{"title":"Depot-Dependent Biology of Human Adipose Tissues and Metabolic Health.","authors":"Adeline Divoux, Susan K Fried","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-061824-053907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-061824-053907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Body shape influences risk of cardio-metabolic diseases, independent of obesity. An apple shape, defined by larger waist circumference, is associated with higher risk. Higher amounts of visceral and/or subcutaneous adipose tissues contribute to whole-body metabolic risk. In contrast, a pear shape, with higher fat storage in gluteal-femoral depots, exerts protective effects on metabolic health, independent of sex and total adiposity. Differences in growth, remodeling, metabolism, and endocrine functions of adipose depots contribute to these associations. Innervation, blood supply, and sensitivity to endocrine signals and local secreted factors contribute to depot variations in function. At the systemic level, adipose tissues influence metabolic health by secreting adipokines and other factors packaged in extracellular vesicles. Depot differences in the production of secreted factors and their contributions to risk for developing obesity-related metabolic diseases hold promise for understanding the role of body shape in metabolic health.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":"46 1","pages":"75-97"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of nutritionPub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-05-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-080924-052000
Andrew G Hall, Yasaman N Massih, Janet C King
{"title":"Zinc and Metabolic Disease.","authors":"Andrew G Hall, Yasaman N Massih, Janet C King","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-080924-052000","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-080924-052000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to its unique chemical nature, zinc is indispensable to diverse functional roles in protein structure, catalysis, and the dynamic regulation of metabolic processes. In support of zinc-dependent metabolic functions, the zinc content of peripheral blood plasma turns over in exchange with cells on the order of 100-fold daily. Although zinc deficiency is well-known for its effects in reducing child growth and impairing immune function, a growing body of evidence has implicated zinc intake and plasma zinc concentration in the complex etiological web of metabolic disease. In turn, stresses linked with the progression of metabolic disease interfere with protein-zinc binding and accelerate zinc loss from the body. We summarize evidence connecting zinc with metabolic disease, discuss the effects of metabolic disease on zinc homeostasis, and suggest areas for future research to integrate knowledge of zinc metabolism with efforts to prevent and treat metabolic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"177-201"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147969747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of nutritionPub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-05-21DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-111225-024640
Antonio C Ramos Dos Santos, Ki Beom Jang, Marta L Fiorotto, Teresa A Davis
{"title":"Impact of Prematurity on Nutrient Signaling and Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle.","authors":"Antonio C Ramos Dos Santos, Ki Beom Jang, Marta L Fiorotto, Teresa A Davis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111225-024640","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111225-024640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preterm birth disrupts nutrient-responsive signaling pathways critical for skeletal muscle growth and long-term metabolic health. Despite improvements in neonatal care, preterm infants often experience postnatal growth failure marked by impaired lean mass accretion. This review examines how prematurity intrinsically alters insulin and amino acid signaling to mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a central regulator of translation initiation and protein synthesis. Evidence from translational models reveals blunted activation of mTORC1 and its downstream effectors, independent of birth weight or comorbidities. Defects in insulin-PDK1/mTORC2-Akt signaling and amino acid sensing, particularly leucine sensing, contribute to impaired mTORC1-dependent translation initiation and reduced muscle protein synthesis. Feeding strategies that mimic physiological nutrient pulsatility, including intermittent bolus feeding and pulsatile leucine supplementation during continuous feeding, show promise in restoring anabolic signaling. Understanding these molecular impairments provides a foundation for targeted nutritional and therapeutic interventions to improve muscle growth and mitigate long-term health risks in individuals born preterm.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"127-151"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13585284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147986135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily Ho, Carmen P Wong, John A Bouranis, Jackilen Shannon, Zhenzhen Zhang
{"title":"Cruciferous Vegetables, Bioactive Metabolites, and Microbiome for Breast Cancer Prevention.","authors":"Emily Ho, Carmen P Wong, John A Bouranis, Jackilen Shannon, Zhenzhen Zhang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-062222-024321","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-062222-024321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with varying subtypes, prognoses, and treatment responses. Cruciferous vegetables have shown promise in reducing breast cancer risk. This review discusses (<i>a</i>) the efficacy of sulforaphane (SFN) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C)/3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) on breast cancer risk, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in recent human studies through 2024; (<i>b</i>) preclinical studies (2018-2024) that evaluate the efficacy and synergism of SFN, DIM, and other phytochemicals with conventional breast cancer treatments as promising combination therapy strategies for validation in future clinical trials; and (<i>c</i>) the role of the microbiome in breast cancer and the interaction between interindividual variations in gut microbiome and glucosinolate metabolism that could modify the benefits of cruciferous vegetable consumption and breast cancer treatment efficacy. Integrating cruciferous vegetables and their bioactive compounds in light of an individual's microbiome profile as a complementary approach alongside standard treatments is a promising strategy in breast cancer care.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":"45 1","pages":"171-195"},"PeriodicalIF":13.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144939714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of nutritionPub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-111124-101104
Hanin Hosni, Marco A Palma, Michelle S Segovia
{"title":"Behavioral and Economic Interventions: A Path to Improved Dietary Behaviors.","authors":"Hanin Hosni, Marco A Palma, Michelle S Segovia","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111124-101104","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111124-101104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This narrative review provides a summary and critical discussion of the effectiveness of behavioral and economic interventions in promoting healthier eating habits. While financial incentives alter food choices through changes in prices and monetary incentives, behavioral nudges leverage human biases to subtly push individual choice toward welfare-enhancing options without restricting freedom of choice or using monetary instruments. Review articles and empirical studies were selected on the basis of predefined criteria, focusing on the impact of interventions on food purchase, consumption, and adiposity indicators. Our findings highlight the strengths and limitations of both approaches and reveal potential synergies and gains from financial and behavioral interventions. This narrative review identifies research gaps and provides recommendations for future investigations to enhance the effectiveness and scalability of interventions aimed at improving dietary behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"361-384"},"PeriodicalIF":13.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144075446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of nutritionPub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-111324-122456
Alessandra Colamatteo, Clorinda Fusco, Alessandro Matarese, Giuseppe Matarese
{"title":"Obesity and Autoimmunity Epidemic: The Role of Immunometabolism.","authors":"Alessandra Colamatteo, Clorinda Fusco, Alessandro Matarese, Giuseppe Matarese","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111324-122456","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111324-122456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relationship between obesity and autoimmune diseases has attracted significant attention in recent years, highlighting the multifaceted connection between metabolic dysregulation and loss of self-immune tolerance. Compelling epidemiological evidence has revealed an elevated prevalence of autoimmune diseases among overweight or obese individuals, suggesting a potential causal link. Mechanistically, adipose tissue is a key immunometabolic organ that secretes an array of adipocytokines that can facilitate proinflammatory immune responses against self<i>-</i>antigens. Indeed, adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity fosters a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, which may contribute to the so-called accelerator hypothesis, in which circulating self-autoreactive T cells can easily lose their regulatory mechanisms, resulting in self-tissue damage and autoinflammation. In this review, we elucidate the intricate immunometabolic pathomechanisms underlying the obesity and autoimmunity epidemic, and we explore innovative therapeutic avenues that could be pivotal for advancing public health initiatives in the context of this epidemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"115-140"},"PeriodicalIF":13.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143957423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Nutrition in the Spotlight.","authors":"Patrick J Stover","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-052725-110837","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-052725-110837","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":"45 1","pages":"v-vii"},"PeriodicalIF":13.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144939830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of nutritionPub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-111824-012939
Meng Zhao, Jameel Lone, Saranya Reghupaty, Karen Y Linde-Garelli, Katrin J Svensson
{"title":"Progress in Understanding the Regulation of Glucose and Fructose Metabolism.","authors":"Meng Zhao, Jameel Lone, Saranya Reghupaty, Karen Y Linde-Garelli, Katrin J Svensson","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111824-012939","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111824-012939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hexoses, including glucose, fructose, and galactose, are six-carbon monosaccharides that play fundamental roles in mammalian metabolism, with glucose serving as the primary energy source and fructose and galactose metabolized through pathways converging with glucose metabolism. While glucose metabolism has been extensively studied over the past hundred years, the mechanisms of fructose metabolism and uptake, the transporters involved, and its roles in physiology and disease are far less explored. Recent data also suggest that excessive fructose intake can have detrimental effects on metabolic organs, including the liver. Emerging studies have uncovered novel regulatory mechanisms in glucose and fructose metabolism, including the role of posttranslational modifications of transporters and enzymes, and the discovery of regulators of transporters. Here, we highlight new findings on the regulation of glucose and fructose transporters and integrate recent molecular and clinical insights into how glucose and fructose contribute to metabolic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"93-114"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12353360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143956882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of nutritionPub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-06DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-111824-014837
Mélina Bailly, David Thivel, Laurie Isacco, Julien Verney
{"title":"Unique Energy Profile Associated with Persistent Thin Phenotype.","authors":"Mélina Bailly, David Thivel, Laurie Isacco, Julien Verney","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111824-014837","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111824-014837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The concept of constitutional thinness first emerged in the scientific literature at the beginning of the 20th century. Yet, this concept of a physiologically determined thinness, which clearly differentiated it from anorexia nervosa and challenged the basic notions of metabolism, intrigued the medical community. How could a young, healthy person with normal food intake present such an underweight state that resists body-weight gain? Due to either skepticism or disinterest, the fact remains that fewer than 50 clinical studies have focused on constitutional thinness in the last 90 years, contrasting with the hundreds of thousands conducted on the other end of the weight status spectrum (obesity). The aim of this review is to discuss current evidence of various aspects of this persistent thin phenotype, from its definition and diagnosis to its metabolic and physiological mechanisms. A deeper understanding of constitutional thinness would facilitate medical/societal recognition and clinical management of this condition. Greater insight into constitutional thinness could also help identify metabolic patterns that may be protective in the current context of the global obesity pandemic and its related critical health implications. Constitutional thinness stands out as a unique model questioning basic dogmatic knowledge about energy balance and metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"65-91"},"PeriodicalIF":13.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143952451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of nutritionPub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-111324-111252
Jessica Fanzo, Bianca Carducci, Jochebed Louis-Jean, Mario Herrero, Kevin Karl, Cynthia Rosenzweig
{"title":"Climate Change, Extreme Weather Events, Food Security, and Nutrition: Evolving Relationships and Critical Challenges.","authors":"Jessica Fanzo, Bianca Carducci, Jochebed Louis-Jean, Mario Herrero, Kevin Karl, Cynthia Rosenzweig","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111324-111252","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111324-111252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change, also known as global warming, poses significant challenges to the planet and humanity. With further warming, every region across the world is projected to increasingly experience concurrent and multiple changes in climate, compounding overall risk. Long-term climate change and near-term extreme weather events have multiple negative effects on food security, diets, and nutrition via complex, multidirectional pathways through food, health, water, and social protection systems. However, measuring climate-attributable malnutrition impacts, especially among the most vulnerable populations, remains challenging. Changes in climate across a range of geographies have been modeled, projected, and observed showing detrimental associations with dietary and nutrition outcomes, particularly undernutrition. Many undernourished populations are climate vulnerable due to a variety of determinants challenging their ability to adapt to impending risks. While nutrition integration within climate adaptation plans has lagged, there is momentum for robust collaboration between climate and nutrition communities to fill data gaps that are critical for joint decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"335-360"},"PeriodicalIF":13.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}