Analytical Sciences最新文献

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Solvent properties of ionic liquids on complex formation of Ni(II) ion with molecular liquids 离子液体与分子液体络合形成Ni(II)离子的溶剂性质。
IF 1.8 4区 化学
Analytical Sciences Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-025-00741-9
Toshiyuki Takamuku
{"title":"Solvent properties of ionic liquids on complex formation of Ni(II) ion with molecular liquids","authors":"Toshiyuki Takamuku","doi":"10.1007/s44211-025-00741-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44211-025-00741-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) attract much attention as green solvents because of their negligible volatility and non-flammability. In analytical chemistry, the application of ILs to chemical separation and solvent extraction has been investigated. However, there have been a smaller number of reports on the mechanisms of chemical equilibria in the solvents of ILs at a molecular level. In this review, the series of our investigations on the complex formation of Ni<sup>2+</sup> ion with molecular liquids (MLs) in imidazolium-based ILs, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([C<sub>2</sub>mim][TFSA]) and 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([C<sub>8</sub>mim][TFSA]) was summarized. The MLs involved methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), acetonitrile (AN), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In [C<sub>2</sub>mim][TFSA], the Ni<sup>2+</sup>-ML complexes are stabler in the sequence of DMSO &gt;&gt; AN &gt; EtOH ≈ MeOH complexes, which almost depends on the electron donicities of MLs. In contrast, in [C<sub>8</sub>mim][TFSA], the sequence changes to AN &gt; DMSO &gt; EtOH &gt; MeOH complexes, despite of the lowest electron donicity of AN. Thus, only the electron donicities of MLs do not decide the stability of the complexes. The reasons for the stabilities of the Ni<sup>2+</sup>-ML complexes were interpreted in terms of the microscopic interactions between ML and the ILs’ cation observed by the infrared (IR) and <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, to clarify the effects of ML cluster formation on the complex formation mechanisms, the heterogeneous mixing between IL and ML were quantitatively evaluated by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) at the mesoscopic scale.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7802,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"609 - 622"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multifunctional metal complex systems emerging from analytical chemistry for theranostic applications 多功能金属复合系统从分析化学中出现,用于治疗应用。
IF 1.8 4区 化学
Analytical Sciences Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-025-00740-w
Nobuhiko Iki
{"title":"Multifunctional metal complex systems emerging from analytical chemistry for theranostic applications","authors":"Nobuhiko Iki","doi":"10.1007/s44211-025-00740-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44211-025-00740-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal complexes have long played a pivotal role in analytical chemistry due to their ability to detect and separate ions through the synergistic interaction between metal centers and ligands. This functionality can be further enhanced by integrating metal complexes non-covalently with various media, such as materials or separation platforms. Over the past four decades, the author has explored metal complex systems, including thiacalixarene–lanthanide(III) complexes, diradical platinum(II) complexes, and MOF-74, which exhibit a broad spectrum of functionalities spanning analytical applications to theranostics. Examples discussed in this review include luminescent supramolecular sensors for soft-metal ions, upconverting complexes, near-infrared light-absorbing probes for pH and hydrophobic cavities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photoacoustic imaging, photothermal therapy, and neutron capture therapy. The multifunctionality of these systems arises from their cooperative, synergistic, and supramolecular nature, underpinned by non-covalent interactions among their components. Analytical chemistry has been, and will continue to be, a cornerstone for the discovery and development of such multifunctional metal complex systems.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7802,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"623 - 637"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nanobiodevices and quantum life science for future healthcare 未来医疗保健的纳米生物器件和量子生命科学。
IF 1.8 4区 化学
Analytical Sciences Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-025-00742-8
Taisuke Shimada, Takao Yasui, Hiroshi Yukawa, Yoshinobu Baba
{"title":"Nanobiodevices and quantum life science for future healthcare","authors":"Taisuke Shimada,&nbsp;Takao Yasui,&nbsp;Hiroshi Yukawa,&nbsp;Yoshinobu Baba","doi":"10.1007/s44211-025-00742-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44211-025-00742-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Maintaining healthy life in old age (healthy aging) is an important social challenge. An effective approach to realizing healthy aging involves providing personalized healthcare through disease prevention, early diagnostics, and optimal treatments. Nanobiodevices and quantum life sciences have tremendous potential to revolutionize current techniques for disease prevention, diagnostics, and treatment via the efficient analyses of biomolecules, bioparticles, pathogens, and cells. In this review, we outline our research on nanobiodevices and quantum life sciences for future healthcare, including cancer diagnostics, pathogen detection, in vivo imaging-guided therapy, and intracellular sensing for stem cell quality checks.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7802,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"601 - 607"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Solid-phase-extraction device for extracting volatile organic compounds from gaseous samples 用于从气态样品中提取挥发性有机化合物的固相萃取装置。
IF 1.8 4区 化学
Analytical Sciences Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-025-00729-5
Ikuo Ueta, Koki Nakagami, Yoshihiro Saito
{"title":"Solid-phase-extraction device for extracting volatile organic compounds from gaseous samples","authors":"Ikuo Ueta,&nbsp;Koki Nakagami,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Saito","doi":"10.1007/s44211-025-00729-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44211-025-00729-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation technique typically used for purifying target analytes in liquid samples prior to instrumental analysis, such as chromatographic analysis. Typical SPE device consists of packing particulate adsorbent into a glass or plastic cartridge. In the sample preparation process, the target analytes are extracted onto the adsorbent by loading the liquid sample into the SPE cartridge and separated from other contaminants. Then, the extracted compounds are eluted by the organic solvent. This article summarizes the SPE devices designed for extracting volatile organic compounds in gaseous samples. In these SPE devices, the extracted analytes are eluted by simply passing the desorption solvent. The devices can be reused after drying the adsorbent.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7802,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"505 - 510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Determination of circulating tumor cells by surface-enhanced Raman scattering based on molecularly imprinted polymers doped with silver nanoparticles 基于分子印迹聚合物掺杂纳米银的表面增强拉曼散射测定循环肿瘤细胞。
IF 1.8 4区 化学
Analytical Sciences Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-025-00719-7
JunJie Wei, Yong Shen, GangFeng Ouyang
{"title":"Determination of circulating tumor cells by surface-enhanced Raman scattering based on molecularly imprinted polymers doped with silver nanoparticles","authors":"JunJie Wei,&nbsp;Yong Shen,&nbsp;GangFeng Ouyang","doi":"10.1007/s44211-025-00719-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44211-025-00719-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapid and simple detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can help with early diagnosis of tumor diseases and assist clinical judgment of tumor disease development status and prognosis. An important alteration in cancer progression is a significant increase in sialic acid (SA) levels, making sialic acid one of an interesting biomarker for cancer type diversity. Here, novel SERS nano-biosensors were fabricated employing molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) particles loaded with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) to form high affinity toward sialic acid on CTCs. In this work, the glycol-specific MIPs are produced using precipitation polymerization. The nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Consequently, CTC can be rapidly detected in mouse blood in a specific and sensitive manner, as low as 1 cells/ml. In addition, a good linear relationship was observed between CTC concentration and signal intensity (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.9881). Moreover, the SERS nano-biosensors was used to detect CTC with excellent precision (relative standard deviation, RSD = 3.9%) and good repeatability (RSD = 6.8%). Therefore, this inexpensive, highly sensitive, and rapid method using SERS nano-biosensors can quickly detect CTCs and may prove to be a new platform to be an early diagnostic tool for cancer patient detection.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7802,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Sciences","volume":"41 4","pages":"447 - 455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143490411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impacts of electrogenerated chemiluminescence mechanism on the emission spectra and intensities 电致化学发光机理对发射光谱和强度的影响。
IF 1.8 4区 化学
Analytical Sciences Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-025-00736-6
Ryoichi Ishimatsu
{"title":"Impacts of electrogenerated chemiluminescence mechanism on the emission spectra and intensities","authors":"Ryoichi Ishimatsu","doi":"10.1007/s44211-025-00736-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44211-025-00736-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this mini-review, recent progress in electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) reported by our group is mainly introduced. First, the general principles of ECL and standard molecules for ECL are described, and then the ECL properties of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules, pyrrolopyrrole aza-BODIPYs (PPABs), pyrene (Py) and its derivative, Eu(III) and Tb(III) complexes are introduced. The ECL efficiency of TADF molecules is increased by spin up-conversion from the T<sub>1</sub> to S<sub>1</sub> state, and that of PPABs is incremented kinetically due to the slower rate for the T<sub>1</sub> state formation than the S<sub>1</sub> state formation. The excimer formation mechanism of Py and its derivative in ECL is discussed. It is shown that very sharp ECL spectra can be obtained from Eu(III) and Tb(III) complexes. Furthermore, intense ECL for binary mixed systems using Ir(ppy)<sub>3</sub> and electron donor or acceptor molecules is described. These results provide insight into how the ECL mechanism affects emission intensity, efficiency, and spectrum.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7802,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"511 - 522"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44211-025-00736-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143490415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The usage of color coordinates preserved in microscopic image for elucidation on chemical behavior in confined micro-/nano-spaces 显微图像中保存的颜色坐标在限定微/纳米空间中解释化学行为的应用。
IF 1.8 4区 化学
Analytical Sciences Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-025-00733-9
Arinori Inagawa
{"title":"The usage of color coordinates preserved in microscopic image for elucidation on chemical behavior in confined micro-/nano-spaces","authors":"Arinori Inagawa","doi":"10.1007/s44211-025-00733-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44211-025-00733-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Characterizing the properties of micro-/nanomaterials and micro-/nanospaces is crucial due to their widespread use in diverse applications, including analytical methods. While microspectroscopy offers a powerful characterization technique, limitations in acquisition speed and instrument accessibility persist. This study comprehensively explores the use of color coordinates to elucidate the chemical phenomena within confined micro-/nanospaces. Encoding spectral information directly as color coordinates within digital images enables rapid data acquisition. In addition, simple instrumentation that requires only a camera as a detector expands the versatility of solving tasks that occur in microspectroscopy. This work details the fundamental principles of color coordinates and presents illustrative research examples demonstrating their utility in characterizing chemical reactions and physicochemical properties within confined spaces. Herein, the evaluation of the chemical reactions occurring in the confined microspace is explained, including the steel corrosion occurring in the freeze concentration of the salt solutions (FCS) formed in the frozen salt solutions, proton-involved reactions in the FCS, liquid/liquid and solid/gel interface. This work aims to promote the adoption of image processing for colorimetric analysis as a complementary or alternative approach to conventional microspectroscopy.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7802,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"585 - 599"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Carbon black imprinted o-diaminobenzene sensing platform for sensitive electrochemical detection of interleukin 6 炭黑印迹邻二氨基苯敏感电化学检测白细胞介素6的平台。
IF 1.8 4区 化学
Analytical Sciences Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00709-1
Xu Cui, Zhiqiang Chen, Longyao Xu, Changwei Wu, Bin Qiu, Chaoming Zhou
{"title":"Carbon black imprinted o-diaminobenzene sensing platform for sensitive electrochemical detection of interleukin 6","authors":"Xu Cui,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Chen,&nbsp;Longyao Xu,&nbsp;Changwei Wu,&nbsp;Bin Qiu,&nbsp;Chaoming Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s44211-024-00709-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44211-024-00709-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a typical proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL-6) exhibits great influence on treating diseases (e.g., urocystitis) and adjusting immune. Normally, the IL-6 degree keeps a low content (&lt; 40.0 pg mL<sup>−1</sup>) in bodies, but when its degree becomes higher, several serious conditions (e.g., urocystitis and infections) may occur. Hence, it is very essential to design a highly effective technology for monitoring IL-6 as a biomarker. In the present work, through adopting carbon black (CB) as substrate substance, o-diaminobenzene as electropolymerized monomer and [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>4−/3−</sup> as the signal probe, a low-cost, sensitive and simple molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensing platform was designed to detect the IL-6 degree. The experiments revealed that the current of [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>4−/3−</sup> probe at the MIP sensor would decrease along with the increase of IL-6 degree. Owing to the prominent properties of CB (e.g., high conductivity and surface area as well as stability) and high target-recognition capability of MIP, the as-proposed MIP sensor offers wide linearity (0.1–800 pg mL<sup>−1</sup>) and low analytical limit (0.03 pg mL<sup>−1</sup>); meanwhile, it possesses good repeatability, stability, and practical applications. It is, thus, expected this simple MIP sensor has some application value for IL-6 detection.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7802,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Sciences","volume":"41 4","pages":"487 - 494"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Luciferase complementation for cellular assays beyond protein–protein interactions 荧光素酶补体的细胞分析超越蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用。
IF 1.8 4区 化学
Analytical Sciences Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-025-00730-y
Genki Kawamura, Takeaki Ozawa
{"title":"Luciferase complementation for cellular assays beyond protein–protein interactions","authors":"Genki Kawamura,&nbsp;Takeaki Ozawa","doi":"10.1007/s44211-025-00730-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44211-025-00730-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Luciferase complementation assays have emerged in 2001 as a useful tool to analyze biological processes through diverse biological assays such as cellular studies and in vivo imaging. The assay has an advantage of wide dynamic ranges, high signal-to-noise ratios, and capability for real-time monitoring of dynamic biological events with a readout of bioluminescence. While it was initially harnessed for detecting protein–protein interactions, biosensors based on luciferase-fragment complementation have achieved significant advancements in their designs, expanding versatility and applicability beyond the initial scope. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of designing strategies employed in split luciferase complementation assays and to highlight their diverse bioanalytical applications. Because simple bi-molecular detection of protein–protein interactions by this approach is well-established, this review will focus on introducing diverse sensor designs using the concept of split luciferase complementation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7802,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"571 - 583"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44211-025-00730-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mechanical phenotype of cancer cells and its measurement methodology 癌细胞的机械表型及其测量方法
IF 1.8 4区 化学
Analytical Sciences Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-025-00714-y
Noritada Kaji
{"title":"Mechanical phenotype of cancer cells and its measurement methodology","authors":"Noritada Kaji","doi":"10.1007/s44211-025-00714-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s44211-025-00714-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7802,"journal":{"name":"Analytical Sciences","volume":"41 3","pages":"185 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143423325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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