from the twigs (i.e. <5 cm diameter). Our results showed that neglecting twigs can lead to a significant underestimation of tree above-ground woody biomass (-21 %).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The structural model approach is an effective method that allows a more accurate estimation of the volumes of smaller branches from lidar point clouds. This method is versatile but requires manual measurements on branches for calibration. Nevertheless, once the model is calibrated, it can provide unbiased and large-scale estimations of tree structure volumes, making it an excellent choice for accurate 3D reconstruction of trees and estimating standing biomass.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"455-466"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11341666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141157858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of extreme temperatures and recovery potential of Gongolaria barbata from a coastal lagoon in the northern Adriatic Sea: an ex situ approach.","authors":"Andrea Bilajac, Edi Gljušćić, Shannen Smith, Mirjana Najdek, Ljiljana Iveša","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae038","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Globally, rising seawater temperatures contribute to the regression of marine macroalgal forests. Along the Istrian coastline (northern Adriatic), an isolated population of Gongolaria barbata persists in a coastal lagoon, representing one of the last marine macroalgal forests in the region. Our objective was to examine the impact of extreme temperatures on the morphology and physiology of G. barbata and test its potential for recovery after simulating marine heatwave (MHW) conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We explored the occurrence of marine heatwaves in southern Istria, adjacent to the study area, in addition to extreme temperatures inside the area itself. Subsequently, we performed a thermotolerance experiment, consisting of a stress and recovery phase, in which we exposed G. barbata thalli to four extreme (28, 30, 32 and 34 °C) and one favourable (18 °C) temperature. We monitored morphological and physiological responses.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Our findings indicate a significant rise in frequency, duration and intensity of MHWs over decades on the southern Istrian coast. Experimental results show that G. barbata demonstrates potential for both morphological and physiological recovery after exposure to temperatures as high as 32 °C. However, exposure to 34 °C led to thallus decay, with limited ability to regenerate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results show that G. barbata has a remarkable resilience to long-term exposure to extreme temperatures ≤32 °C and suggest that short-term exposure to temperatures beyond this, as currently recorded inside the lagoon, do not notably affect the physiology or morphology of local G. barbata. With more MHWs expected in the future, such an adapted population might represent an important donor suitable for future restoration activities along the Istrian coast. These results emphasize the resilience of this unique population, but also warn of the vulnerability of marine macroalgal forests to rising seawater temperatures in rapidly changing climatic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"415-426"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11341668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140130503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial patterns and climatic drivers of phylogenetic structure of regional liverwort assemblages in China.","authors":"Hong Qian, Alain Vanderpoorten, Zun Dai, Michael Kessler, Thibault Kasprzyk, Jian Wang","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae080","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Latitudinal diversity gradients have been intimately linked to the tropical niche conservatism hypothesis, which posits that there has been a strong filter due to the challenges faced by ancestral tropical lineages to adapt to low temperatures and colonize extra-tropical regions. In liverworts, species richness is higher towards the tropics, but the centres of diversity of the basal lineages are distributed across extra-tropical regions, pointing to the colonization of tropical regions by phylogenetically clustered assemblages of species of temperate origin. Here, we test this hypothesis through analyses of the relationship between macroclimatic variation and phylogenetic diversity in Chinese liverworts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Phylogenetic diversity metrics and their standardized effect sizes for liverworts in each of the 28 regional floras at the province level in China were related to latitude and six climate variables using regression analysis. We conducted variation partitioning analyses to determine the relative importance of each group of climatic variables.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>We find that the number of species decreases with latitude, whereas phylogenetic diversity shows the reverse pattern, and that phylogenetic diversity is more strongly correlated with temperature-related variables compared with precipitation-related variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We interpret the opposite patterns observed in phylogenetic diversity and species richness in terms of a more recent origin of tropical diversity coupled with higher extinctions in temperate regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"427-436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11341670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141096848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}