Animals最新文献

{"title":"Correction: Luzardo et al. Integrating Conservation and Community Engagement in Free-Roaming Cat Management: A Case Study from a Natura 2000 Protected Area. <i>Animals</i> 2025, <i>15</i>, 429.","authors":"Octavio P Luzardo, Andrea Hansen, Beatriz Martín-Cruz, Ana Macías-Montes, María Del Mar Travieso-Aja","doi":"10.3390/ani15121683","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15121683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12173156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of Acute and Chronic Cases of Poisoning by <i>Oxalis pes-caprae</i>.","authors":"Luigia Pinna, Daniela Mandas, Davide Pintus, Bruna Zulato, Marina Frongia, Maria Maurichi, Annamaria Coccollone","doi":"10.3390/ani15111668","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15111668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Oxalis pes-caprae</i> is one of the most widespread invasive plants in the Mediterranean areas, especially in central and southern Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia. It is an herbaceous species of South African origin, very common in uncultivated areas, in meadows, and at the edges of roads but also in vegetable gardens and fields, where it can become a weed. Its negative impact on the economic sector is significant due to the presence of large quantities of oxalates, which are toxic and dangerous for grazing livestock; the ingestion of high amounts of oxalates causes the accumulation of oxalate crystals, which can lead to kidney failure and anuria. This work represents a descriptive, field-based case report of epidemiological relevance, describing two cases of acute and chronic poisoning by <i>Oxalis pes-caprae</i> found in two different sheep farms in southern Sardinia. In February 2024, the sudden death of about 40 animals was reported in a sheep farm. On another farm, seven animals died (between March and July 2024), while others showed poisoning symptoms such as weight loss, submandibular edema, and a barrel-shaped abdomen. This manuscript aims to highlight the damage caused by poor attention in pasture management and the importance of seasonal risk management; it is necessary to pay attention to the herbaceous species present in pastures, especially in our region, where climatic temperatures no longer respect seasonality and herbaceous species that normally grow in spring are easily found also in the winter months.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Dietary Fiber Fermentation and Protein Digestion Properties on Growth Performance and Microbial Metabolites in Weaned Pigs.","authors":"Jingyi Huang, Zhiqiang Sun, Qi Zhu, Fudong Zhang, Changhua Lai, Jinbiao Zhao","doi":"10.3390/ani15111669","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15111669","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary nutrient digestion and utilization patterns influence pig performance and intestinal health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of protein digestion and fiber fermentation speed among different feed ingredients on growth performance and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in weaned pigs. A total of 192 weaned pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire [6.87 ± 0.14 kg]) were selected and randomly divided into four dietary groups: fast-digesting protein with fast-fermenting fiber, fast-digesting protein with slow-fermenting fiber, slow-digesting protein with fast-fermenting fiber, and slow-digesting protein with slow-fermenting fiber. The results showed that cottonseed and wheat protein powders exhibited faster protein digestion than potato protein powder (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In vitro microbial fermentation of hawthorn powder and orange pomace resulted in greater and faster gas production and SCFA concentrations than sugarcane bagasse (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Orange pomace increased the abundance of <i>Klebsiella</i> and <i>Escherichia-Shigella</i>, whereas sugarcane bagasse increased the abundance of <i>Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group</i> and <i>norank_f__Muribaculaceae</i>. In addition, the fast-fermentation fiber tended to increase the daily weight gain and feed intake of piglets (<i>p</i> < 0.10), and the slow-fermentation fiber significantly reduced diarrhea incidence in pigs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Fast fermentation increased acetate and valerate concentrations, and slow-digestion protein increased branched-chain SCFA and valerate contents (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In conclusion, there were large variations in protein digestion and fiber fermentation speed among the different common feed ingredients. Dietary protein digestion and fiber fermentation speed would affect growth performance and diarrhea incidence in weaned pigs.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree Shade Improves Milking Performance, Apparent Digestibility, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunity of Dairy Cows in Open Sheds.","authors":"Jianjie Li, Yinghao Zhou, Man Feng, Lianjie Song, Yuqing Liu, Haitong Yang, Lu Zhang, Ao Zhang, Xinnian Zhao, Xinsheng Sun, Yuhong Gao, Jianjun Guo","doi":"10.3390/ani15111673","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15111673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dairy cows are suffering from heat stress (HS) worldwide, and this has become a continual challenge in dairy production systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the shade of poplar trees on alleviating HS via measuring milk production, nutrient digestibility, immunity, and antioxidant capability in the serum of dairy cows in open cowsheds. A total of 540 lactating Holstein cows were assigned to 2 groups (3 cowsheds per group, 90 cows per cowshed), including the treatment group with poplar trees on the west side of sheds and the control group without trees. This study was carried out in the early-hot season, hot season, and late-hot season. The results showed the following: (1) During the hot season, shaded cows exhibited lower respiration rate (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and higher dry matter intake (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and daily milk yield (<i>p</i> < 0.05), compared with the control. Also, apparent digestibility of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber demonstrated an increase (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in shaded cows during the hot season. (2) Total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity in the serum of shaded cows increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) during the hot season and late-hot season, compared with the control. (3) Serum interleukin-4, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M concentrations of shaded cows were greater (<i>p</i> < 0.05) than the control during the hot season. Additionally, serum concentrations of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 in shaded cows showed a decrease (<i>p</i> < 0.05) during the hot season. In conclusion, shade from poplar trees can mitigate the adverse impact of high-temperature environments on cows in open cowsheds.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and Functions of Different Intestinal Segments in Juvenile Greater Amberjack (<i>Seriola dumerili</i>).","authors":"Kunfeng Zhu, Mouyan Jiang, Mengyao Yan, Yang Huang, Tonglin Yang, Chunhua Zhu","doi":"10.3390/ani15111672","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15111672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The greater amberjack (<i>Seriola dumerili</i>), a key species in marine aquaculture, relies heavily on its intestine for nutrient absorption and immune function. However, the structural and functional specialization of its intestinal segments remains poorly understood. In this study, we divided the intestine of <i>S. dumerili</i> into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, and conducted a multi-omics analysis integrating histological staining (H&E/AB-PAS), digestive enzyme assays, transcriptome sequencing, and 16S rRNA microbiota profiling to characterize structural, functional, molecular, and microbial differences across intestinal segments. Histological examinations revealed that brush border microvillus length, muscle layer thickness, and folding height were significantly greater in the foregut and hindgut compared to the midgut, while mucus and goblet cell density was higher in the foregut and midgut. Digestive enzyme assays showed that lipase activity peaked in the foregut, α-amylase in the midgut, and protease in the midgut and hindgut. Alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities were highest in the foregut and midgut. Immune-related enzyme activities (SOD (Superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (Glutathione peroxidase), T-AOC (Total Antioxidant Capacity)) were elevated and MDA levels were lower in the midgut, indicating its role as the primary immune site. Transcriptome analysis identified segment-specific expression of nutrient transporters, such as <i>slc6a19b</i> (hindgut, protein), <i>apoa1b</i> (foregut, lipid), and <i>slc37a4</i> (midgut, carbohydrate). Microbiome analysis revealed <i>Ruminococcus</i> dominance in the foregut (lipid digestion) and <i>Prevotella</i>, <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, and <i>Lactobacillus</i> enrichment in the midgut (carbohydrate metabolism and immunity). These findings highlight functional zonation in <i>S. dumerili</i>: the foregut specializes in lipid digestion, the midgut in carbohydrate metabolism and immunity, and the hindgut in protein digestion. This study provides foundational insights for optimizing aquaculture practices and advancing research in nutrition, immunology, and disease modeling in <i>S. dumerili</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Growth and Chemical Composition Changes During the Growth of New Zealand White Rabbits.","authors":"Adenike Adetutu Eniwaiye, Zikhona Theodora Rani-Kamwendo","doi":"10.3390/ani15111670","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15111670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted on New Zealand White male and female rabbits over a period of 133 days to ascertain their potential growth rates, body composition for major body parts, and chemical makeup. A total of 220 New Zealand White rabbits, evenly distributed between males and females, were used for this study. One hundred rabbits for potential growth were weighed from day 14 to day 140, while twelve rabbits, six males and six females, were randomly selected at days 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 56, 70, 84, 112, and 140 for carcass analysis. Although the rate of maturation was faster in females than in males, the Gompertz equation fitted separately to the growth data for males and females indicated that the body weights were similar throughout the trial (0.0243 vs. 0.0239), but males had a higher mature weight (315 g) than the females (309 g). Mature body protein weights averaged 1497 g in males and 843 g in females, and mature body lipid contents averaged 252 and 227 g, respectively. The rate of maturation per day of pelt-free body protein of males and females was 0.0103 and 0.0172, while that of body lipids was 0.0410 and 0.0471, respectively. Separate equations were required for males and females to describe the allometric relationship between protein and lipids in the pelt-free body. The rate of maturation of pelts in females was higher than in males (0.0249 vs. 0.0214/d), and the mature weight was lower (456 vs. 523 g, respectively).</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153750/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Expression Characteristics of Two Isoforms <i>nr5a2f</i> and <i>nr5a2m</i> in Gonadal Differentiation of Chinese Giant Salamanders, <i>Andrias davidianus</i>.","authors":"Dan Hu, Guanglve Li, Guohua Zou, Jiaqing Xu, Wenyin Luo, Qiaomu Hu","doi":"10.3390/ani15111667","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15111667","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Nr5a2</i> (nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group a, member 2) is involved in gonad development and sex hormone synthesis. In this study, the full length of <i>Nr5a2f</i> and <i>Nr5a2m</i> were obtained by <i>Nr5a2</i> variable splicing from <i>Andrias davidianus</i>, and the tissue distribution was detected. We identified <i>Nr5a2f</i> of 2455 bp and <i>Nr5a2m</i> of 2150 bp length, encoding 479 and 325 amino, respectively. We first characterized <i>Nr5a2f</i> and <i>Nr5a2m</i> gene expression in developing gonads. Results showed that <i>Nr5a2f</i> had significantly high expression in the ovary and little expression in other tissues, during the sex differentiation and sex reversal, <i>Nr5a2f</i> expression was gradually decreased in the ovary and the expression in the testis was significantly lower than in the ovary from 1 year to 6 year old. Significantly high expression was observed in the ovary and reversal ovary, while low expression was in the testis and reversal testis. While <i>Nr5a2m</i> expression exhibited the opposite profile, high expression was observed in the brain and testis. During sex differentiation and sex reversal, high expression was shown in the testis and low expression in the ovary from one year to six years old and significantly higher expression emerged in testis and reversal testis than in ovary and reversal ovary. In situ hybridization, results showed that <i>Nr5a2f</i> began to express in female undifferentiated gonads and the expression level increased from 48 dpf to 91, while <i>Nr5a2m</i> was expressed in male undifferentiated gonads. Three RNA interference sites were designed and we detected that site 293 exhibited a significant inhibitory effect in ovary cells. After <i>Nr5a2f</i> expression was inhibited by site 293, we observed that female-based gene <i>Nr5a2f, foxl2</i> and cyp19 expression were decreased, while the male-based gene <i>dmrt1</i> and <i>cyp17</i> expression was increased. These results suggested that <i>Nr5a2</i>f and <i>Nr5a2m</i> exhibited different expression patterns in the process of sex differentiation, which provided a foundation for further functional characterizations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic Profile of Two Active Dipyrone Metabolites, 4-Methylaminoantipyrine (MAA) and 4-Aminoantipyrine (AA), Following Intravenous Administration in Dogs: A Preliminary Study.","authors":"Andressa N Mouta, Kathryn N Arcoverde, Naftáli S Fernandes, Yanna D B Passos, Caio V A de Oliveira, Robson A Honorato, Gabriel Araujo-Silva, Valéria V de Paula","doi":"10.3390/ani15111666","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15111666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of the active dipyrone metabolites, 4-methylaminoantipyrine and 4-aminoantipyrine, following intravenous administration in dogs. Eleven mixed-breed dogs received a 25 mg·kg^-1 dipyrone dose and blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 15, 30 and 45 min, as well as at 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Plasma concentrations of both metabolites were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The PKSolver 2.0 and GraphPad Prisma 10 software programs were used for pharmacokinetic and statistical analyses, applying a Principal Component Analysis for MAA and descriptive statistics for both metabolites. Two groups were noteworthy concerning MAA: slow metabolizers (SM) and normal/rapid metabolizers (NM). Significant differences were observed between half-life (T_½) and MRT_{0_inf obs} values between the MAA groups. The T_½ and MRT_{0_info obs} were 44.44 ± 11.74 and 32.62 ± 16.53 h for the SM group and 11.25 ± 5.37 and 7.44 ± 4.25 h for the NM group, respectively. The C_max of AA was 2.80 ± 1.43 µg mL^-1. Metabolites were detectable for 48 h in all animals for MAA and seven for AA. These findings suggest that metamizole reaches analgesia plasma concentrations associated with cyclooxygenase inhibition with few adverse effects in dogs. However, additional pharmacogenetic and pharmacotherapeutic monitoring studies are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Machine Learning Models for the Early Detection of Metritis in Dairy Cows Based on Physiological, Behavioural and Milk Quality Indicators.","authors":"Karina Džermeikaitė, Justina Krištolaitytė, Ramūnas Antanaitis","doi":"10.3390/ani15111674","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15111674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metritis is one of the most common postpartum diseases in dairy cows, associated with impaired reproductive performance and substantial economic losses. In this study, we investigated the potential of machine learning (ML) techniques applied to physiological, behavioural, and milk quality parameters for the early detection of metritis in dairy cows during the postpartum period. A total of 2707 daily observations were collected from 94 cows in early lactation, of which 11 cows (275 records) were diagnosed with metritis. The dataset included daily measurements of body weight, rumination time, milk yield, milk composition (fat, protein, lactose), somatic cell count (SCC), and feed intake. Five classification models-partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), neural network (NN), and an Ensemble model-were developed using standardised features and stratified 80/20 training/test splits. To address class imbalance, model loss functions were adjusted using class weights. Models were evaluated based on accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV), area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC), and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). The NN model demonstrated the highest overall performance (accuracy = 96.1%, AUC = 96.3%, MCC = 0.79), indicating strong capability in distinguishing both healthy and diseased animals. The SVM achieved the highest sensitivity (90.9%), while RF and Ensemble models showed high specificity (>98%) and PPV. This study provides novel evidence that ML methods can effectively detect metritis using routinely collected, non-invasive on-farm data. Our findings support the integration of neural and Ensemble learning models into automated health monitoring systems to enable earlier disease detection and improved animal welfare. Although external validation was not performed, internal cross-validation demonstrated consistent performance across models, suggesting suitability for application in multi-farm settings. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first studies to apply ML for early metritis detection based exclusively only automated herd data.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153533/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognizing and Mitigating Canine Stress in Human-Canine Interaction Research: Proposed Guidelines.","authors":"Simone B Sidel, Jaci Gandenberger, Kerry Murphy, Kevin N Morris","doi":"10.3390/ani15111665","DOIUrl":"10.3390/ani15111665","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The research into human-canine interactions (HCIs) has grown substantially, yet limited attention has focused on the welfare of canines involved, particularly pet dogs owned by volunteer participants. To address this gap, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial, examining canine welfare during an acute human stress protocol. Our methodology incorporated evidence-based screening tools, environmental modifications, researchers trained in canine behavior assessments and safe interactions, and canine stress monitoring using the Fear Free™ Canine Fear, Anxiety, and Stress (FAS) Spectrum. Dogs' stress levels showed a non-significant increase from the rest to stressor phase (0.80 to 1.00, <i>p</i> = 0.073) and a significant decrease during recovery (1.00 to 0.48, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Only two dogs (7.6%) required withdrawal due to elevated stress levels, though these levels remained within acceptable safety parameters. The peak stress remained within acceptable limits, with only 24% (6 of 25) reaching an FAS score of two during the TSST. By final recovery, 96% of dogs achieved FAS scores of zero to one (Green Zone), indicating relaxed states. Salivary collection proved challenging, highlighting limitations in low-invasive physiological measurement techniques. Based on our findings and literature review, we propose standardized guidelines for HCI research, including thorough pre-screening, environmental preparation, researcher training, stress-monitoring protocols, and informed consent procedures emphasizing withdrawal rights. These guidelines aim to establish ethical standards for this rapidly expanding field, protecting canine participant welfare while enabling valuable research to continue.</p>","PeriodicalId":7955,"journal":{"name":"Animals","volume":"15 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}