Roman A Romanov, Alán Alpár, Tomas Hökfelt, Tibor Harkany
{"title":"Unified Classification of Molecular, Network, and Endocrine Features of Hypothalamic Neurons.","authors":"Roman A Romanov, Alán Alpár, Tomas Hökfelt, Tibor Harkany","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although general anatomical and neurochemical features of hypothalamic neurons were described during the past decades, they have yet to be reconciled with recently discovered molecular classifiers and neurogenetic function determination. By interrogating magnocellular as well as parvocellular dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and phenotypically mixed neurons, we integrate available information at the molecular, cellular, network, and endocrine output levels to propose a framework for the comprehensive classification of hypothalamic neurons. Simultaneously, we single out putative neuronal subclasses for which future research can fill in existing gaps of knowledge to rationalize cellular diversity through function-determinant molecular marks in the hypothalamus.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"42 ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050414","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36941526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth M C Hillman, Venkatakaushik Voleti, Wenze Li, Hang Yu
{"title":"Light-Sheet Microscopy in Neuroscience.","authors":"Elizabeth M C Hillman, Venkatakaushik Voleti, Wenze Li, Hang Yu","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050357","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Light-sheet microscopy is an imaging approach that offers unique advantages for a diverse range of neuroscience applications. Unlike point-scanning techniques such as confocal and two-photon microscopy, light-sheet microscopes illuminate an entire plane of tissue, while imaging this plane onto a camera. Although early implementations of light sheet were optimized for longitudinal imaging of embryonic development in small specimens, emerging implementations are capable of capturing light-sheet images in freely moving, unconstrained specimens and even the intact in vivo mammalian brain. Meanwhile, the unique photobleaching and signal-to-noise benefits afforded by light-sheet microscopy's parallelized detection deliver the ability to perform volumetric imaging at much higher speeds than can be achieved using point scanning. This review describes the basic principles and evolution of light-sheet microscopy, followed by perspectives on emerging applications and opportunities for both imaging large, cleared, and expanded neural tissues and high-speed, functional imaging in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"42 ","pages":"295-313"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6800245/pdf/nihms-1052828.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37407599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Motor Theory of Sleep-Wake Control: Arousal-Action Circuit.","authors":"Danqian Liu, Yang Dan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are characterized by distinct electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), and autonomic profiles. The circuit mechanism coordinating these changes during sleep-wake transitions remains poorly understood. The past few years have witnessed rapid progress in the identification of REM and NREM sleep neurons, which constitute highly distributed networks spanning the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Here we propose an arousal-action circuit for sleep-wake control in which wakefulness is supported by separate arousal and action neurons, while REM and NREM sleep neurons are part of the central somatic and autonomic motor circuits. This model is well supported by the currently known sleep and wake neurons. It can also account for the EEG, EMG, and autonomic profiles of wake, REM, and NREM states and several key features of their transitions. The intimate association between the sleep and autonomic/somatic motor control circuits suggests that a primary function of sleep is to suppress motor activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"42 ","pages":"27-46"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36912721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acoustic Pattern Recognition and Courtship Songs: Insights from Insects.","authors":"Christa A Baker, Jan Clemens, Mala Murthy","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Across the animal kingdom, social interactions rely on sound production and perception. From simple cricket chirps to more elaborate bird songs, animals go to great lengths to communicate information critical for reproduction and survival via acoustic signals. Insects produce a wide array of songs to attract a mate, and the intended receivers must differentiate these calls from competing sounds, analyze the quality of the sender from spectrotemporal signal properties, and then determine how to react. Insects use numerically simple nervous systems to analyze and respond to courtship songs, making them ideal model systems for uncovering the neural mechanisms underlying acoustic pattern recognition. We highlight here how the combination of behavioral studies and neural recordings in three groups of insects-crickets, grasshoppers, and fruit flies-reveals common strategies for extracting ethologically relevant information from acoustic patterns and how these findings might translate to other systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"42 ","pages":"129-147"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36974425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharon Inberg, Anna Meledin, Veronika Kravtsov, Yael Iosilevskii, Meital Oren-Suissa, Benjamin Podbilewicz
{"title":"Lessons from Worm Dendritic Patterning.","authors":"Sharon Inberg, Anna Meledin, Veronika Kravtsov, Yael Iosilevskii, Meital Oren-Suissa, Benjamin Podbilewicz","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The structural and functional properties of neurons have intrigued scientists since the pioneering work of Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Since then, emerging cutting-edge technologies, including light and electron microscopy, electrophysiology, biochemistry, optogenetics, and molecular biology, have dramatically increased our understanding of dendritic properties. This advancement was also facilitated by the establishment of different animal model organisms, from flies to mammals. Here we describe the emerging model system of a <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> polymodal neuron named PVD, whose dendritic tree follows a stereotypical structure characterized by repeating candelabra-like structural units. In the past decade, progress has been made in understanding PVD's functions, morphogenesis, regeneration, and aging, yet many questions still remain.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"42 ","pages":"365-383"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37114846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genes Involved in the Development and Physiology of Both the Peripheral and Central Auditory Systems.","authors":"Nicolas Michalski, Christine Petit","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genetic approach, based on the study of inherited forms of deafness, has proven to be particularly effective for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the peripheral auditory system, the cochlea and its afferent auditory neurons, and how this system extracts the physical parameters of sound. Although this genetic dissection has provided little information about the central auditory system, scattered data suggest that some genes may have a critical role in both the peripheral and central auditory systems. Here, we review the genes controlling the development and function of the peripheral and central auditory systems, focusing on those with demonstrated intrinsic roles in both systems and highlighting the current underappreciation of these genes. Their encoded products are diverse, from transcription factors to ion channels, as are their roles in the central auditory system, mostly evaluated in brainstem nuclei. We examine the ontogenetic and evolutionary mechanisms that may underlie their expression at different sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"42 ","pages":"67-86"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36912310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glia-Neuron Interactions in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>.","authors":"Aakanksha Singhvi, Shai Shaham","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glia are abundant components of animal nervous systems. Recognized 170 years ago, concerted attempts to understand these cells began only recently. From these investigations glia, once considered passive filler material in the brain, have emerged as active players in neuron development and activity. Glia are essential for nervous system function, and their disruption leads to disease. The nematode <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> possesses glial types similar to vertebrate glia, based on molecular, morphological, and functional criteria, and has become a powerful model in which to study glia and their neuronal interactions. Facile genetic and transgenic methods in this animal allow the discovery of genes required for glial functions, and effects of glia at single synapses can be monitored by tracking neuron shape, physiology, or animal behavior. Here, we review recent progress in understanding glia-neuron interactions in <i>C. elegans</i>. We highlight similarities with glia in other animals, and suggest conserved emerging principles of glial function.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"42 ","pages":"149-168"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37065360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Repeat-Associated Non-ATG Translation: Molecular Mechanisms and Contribution to Neurological Disease.","authors":"Lien Nguyen, John Douglas Cleary, Laura P W Ranum","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microsatellite mutations involving the expansion of tri-, tetra-, penta-, or hexanucleotide repeats cause more than 40 different neurological disorders. Although, traditionally, the position of the repeat within or outside of an open reading frame has been used to focus research on disease mechanisms involving protein loss of function, protein gain of function, or RNA gain of function, the discoveries of bidirectional transcription and repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) have blurred these distinctions. Here we review what is known about RAN proteins in disease, the mechanisms by which they are produced, and the novel therapeutic opportunities they provide.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"42 ","pages":"227-247"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37251263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael G Christiansen, Alexander W Senko, Polina Anikeeva
{"title":"Magnetic Strategies for Nervous System Control.","authors":"Michael G Christiansen, Alexander W Senko, Polina Anikeeva","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic fields pass through tissue undiminished and without producing harmful effects, motivating their use as a wireless, minimally invasive means to control neural activity. Here, we review mechanisms and techniques coupling magnetic fields to changes in electrochemical potentials across neuronal membranes. Biological magnetoreception, although incompletely understood, is discussed as a potential source of inspiration. The emergence of magnetic properties in materials is reviewed to clarify the distinction between biomolecules containing transition metals and ferrite nanoparticles that exhibit significant net moments. We describe recent developments in the use of magnetic nanomaterials as transducers converting magnetic stimuli to forms readily perceived by neurons and discuss opportunities for multiplexed and bidirectional control as well as the challenges posed by delivery to the brain. The variety of magnetic field conditions and mechanisms by which they can be coupled to neuronal signaling cascades highlights the desirability of continued interchange between magnetism physics and neurobiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"42 ","pages":"271-293"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37114848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dexterous Hand Movements and Their Recovery After Central Nervous System Injury.","authors":"Tadashi Isa","doi":"10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hand dexterity has uniquely developed in higher primates and is thought to rely on the direct corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway. Recent studies have shown that rodents and carnivores lack the direct CM pathway but can control certain levels of dexterous hand movements through various indirect CM pathways. Some homologous pathways also exist in higher primates, and among them, propriospinal (PrS) neurons in the mid-cervical segments (C3-C4) are significantly involved in hand dexterity. When the direct CM pathway was lesioned caudal to the PrS and transmission of cortical commands to hand motoneurons via the PrS neurons remained intact, dexterous hand movements could be significantly recovered. This recovery model was intensively studied, and it was found that, in addition to the compensation by the PrS neurons, a large-scale reorganization in the bilateral cortical motor-related areas and mesolimbic structures contributed to recovery. Future therapeutic strategies should target these multihierarchical areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":8008,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of neuroscience","volume":"42 ","pages":"315-335"},"PeriodicalIF":13.9,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37114849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}