Annals of botany最新文献

{"title":"A gap and synergy analysis of the European research infrastructure (RI) ecosystem: advancing the novel GRACE-RI dedicated to plant genetic resources.","authors":"Domenico De Paola, Francesca Taranto, Soraya Mousavi, Francesco Mercati, Wilma Sabetta, Marina Tumolo, Sharif Islam, Roland Pieruschka, Andrea Scaloni, Anne-Francoise Adam-Blondon, Lorenzo Maggioni, Sandra Goritschnig, Filippo Guzzon, Massimo Ianigro, Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin, Giovanni Giuliano, Gabriele Bucci","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf092","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plant genetic resources (PGRs) are crucial for sustainable agriculture and food security, but the roadmap of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) lacks a dedicated research infrastructure (RI) for their systematic cataloguing, safeguarding and improvement. To fill this gap, we propose a new RI concept specifically for PGRs in Europe.</p><p><strong>Scope: </strong>The proposed RI, called 'Plant Genetic Resources Community for Europe' (GRACE), is aimed to support current and future research projects on PGRs, enhance collaboration across European countries, unlock the adaptive potential of crop biodiversity preserved in PGR collections, and strengthen the current and future sustainability of the food chain in Europe. As part of the preparatory project 'Promoting a Plant Genetic Resource Community for Europe' (PRO-GRACE), we analysed the current landscape of European RIs supporting PGR-related research in complementary fields regarding research aims, research products and features/services.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Through a robust quantitative approach, we have identified gaps and potential synergies among six RIs from the Health and Food and Environment domains of the ESFRI roadmap. These findings were discussed in the context of European PGR research priorities and current societal needs, and the implementation of GRACE was proposed as a strategic response to these challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"275-285"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CATION AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER1 encodes an arginine transporter whose expression is influenced by daylength and Photoperiod-1.","authors":"Marianna Pasquariello, Yue Qu, Adam Gauley, Adam Bentham, Laura E Dixon, Scott A Boden","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaf206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flowering and inflorescence development of wheat involve coordination of organ development, tissue growth, and remobilisation of nutrients from source to sink tissue. Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1) is a major flowering gene that regulates diverse genetic pathways during inflorescence development, including those that determine spikelet and floret formation; however, it is not yet known if Ppd-1 influences the expression of genes encoding proteins that transport nutrients. Here, we used transcriptome data from near-isogenic lines that contain variant Ppd-1 alleles to show that Ppd-1 is required for expression of a cation amino acid transporter, CATION AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER1 (CAT1), in developing inflorescences and leaves. The influence of Ppd-1 on CAT1 expression is supported by CAT1 activity being photoperiod responsive, with CAT1 transcripts absent in short days and accumulating as daylengths extend. Functional analysis using Xenopus oocytes supports a role for CAT1 as a transporter of cationic amino acids, including arginine, and characterisation of mutant lines lacking functional CAT-D1 and CAT-B1 show CAT1 influences amino acid levels, root growth and spikelet development. Our results indicate Ppd-1 has a broader role during wheat reproductive development by affecting the expression of amino acid transporters such as CAT1, which encodes an arginine transporter that influences development and growth of source and sink tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global variation in seed covering structure hardness of woody species with orthodox seeds.","authors":"Anne M Visscher, Pablo Gómez Barreiro, Marybel Soto Gomez, Angelino Carta, Udayangani Liu, Yu Wu, Deshika Muthuthanthirige, Félix Forest, Sian McCabe, Hugh W Pritchard","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf027","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Seed covering structure hardness may play a role in defence/predation, physical dormancy and in situ longevity/persistence. However, research to date has been limited regarding quantification methods, plant diversity and geographical distribution. In this study, we determined global variation in seed covering structure hardness of woody species with desiccation-tolerant seeds and analysed its relationships with relevant climatic variables, seed traits and ecological processes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We measured seed covering structure hardness of 476 species from 459 genera and 113 families using puncture force. We used phylogenetically informed regressions to test covering structure hardness against potential quantitative predictors [19 climate variables (n = 405), ten seed morphological traits (n = 413), elevation (n = 405), genus age (n = 375)] and response variables [ex situ seed longevity (n = 67), germination rate (n = 82), species distribution/range size (n = 403)]. Categorical predictors [geographical region (n = 444), plant lifeform (n = 428), seed dormancy type (n = 146), seed physical dormancy in the family Fabaceae (n = 76), dispersal unit or mechanism (n = 484), fruit type (n = 427)] were tested using pairwise comparisons.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Seed covering structure hardness ranged from 0.13 to 366.38 N and seed and fruit (seed/fruit) size, seed/fruit roundness, seed/fruit colour (lightness) and precipitation of the driest quarter were significantly associated with hardness. In addition, dormancy types (vs non-dormancy), dispersal as fruit (vs seed) or certain fruit types (fleshy vs dry, drupes vs other types), as well as animal dispersal (vs other mechanisms) showed higher levels of hardness. Furthermore, covering structure roundness was higher in animal-dispersed seeds/fruits (vs other dispersal strategies). Finally, covering structure hardness was shown to predict germination rate but not ex situ seed longevity or species range size.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest roles for morphology, dormancy, dispersal and precipitation in explaining part of the global variation in seed covering structure hardness of woody species with orthodox seeds. However, we showed that the presence of physical dormancy does not always imply having a harder covering structure than non-dormant seeds and therefore terms such as 'hardseeded' or 'hard coat' should no longer be used as synonyms for this trait.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"419-436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143555681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Ruminate' endosperm - why and from where? A commentary on 'The development of the embryo and ruminate endosperm in an early-divergent angiosperm, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae)'.","authors":"Joseph H Williams","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf056","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf056","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"iii-v"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143957433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Giant mitogenomes in Rhynchospora are a result of nuclear gene and retrotransposon insertions in intergenic spaces.","authors":"Cicero Almeida, André Marques","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf098","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>The mitochondrial genomes of plants are large, with the majority ranging between 500 and 800 kb. However, the mitochondrial genomes of Cyperaceae (sedges) species were found to be much larger, exceeding 1 Mb in size. Here we aimed to investigate the gigantism of the mitochondrial genomes of three Rhynchospora (beak sedges) species and one related species of the sister family Juncaceae, the common rush (Juncus effusus).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Long PacBio HiFi reads were sequenced and assembled using hifiasm software. The mitochondrial genomes were annotated using Geneious and Mitofy software. Transposable elements were annotated using DANTE and RepeatModeler pipelines, and gene prediction in intergenic regions was conducted using Augustus. The predicted genes were annotated using BLAST and gene ontology terms.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The mitogenome of R. breviuscula was 2 222 920 bp, that of R. pubera was 2 064 773 bp, that of R. tenuis was 1 678 054 bp and that of J. effusus was 553 985 bp. The results revealed giant intergenic spaces in all three Rhynchospora species, containing predicted nuclear genes and LTR retrotransposons. BLASTn revealed a high migration of DNA from the nucleus to the mitogenome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings show that the Rhynchospora mitogenome is the largest among the monocotyledons. These mitogenomes feature giant intergenic spaces, incorporation of chloroplast DNA and numerous rearrangements. Gigantism of the intergenic spaces is associated with the movement of nuclear DNA segments, suggesting a mechanism of DNA transfer from the nuclear genome to the mitochondrial genome.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"397-405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144075453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of flower structure and development correlates with inflorescence morphology in maples (Acer, Sapindaceae, Sapindales).","authors":"Alexander E Zavialov, Margarita V Remizowa","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf097","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Acer, one of the largest genera of Sapindaceae, is well known for its diverse inflorescence and flower morphologies. Structural diversity of maples makes this genus a wonderful model to explore morphogenetic interaction between inflorescence and flower construction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated the development and structure of inflorescences and flowers using scanning electron microscopy in ten species of Acer from nine (of 17) sections. Observations are interpreted in the framework of molecular phylogenies.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Inflorescences are represented by panicles, thyrsoids, botryoids and sciadioids. The evolutionary transition from thyrsoids or panicles to racemose inflorescences resulted in the loss of floral prophylls, another sequence of floral organ initiation and often the acquisition of a new flower groundplan. The main structural transformations are changes in the floral merism and the number of stamens caused by changes in the shape and size of the floral meristem. The order of sepal initiation, the position of the median sepal and flower orientation are largely related to mechanical pressures within the floral bud associated with variations in the inflorescence construction. The gynoecium position is also variable. In species with thyrsoids or panicles, the carpel position depends on the first sepal position or on the flower position within the inflorescence. In species with racemose inflorescences, the gynoecium is always inserted in the transverse plane.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The evolutionary transition from branched to racemose inflorescences was followed by changes in the geometry of the floral meristem and ultimately resulted in considerable changes in flower construction and development. The presence of floral prophylls and their developmental dynamics are labile among species of Acer. Inflorescence construction represents not only an important taxonomic marker but also a key feature that probably defines the diversity of floral construction and development in Acer and Sapindaceae as a whole.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"377-395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal constraints on leaf-level trait plasticity for next-generation land surface models.","authors":"A Odé, N G Smith, K T Rebel, H J de Boer","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf045","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are essential for quantifying the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the Earth's climate system, but struggle with uncertainty and complexity. Eco-evolutionary optimality (EEO) theory provides a promising approach to improve DGVMs based on the premise that leaf carbon gain is optimized with resource costs. However, the timescales at which plant traits can adjust to environmental changes have not yet been systematically incorporated in EEO-based models. Our aims were to identify temporal constraints on key leaf photosynthetic and leaf functional traits, and develop a conceptual framework for incorporation of temporal leaf trait dynamics in EEO-based models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed the scientific literature on temporal responses of leaf traits associated with stomata and hydraulics, photosynthetic biochemistry, and morphology and lifespan. Subsequent response times were categorized from fast to slow considering physiological, phenotypic (acclimation) and evolutionary (adaptation) mechanisms. We constructed a conceptual framework including several key leaf traits identified from the literature review. We considered temporal separation of dynamics in the leaf interior to atmospheric CO2 concentration (ci:ca) from the optimal ci:ca ratio [χ(optimal)] and dynamics in stomatal conductance within the constraint of the anatomical maximum stomatal conductance (gsmax). A proof-of-concept was provided by modelling temporally separated responses in these trait combinations to CO2 and humidity.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>We identified 17 leaf traits crucial for EEO-based modelling and determined their response mechanisms and timescales. Physiological and phenotypic response mechanisms were considered most relevant for modelling EEO-based trait dynamics, while evolutionary constraints limit response ranges. Our conceptual framework demonstrated an approach to separate near-instantaneous physiological responses in ci:ca from week-scale phenotypic responses in χ(optimal), and to separate minute-scale physiological responses in stomatal conductance from annual-scale phenotypic responses in gsmax.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We highlight an opportunity to constrain leaf trait dynamics in EEO-based models based on physiological, phenotypic and evolutionary response mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"263-274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycoheterotrophic continuum in rhizoctonia associations: genetic divergence and carbon acquisition variation among Odontochilus orchids.","authors":"Kenji Suetsugu, Hidehito Okada, Shun K Hirota, Yoshihisa Suyama","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf100","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Mycoheterotrophy is a nutritional strategy in which plants obtain carbon and essential nutrients from fungal partners. Comparative studies of closely related taxa differing in mycoheterotrophic dependence offer important insights into the evolutionary transitions underlying this lifestyle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We integrated stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) analyses, MIG-seq (multiplexed ISSR genotyping by sequencing)-based phylogenetics and fungal metabarcoding to investigate the physiological ecology and evolutionary history of three Odontochilus taxa: the large-leaved O. fissus, the small-leaved O. nakaianus (including albino, chlorophyll-deficient variants) and the very small-leaved O. aff. fissus. Morphologically, O. aff. fissus differs from O. fissus in having reduced, often reddish scale leaves and coralloid rhizomes, which are traits commonly observed in fully mycoheterotrophic orchids or mixotrophic orchids with high heterotrophy.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Albino individuals and protocorms of O. nakaianus exhibited isotope signatures characteristic of full mycoheterotrophy, whereas normal individuals of O. fissus, O. nakaianus and O. aff. fissus displayed isotopic patterns indicative of partial mycoheterotrophy, with fungal dependence probably inversely correlated with leaf size. Metabarcoding revealed that all taxa consistently associated with Ceratobasidiaceae operational taxonomic units, suggesting that similar rhizoctonia fungi support varying degrees of mycoheterotrophy. MIG-seq analysis confirmed that O. aff. fissus, O. fissus and O. nakaianus form distinct genetic clusters, while albino O. nakaianus individuals were genetically indistinguishable from their green counterparts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings provide evidence of both genetic and nutritional divergence between O. fissus and O. aff. fissus. The results expand our understanding of the mycoheterotrophic continuum in Odontochilus species associated with rhizoctonia fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"407-417"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143960157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A spatial perspective on flowering in cauliflorous cacao: architecture defines flower cushion location, not its early activity.","authors":"Thomas Wibaux, Pierre-Éric Lauri, Antoine Alban M'Bo Kacou, Olsen Pondo Kouakou, Rémi Vezy","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf107","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Theobroma cacao L., a tropical sciaphilous tree, exhibits cauliflory, with persistent flowering sites known as flower cushions. Cushions develop from floral buds located at the axils of leaves or cataphylls. They can sustain recurrent flowering and contribute to the fruit production of the tree throughout its lifespan. However, factors influencing their formation and flowering activity remain poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Architectural and geometrical measurements, combined with weekly monitoring of flowering activity at the node scale, were conducted on plagiotropic branches of two cacao genotypes under medium and heavy shade. We investigated how architecture and geometry influence cushion formation, frequency and duration of flowering episodes, and synchrony of flowering among cushions at different scales.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>Flower cushions developed once a flush (growth unit) had reached a specific ontogenetic age, defined by its position along the shoot (axis). The probability of flower cushion formation was then determined primarily by the position of the node (phytomer) within the flush and its basal diameter. Heavy shade (90 % light reduction) greatly limited cushion formation, regardless of the architectural traits or growth characteristics of the node, flush or shoot. In contrast, the temporal activity of the flower cushions was not related to architectural or geometrical factors, and flowering occurred with moderate synchrony at the growth unit, axis and branch scales.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate the dual importance of shoot ontogeny and node-specific traits in flower cushion formation in this cauliflorous species. They also demonstrate the overall negative influence of heavy shade on flower cushion development, and the absence of architectural constraints on the flowering activity of cushions during the first reproductive phase of the tree. Further analyses are needed to gain a better understanding of the hormonal and carbohydrate regulation of flowering and fruiting in productive trees of this cauliflorous species.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"309-323"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subtle ecophysiological divergences in a deceptive strategy to attract the same pollinators in two sympatric Arum.","authors":"Mathieu A J Leclerc, Marc Gibernau, Elfie Perdereau, Sylvain Pincebourde","doi":"10.1093/aob/mcaf090","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aob/mcaf090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Integrative approaches are mandatory to comprehend the evolution of deceptive pollination strategies, by combining the co-variations in different floral traits and the behaviour of the insects. We applied an ecophysiological approach to compare floral traits (scent and thermogenesis) in two deceptive sympatric Arum that are pollinated mainly by Psychoda moth flies. We hypothesized that floral traits diverged between the two arums to minimize their interference in attraction of pollinators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We measured several floral traits, including the timing of anthesis, thermogenesis patterns and floral volatile organic compounds, in Arum italicum and Arum maculatum. Additionally, we conducted laboratory experiments to determine the diel activity rhythm of the moth fly Psychoda sigma. We compared the activity window of the fly with the timing of anthesis, and we compared the two arums in the ability of their volatiles to increase pollinator activity.</p><p><strong>Key results: </strong>The main thermogenesis peak involved in pollinator attraction was cooler and occurred slightly earlier during the day in A. maculatum compared with A. italicum. The fly P. sigma appeared to be nocturnal, hence inflorescences emitting their floral scent before sunset are less likely to be visited by pollinators owing to the relatively short attractive (few hours) female phase. Regarding scents, we confirmed a strong differentiation between the two Arum species. Behavioural assays with P. sigma revealed a slightly stronger stimulation to the odour of A. maculatum compared with A. italicum.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our integrative approach highlights that the two Arum species exhibit slightly shifted daily timing of anthesis, indicating a fine-tuned variation in their attractive volatiles and thermogenesis sequences in relationship to pollinator behaviour. A trade-off might exist between odour specificity and the ability to maximize volatile emission. These findings illustrate how evolutionarily close and sympatric species have shifted their attraction systems, potentially reducing competition within sympatric populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8023,"journal":{"name":"Annals of botany","volume":" ","pages":"343-353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12445866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}