Melanie Maya Kaelberer, Laura E Rupprecht, Winston W Liu, Peter Weng, Diego V Bohórquez
{"title":"Neuropod Cells: The Emerging Biology of Gut-Brain Sensory Transduction.","authors":"Melanie Maya Kaelberer, Laura E Rupprecht, Winston W Liu, Peter Weng, Diego V Bohórquez","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-091619-022657","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-091619-022657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Guided by sight, scent, texture, and taste, animals ingest food. Once ingested, it is up to the gut to make sense of the food's nutritional value. Classic sensory systems rely on neuroepithelial circuits to convert stimuli into signals that guide behavior. However, sensation of the gut milieu was thought to be mediated only by the passive release of hormones until the discovery of synapses in enteroendocrine cells. These are gut sensory epithelial cells, and those that form synapses are referred to as neuropod cells. Neuropod cells provide the foundation for the gut to transduce sensory signals from the intestinal milieu to the brain through fast neurotransmission onto neurons, including those of the vagus nerve. These findings have sparked a new field of exploration in sensory neurobiology-that of gut-brain sensory transduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"43 ","pages":"337-353"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7573801/pdf/nihms-1635794.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37680185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saurabh Vyas, Matthew D Golub, David Sussillo, Krishna V Shenoy
{"title":"Computation Through Neural Population Dynamics.","authors":"Saurabh Vyas, Matthew D Golub, David Sussillo, Krishna V Shenoy","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-092619-094115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-092619-094115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Significant experimental, computational, and theoretical work has identified rich structure within the coordinated activity of interconnected neural populations. An emerging challenge now is to uncover the nature of the associated computations, how they are implemented, and what role they play in driving behavior. We term this computation through neural population dynamics. If successful, this framework will reveal general motifs of neural population activity and quantitatively describe how neural population dynamics implement computations necessary for driving goal-directed behavior. Here, we start with a mathematical primer on dynamical systems theory and analytical tools necessary to apply this perspective to experimental data. Next, we highlight some recent discoveries resulting from successful application of dynamical systems. We focus on studies spanning motor control, timing, decision-making, and working memory. Finally, we briefly discuss promising recent lines of investigation and future directions for the computation through neural population dynamics framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"43 ","pages":"249-275"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-092619-094115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38132218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Neural Computation of Head Direction.","authors":"Brad K Hulse, Vivek Jayaraman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many animals use an internal sense of direction to guide their movements through the world. Neurons selective to head direction are thought to support this directional sense and have been found in a diverse range of species, from insects to primates, highlighting their evolutionary importance. Across species, most head-direction networks share four key properties: a unique representation of direction at all times, persistent activity in the absence of movement, integration of angular velocity to update the representation, and the use of directional cues to correct drift. The dynamics of theorized network structures called ring attractors elegantly account for these properties, but their relationship to brain circuits is unclear. Here, we review experiments in rodents and flies that offer insights into potential neural implementations of ring attractor networks. We suggest that a theory-guided search across model systems for biological mechanisms that enable such dynamics would uncover general principles underlying head-direction circuit function.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"43 ","pages":"31-54"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37488102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Neural Basis of Escape Behavior in Vertebrates.","authors":"Tiago Branco, Peter Redgrave","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-100219-122527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-100219-122527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Escape is one of the most studied animal behaviors, and there is a rich normative theory that links threat properties to evasive actions and their timing. The behavioral principles of escape are evolutionarily conserved and rely on elementary computational steps such as classifying sensory stimuli and executing appropriate movements. These are common building blocks of general adaptive behaviors. Here we consider the computational challenges required for escape behaviors to be implemented, discuss possible algorithmic solutions, and review some of the underlying neural circuits and mechanisms. We outline shared neural principles that can be implemented by evolutionarily ancient neural systems to generate escape behavior, to which cortical encephalization has been added to allow for increased sophistication and flexibility in responding to threat.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"43 ","pages":"417-439"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-100219-122527","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37810218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Calcium Signaling in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage: Regulators and Consequences.","authors":"Pablo M Paez, David A Lyons","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-100719-093305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-100719-093305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage express a wide range of Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels and receptors that regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and oligodendrocyte formation and function. Here we define those key channels and receptors that regulate Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling and OPC development and myelination. We then discuss how the regulation of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> in turn affects OPC and oligodendrocyte biology in the healthy nervous system and under pathological conditions. Activation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels and receptors in OPCs and oligodendrocytes by neurotransmitters converges on regulating intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>, making Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling a central candidate mediator of activity-driven myelination. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that localized changes in Ca<sup>2+</sup> in oligodendrocytes can regulate the formation and remodeling of myelin sheaths and perhaps additional functions of oligodendrocytes and OPCs. Thus, decoding how OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes integrate and process Ca<sup>2+</sup> signals will be important to fully understand central nervous system formation, health, and function.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"43 ","pages":"163-186"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-100719-093305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37658965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synaptic Plasticity Forms and Functions.","authors":"Jeffrey C Magee, Christine Grienberger","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-090919-022842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-090919-022842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and engineering work corroborate the power of learning through the directed adjustment of connection weights. Here we review the fundamental elements of four broadly categorized forms of synaptic plasticity and discuss their functional capabilities and limitations. Although standard, correlation-based, Hebbian synaptic plasticity has been the primary focus of neuroscientists for decades, it is inherently limited. Three-factor plasticity rules supplement Hebbian forms with neuromodulation and eligibility traces, while true supervised types go even further by adding objectives and instructive signals. Finally, a recently discovered hippocampal form of synaptic plasticity combines the above elements, while leaving behind the primary Hebbian requirement. We suggest that the effort to determine the neural basis of adaptive behavior could benefit from renewed experimental and theoretical investigation of more powerful directed types of synaptic plasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"43 ","pages":"95-117"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-090919-022842","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37658968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanosensitive Ion Channels: Structural Features Relevant to Mechanotransduction Mechanisms.","authors":"Peng Jin, Lily Yeh Jan, Yuh-Nung Jan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Activation of mechanosensitive ion channels underlies a variety of fundamental physiological processes that require sensation of mechanical force. Different mechanosensitive channels adapt distinctive structures and mechanotransduction mechanisms to fit their biological roles. How mechanosensitive channels work, especially in animals, has been extensively studied in the past decade. Here we review key findings in the functional and structural characterizations of these channels and highlight the structural features relevant to the mechanotransduction mechanism of each specific channel.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"43 ","pages":"207-229"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37666401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josué Haubrich, Matteo Bernabo, Andrew G Baker, Karim Nader
{"title":"Impairments to Consolidation, Reconsolidation, and Long-Term Memory Maintenance Lead to Memory Erasure.","authors":"Josué Haubrich, Matteo Bernabo, Andrew G Baker, Karim Nader","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-091319-024636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-091319-024636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An enduring problem in neuroscience is determining whether cases of amnesia result from eradication of the memory trace (storage impairment) or if the trace is present but inaccessible (retrieval impairment). The most direct approach to resolving this question is to quantify changes in the brain mechanisms of long-term memory (BM-LTM). This approach argues that if the amnesia is due to a retrieval failure, BM-LTM should remain at levels comparable to trained, unimpaired animals. Conversely, if memories are erased, BM-LTM should be reduced to resemble untrained levels. Here we review the use of BM-LTM in a number of studies that induced amnesia by targeting memory maintenance or reconsolidation. The literature strongly suggests that such amnesia is due to storage rather than retrieval impairments. We also describe the shortcomings of the purely behavioral protocol that purports to show recovery from amnesia as a method of understanding the nature of amnesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"43 ","pages":"297-314"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-091319-024636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37675708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Anatomy and Physiology of Claustrum-Cortex Interactions.","authors":"Jesse Jackson, Jared B Smith, Albert K Lee","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-092519-101637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-092519-101637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The claustrum is one of the most widely connected regions of the forebrain, yet its function has remained obscure, largely due to the experimentally challenging nature of targeting this small, thin, and elongated brain area. However, recent advances in molecular techniques have enabled the anatomy and physiology of the claustrum to be studied with the spatiotemporal and cell type-specific precision required to eventually converge on what this area does. Here we review early anatomical and electrophysiological results from cats and primates, as well as recent work in the rodent, identifying the connectivity, cell types, and physiological circuit mechanisms underlying the communication between the claustrum and the cortex. The emerging picture is one in which the rodent claustrum is closely tied to frontal/limbic regions and plays a role in processes, such as attention, that are associated with these areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"43 ","pages":"231-247"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-092519-101637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37666402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Endogenous Opioids at the Intersection of Opioid Addiction, Pain, and Depression: The Search for a Precision Medicine Approach.","authors":"Michael A Emery, Huda Akil","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-110719-095912","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-110719-095912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opioid addiction and overdose are at record levels in the United States. This is driven, in part, by their widespread prescription for the treatment of pain, which also increased opportunity for diversion by sensation-seeking users. Despite considerable research on the neurobiology of addiction, treatment options for opioid abuse remain limited. Mood disorders, particularly depression, are often comorbid with both pain disorders and opioid abuse. The endogenous opioid system, a complex neuromodulatory system, sits at the neurobiological convergence point of these three comorbid disease states. We review evidence for dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system as a mechanism for the development of opioid addiction and/or mood disorder. Specifically, individual differences in opioid system function may underlie differences in vulnerability to opioid addiction and mood disorders. We also review novel research, which promises to provide more detailed understanding of individual differences in endogenous opioid neurobiology and its contribution to opioid addiction susceptibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"43 ","pages":"355-374"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7646290/pdf/nihms-1615417.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37685386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}