Annals of botany最新文献

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How to be a big genus? Ficus L. as an emerging model. 如何成为一个大属?Ficus L.作为一种新兴的模式。
IF 3.6 2区 生物学
Annals of botany Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaf101
Nicole Mitidieri-Rivera, Elliot Gardner, Julianne Phipps, Nyree Zerega, Leandro C Pederneiras, Alexander Damián-Parizaca, Kenneth J Sytsma
{"title":"How to be a big genus? Ficus L. as an emerging model.","authors":"Nicole Mitidieri-Rivera, Elliot Gardner, Julianne Phipps, Nyree Zerega, Leandro C Pederneiras, Alexander Damián-Parizaca, Kenneth J Sytsma","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>If we replayed the tape of life, would large lineages evolve into the same dazzling diversity observed today? While the macroevolutionary drivers underlying plant diversification have been investigated for some large genera, many clades remain understudied. Ficus L., with 876 species, one of the largest and most ecologically important genera in Moraceae, is renowned for its iconic inflorescence, intricate pollination mutualism, and broad ecological adaptability. As the sole member of the monotypic tribe Ficeae, Ficus occupies a unique evolutionary position within a family that also includes major crop plants such as common fig, breadfruit, breadnut, cempedak, jackfruit, che, and mulberries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used a well-sampled, dated phylogenomic backbone of Moraceae to investigate diversification patterns and their associated drivers in Ficus and allied genera using Maximum-Likelihood and Bayesian process-based methods. We assembled a morphological matrix of 508 species in Moraceae to investigate patterns of trait evolution based on stochastic mapping.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Our results indicate that diversification within Moraceae is closely associated with shifts in global paleoclimate. The emergence of key clades of pollen and seed dispersers during periods of global warming following the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary approximately 66 Mya appears to have significantly shaped the complex diversification patterns observed in Ficus. Evolutionary transitions in floral traits within Moraceae are linked to changes in pollinator guilds; however, HiSSE (Hidden State Speciation and Extinction) models suggest that these shifts alone may not fully account for the diversification dyanmics of the genus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study advances our understanding of the drivers of diversification in big pantropical genera, emphasizing the need to integrate multiple lines of evidence to holistically reconstruct the evolutionary history of ecologically and morphologically diverse plant taxa.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144075457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Giant mitogenomes in Rhynchospora are a result of nuclear gene and retrotransposon insertions in intergenic spaces. 舌孢虫的巨大有丝分裂基因组是核基因和反转录转座子在基因间隙插入的结果。
IF 3.6 2区 生物学
Annals of botany Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaf098
Cicero Almeida, André Marques
{"title":"Giant mitogenomes in Rhynchospora are a result of nuclear gene and retrotransposon insertions in intergenic spaces.","authors":"Cicero Almeida, André Marques","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The mitochondrial genomes of plants are large, with the majority ranging between 500 and 800 kb. However, the mitochondrial genomes of Cyperaceae (sedges) species were found to be much larger, exceeding 1 Mb in size. Here, we aimed to investigate the gigantism of the mitochondrial genomes of three Rhynchospora (beak-sedges) species and one related species of the sister family Juncaceae, the common rush (Juncus effusus).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Long PacBio HiFi reads were sequenced and assembled using Hifiasm software. The mitochondrial genomes were annotated using Geneious and Mitofy software. Transposable elements were annotated using DANTE and RepeatModeler pipelines, and gene prediction in intergenic regions was conducted using Augustus. The predicted genes were annotated using BLAST and gene ontology terms.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The mitogenome of R. breviuscula was 2,222,920 bp, that of R. pubera was 2,064,773 bp, that of R. tenuis was 1,678,054 bp, and that of the species of J. effusus was 553,985 bp. The results revealed giant intergenic spaces in all Rhynchospora, containing predicted nuclear genes and LTR retrotransposons. BLASTn revealed a high migration of DNA from the nucleus to the mitogenome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings show that the Rhynchospora mitogenome is the largest among the monocotyledons. These mitogenomes feature giant intergenic spaces, incorporation of chloroplast DNA and numerous rearrangements. Gigantism of the intergenic spaces is associated with the movement of nuclear DNA segments, suggesting a mechanism of DNA transfer from the nuclear genome to the mitochondrial genome.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144075453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Node of origin matters: comparative analysis of soil water limitation effects on nodal root anatomy in maize (Zea mays L.). 起源节点物质:土壤水分限制对玉米节根解剖结构影响的比较分析。
IF 3.6 2区 生物学
Annals of botany Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaf075
Tina Koehler, Yunhee Kim, Shu-Yin Tung, Adrien Heymans, Nicolas Tyborski, Franziska Steiner, Andreas J Wild, Johanna Pausch, Mutez A Ahmed, Hannah M Schneider
{"title":"Node of origin matters: comparative analysis of soil water limitation effects on nodal root anatomy in maize (Zea mays L.).","authors":"Tina Koehler, Yunhee Kim, Shu-Yin Tung, Adrien Heymans, Nicolas Tyborski, Franziska Steiner, Andreas J Wild, Johanna Pausch, Mutez A Ahmed, Hannah M Schneider","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Root anatomy, determining the composition and organization of root tissues, has implications for water uptake and transport, and potential for enhancing crop resilience amid changing environmental conditions and erratic water supply. While our understanding of the functional relationship between root anatomical traits and soil resource acquisition continues to improve, anatomical traits are commonly investigated on adventitious roots emerging from a single node or averaged across nodes. We test the hypothesis that drought adaptations of anatomical and hydraulic phenes are specific to the nodal origin of the root.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We grew four maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes in the field under control and drought conditions, imposed by rainout shelters. Subsequently, we investigated the effect of soil drought on crown root anatomical phenes between consecutive shoot nodes. Based on these phenotypes, we inferred root cross-sectional hydraulic properties by integrating simulations of root anatomical networks via the GRANAR model and translating the outputs into hydraulic properties using the MECHA model.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>At the individual node level, drought-induced changes in root anatomical and hydraulic phenes were neither consistently significant nor unidirectional across nodes or genotypes. Notably, only second node crown roots consistently exhibited significant changes in response to drought. However, we observed distinct treatment differences in the development of phenes between consecutive shoot nodes. Most root anatomical and hydraulic phenes showed a (hyper)allometric relationship with increasing root cross-sectional area from older to younger roots. However, under drought, those allometric trajectories shifted. Specifically, the root cross-sectional area and the areas of stele, cortex, metaxylem, and aerenchyma, as well as cortical cell size and the axial hydraulic conductance increased more strongly from older to younger roots under drought. In contrast, metaxylem number increased more strongly under controlled conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that examining the drought response of root anatomical phenes at a single node may not provide a comprehensive understanding of root system responses to the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144075466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mycoheterotrophic continuum in rhizoctonia associations: Genetic divergence and carbon acquisition variation among Odontochilus orchids. 根核菌关联中的异养连续体:根核菌间的遗传分化和碳获取变异。
IF 3.6 2区 生物学
Annals of botany Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaf100
Kenji Suetsugu, Hidehito Okada, Shun K Hirota, Yoshihisa Suyama
{"title":"Mycoheterotrophic continuum in rhizoctonia associations: Genetic divergence and carbon acquisition variation among Odontochilus orchids.","authors":"Kenji Suetsugu, Hidehito Okada, Shun K Hirota, Yoshihisa Suyama","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Mycoheterotrophy is a nutritional strategy in which plants obtain carbon and essential nutrients from fungal partners. Comparative studies of closely related taxa differing in mycoheterotrophic dependency offer important insights into the evolutionary transitions underlying this lifestyle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We integrated stable isotope (δ¹³C and δ15N) analyses, MIG-seq-based phylogenetics, and fungal metabarcoding to investigate the physiological ecology and evolutionary history of three Odontochilus taxa: the large-leaved O. fissus, the small-leaved O. nakaianus (including albino, chlorophyll-deficient variants), and the very small-leaved O. aff. fissus. Morphologically, O. aff. fissus differs from O. fissus in having reduced, often reddish scale leaves and coralloid rhizomes, which are traits commonly observed in fully mycoheterotrophic orchids or mixotrophic orchids with high heterotrophy.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Albino individuals and protocorms of O. nakaianus exhibited isotope signatures characteristic of full mycoheterotrophy, whereas normal individuals of O. fissus, O. nakaianus, and O. aff. fissus displayed isotopic patterns indicative of partial mycoheterotrophy, with fungal dependence likely inversely correlated with leaf size. Metabarcoding revealed that all taxa consistently associated with Ceratobasidiaceae OTUs, suggesting that similar rhizoctonia fungi support varying degrees of mycoheterotrophy. MIG-seq analysis confirmed that O. aff. fissus, O. fissus, and O. nakaianus form distinct genetic clusters, while albino O. nakaianus individuals were genetically indistinguishable from their green counterparts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings provide evidence of both genetic and nutritional divergence between O. fissus and O. aff. fissus. The results expand our understanding of the mycoheterotrophic continuum in Odontochilus species associated with rhizoctonia fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143960157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Standard and non-standard measurements of wood density: how big is the breach? 木材密度的标准和非标准测量:缺口有多大?
IF 3.6 2区 生物学
Annals of botany Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaf093
Alex Fajardo
{"title":"Standard and non-standard measurements of wood density: how big is the breach?","authors":"Alex Fajardo","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A crucial functional trait related to plant strategies is wood density. Wood density is determined as the ratio between the wood dry mass and its fresh volume. Standard laboratory methods for wood density determination are the norm, but other non-standard methods can also be used, especially in the field. Presently, we do not know how accurate these non-standard methods are. This research compared standard and non-standard methods for wood density determination while taking into consideration particular plant growth forms that are often neglected in wood density studies (e.g., lianas, short shrubs).</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>Wood density was estimated and compared using the standard methods (water-displacement for volume and oven-drying at 101 °C for 72 hours for mass) and non-standard methods (geometric for volume and oven-drying at 70 °C for 72 hours for mass) for 153 species with different growth forms and taxonomic orders.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Across species and growth forms, wood density did not vary as a result of the drying temperature. However, wood density was on average underestimated by 5.36% when the volume determination was done using the geometric instead of the water displacement method. The standard deviation of wood density was also significantly higher when using the geometric method for volume determination. These differences in wood density estimation were not altered by growth form, taxonomic order, or the size of the woody sample.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is statistically reliable to estimate wood density following the drying of samples at 70 °C for 72 h. The difference in the amount of water that remains in the wood after drying between 70 and 101 °C for 72 h is negligible. However, the geometric method of wood volume determination is likely to incur a \"positive bias\" of overestimation, which was attributed to error in estimation of wood density.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144075469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hormonal regulation of root growth under moderately elevated temperatures. 适度高温下根系生长的激素调节。
IF 3.6 2区 生物学
Annals of botany Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaf087
Tilman Jacob, Orlando Maciel Rodrigues Junior, Marcel Quint
{"title":"Hormonal regulation of root growth under moderately elevated temperatures.","authors":"Tilman Jacob, Orlando Maciel Rodrigues Junior, Marcel Quint","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Roots anchor plants in the ground, providing an interface for interactions with the environment and sensing potential stressors. At the same time, they contribute to the acclimatization to stressful conditions through their growth plasticity. Root growth is a combination of cell division and cell elongation, ultimately shaping root system architecture depending on environmental stimuli. Root thermomorphogenesis refers to the altered root growth response under moderately elevated ambient temperatures, characterized, for example, by an increase in primary root growth during early seedling development. While the molecular regulation of shoot thermomorphogenesis is comparatively well understood, the gene- and hormone-regulatory networks underlying root growth responses to warm temperature have only begun to be uncovered in recent years.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>In this article, we review the latest findings of how root growth, comprised of cell division and elongation, is regulated by the phytohormones auxin, cytokinins and brassinosteroids at optimal temperatures. We then summarize our current understanding of root growth responses to warm temperatures during early seedling development and the key role of auxin in this process. Furthermore, we address the contributions of cell division versus cell elongation to root thermomorphogenesis, discuss whether the root is autonomous in sensing and reacting to increased temperatures, and provide an outlook of how root thermomorphogenesis research can be applied to crops.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Root growth is a complex process which is tightly regulated and strongly depends on environmental factors. During early seedling development, elevated ambient temperatures stimulate auxin signalling which leads to an increase in both cell division and elongation, resulting in elongated primary roots. It appears that the root can autonomously sense and react to temperature changes at this stage. Root thermomorphogenesis seems to be conserved among many plants including crops, but its ecophysiological relevance remains open to further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143957431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The value of education, training and experience to improve the accuracy of identification: a commentary on 'Inter- and intra-observer variation in phytolith morphometry'. 教育、培训和经验对提高鉴定准确性的价值:关于 "植物岩石形态测量中观察者之间和观察者内部的差异 "的评论。
IF 3.6 2区 生物学
Annals of botany Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae194
Thomas C Hart
{"title":"The value of education, training and experience to improve the accuracy of identification: a commentary on 'Inter- and intra-observer variation in phytolith morphometry'.","authors":"Thomas C Hart","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae194","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae194","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
One organ to infect them all: the Cuscuta haustorium. 一个器官可以感染所有器官:菟丝子壳。
IF 3.6 2区 生物学
Annals of botany Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae208
Vasili A Balios, Karsten Fischer, Thomas Bawin, Kirsten Krause
{"title":"One organ to infect them all: the Cuscuta haustorium.","authors":"Vasili A Balios, Karsten Fischer, Thomas Bawin, Kirsten Krause","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae208","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Research on the parasitic plant genus Cuscuta has flourished since the genomes of several of its species were published. Most of the research revolves around the iconic infection organ that secures the parasite's sustenance: the haustorium. Interest in understanding the structure-function-regulation relationship of the haustorium is based as much on the wish to find ways to keep the parasite under control as on the opportunities it offers to shed light on various open questions in plant biology.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>This review will briefly introduce parasitism among plants, using the genus Cuscuta as the main example, before presenting its haustorium alongside the terminology that is used to describe its architecture. Possible evolutionary origins of this parasitic organ are presented. The haustorium is then followed from its initiation to maturity with regard to the molecular landscape that accompanies the morphological changes and in light of the challenges it must overcome before gaining access to the vascular cells of its hosts. The fact that Cuscuta has an unusually broad host range stresses how efficient its infection strategy is. Therefore, particular consideration will be given in the final section to a comparison with the process of grafting, being the only other type of tissue connection that involves interspecific vascular continuity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Studies on Cuscuta haustoriogenesis have revealed many molecular details that explain its success. They have also unearthed some mysteries that wait to be solved. With a better understanding of the complexity of the infection with its combination of universal as well as host-specific elements that allow Cuscuta to parasitize on a wide range of host plant species, we may be many steps closer to not only containing the parasite better but also exploiting its tricks where they can serve us in the quest of producing more and better food and fodder.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"823-840"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unveiling the embryo structure in Bromeliaceae Juss. (Poales): morphological diversity, anatomy and character evolution. 揭示凤梨科植物的胚胎结构。(极点):形态多样性、解剖学和特征进化。
IF 3.6 2区 生物学
Annals of botany Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae219
Jordano D T de Carvalho, Elton M C Leme, Ivón M Ramírez-Morillo, Jorge E A Mariath
{"title":"Unveiling the embryo structure in Bromeliaceae Juss. (Poales): morphological diversity, anatomy and character evolution.","authors":"Jordano D T de Carvalho, Elton M C Leme, Ivón M Ramírez-Morillo, Jorge E A Mariath","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcae219","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcae219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Recent studies have documented numerous morphoanatomical variations for the seed coat in Bromeliaceae. However, the structural diversity and character evolution of the embryo within this family remain largely unexplored. Given the significance of the embryo in plant diversification, this research aims to investigate the morphology and key anatomical features of Bromeliaceae embryos, providing insights into character evolution, taxonomic applications and reproductive biology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analysed samples of 88 species from 50 genera representing the major lineages of Bromeliaceae, using standard plant microtechniques adapted for seeds. To determine ancestral traits, parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses were performed in a consensus supertree combining previous phylogenies.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>We identified 14 informative characters, highlighting significant differences among groups, particularly in embryo morphology, differentiation and anatomical traits. Our analysis revealed that undifferentiated embryos with a vestigial cotyledonary hyperphyll are plesiomorphic in Bromeliaceae. They have evolved multiple times into rudimentary or well-differentiated embryos, the latter exhibiting intermediate or large sizes and diverse cotyledonary hyperphyll morphologies. The cotyledonary hypophyll varies in sheath lobes and slit morphologies and is curved or expanded exclusively in representatives of Bromelioideae. Likewise, several patterns of hypocotyl/radicle constriction are unique to Tillandsioideae and plesiomorphic for this clade. Although rudimentary embryos exhibit simpler and more uniform anatomy, they are distinct from undifferentiated embryos, which lack defined organs and internal tissues. In contrast, well-differentiated embryos possess more complex anatomical structures, including a multi-layered shoot apical meristem and root cap, a broad cotyledonary sheath and often leaf primordia, the last of which have evolved independently several times only in large embryos.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings reveal a previously unknown morphological diversity for embryos in Bromeliaceae, enhancing our understanding of the morphological evolution of their major lineages. In addition, our findings introduce new informative characters for the systematics of the family and broaden our understanding of the reproductive biology of Bromeliaceae.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"1001-1024"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142852046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Phylogenetic diversity sheds light on the evolution of the unique fern flora of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. 系统发育多样性揭示了婆罗洲基纳巴卢山独特蕨类植物群的进化。
IF 3.6 2区 生物学
Annals of botany Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaf013
Hong Qian, Michael Kessler
{"title":"Phylogenetic diversity sheds light on the evolution of the unique fern flora of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo.","authors":"Hong Qian, Michael Kessler","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf013","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Mount Kinabalu is an isolated, geologically young mountain (Pliocene and early Pleistocene) in northern Borneo harbouring a highly diverse flora with a high level of endemism. It is one of the global centres of fern diversity, but how this diversity has evolved has not been studied to date. We assess patterns of evolutionary legacies in the fern flora of Mount Kinabalu, with an emphasis on testing the tropical niche conservatism hypothesis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used several metrics of phylogenetic structure, including phylogenetic diversity (PD), mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), mean pairwise distance (MPD), and their respective standardized effect sizes (PDses, MNTDses and MPDses), which represent different depths of evolutionary history, to investigate patterns of evolutionary legacies in the fern flora of Mount Kinabalu.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>We found that there was a decrease of PDses with elevation, reflecting a tropical origin of ferns and a gradual evolutionary adaptation to colder environments by fewer successive lineages. However, when separating the evolutionary old non-polypod lineages from the modern polypod radiation, we found a decrease of MNTD with elevation for the former, reflecting an ongoing upslope evolutionary trend, whereas for the modern polypod radiation, the inverse was true. Within the polypods, terrestrial and epiphytic species also showed different patterns, with the former showing a hump-shaped pattern for all phylogenetic diversity metrics, whereas the latter showed a more or less linear decline. Again, this suggests different evolutionary histories for ferns inhabiting the forest floor and canopy, due to the influence of the different habitat conditions. Finally, we found that mean annual temperature had a much stronger effect on phylogenetic diversity metrics than annual precipitation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We found that the current fern assemblages on Mount Kinabalu show a strong evolutionary legacy that mirrors that of other mountains, suggesting a global consistency in phylogenetic diversity patterns of ferns along elevational transects, presumably due to a combination of dispersal between mountains and evolutionary convergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"991-1000"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12064423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143063307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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