Food & Function最新文献

{"title":"Dietary strategies for appetite regulation: satiety and obesity management","authors":"Pengkui Xia, Bin Li, Yudie Yu, Wanxu Yu, Mahmoud Youssef, Tao Hou and Jing Li","doi":"10.1039/D5FO01349F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FO01349F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Increased prevalence of diseases associated with obesity has driven research into appetite suppression to reduce high-calorie intake. Dietary modulation of appetite is recognized as one of the most significant and effective ways to reduce the risk of obesity-related diseases. This review evaluates the roles of dietary nutrients and their metabolites in satiety and proposes dietary strategies for appetite regulation. Brain circuits of hunger, hormones and organs that directly control the appetite, and the role of gut microbiota in indirect appetite modulation are discussed in detail. We explored the impact of dietary nutrients and their metabolites on appetite, based on the basic mechanics of hunger. Additionally, based on the impact of different dietary factors on satiety, we outlined three strategies for appetite regulation: systems for controlled nutrient delivery to decelerate digestion, alteration of dietary physicochemical characteristics, and establishment of dietary rhythms. This review presents a theoretical framework for examining the influence of dietary nutrition on appetite regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" 13","pages":" 5202-5218"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Untargeted metabolomics reveals the inhibition effect of a high-fat diet on colorectal cancer tumorigenesis in obesity-resistant mice via regulating bile acid, glutathione, and glycerophospholipid metabolisms†","authors":"Qi Cheng, Kun Na, Chunsheng Xu, He Peng, Xiaojian Lin, Jiajun Chen, Yan Li, Die Wu, Menghao Du and Xingya Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4FO06132B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4FO06132B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The interplay between high fat intake and cancer is complex and multifaceted. Contradictory results exist between obesity, high-fat diet (HFD), and colorectal cancer (CRC), necessitating further research. In this study, we investigated the effect of HFD on tumorigenesis in obesity-resistant and obesity-susceptible mouse models. Our results revealed that HFD significantly inhibited CRC HCT116 and HT-29 xenograft tumor growth in obesity-resistant BALB/c nude mice in comparison with a low-fat diet (LFD). HFD feeding did not induce increases in body weight, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, and lipid accumulation in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) in nude mice. However, HFD promoted tumor growth in melanoma B16-F10-bearing C57BL/6J mice, accompanied by obesity and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Untargeted metabolomics showed that HFD induced significantly changed metabolites in serum, tumor, and liver samples of the HCT116 xenograft model. In all samples, many glycerophospholipids (<em>e.g.</em> LysoPE (0:0/20:1) and LysoPC (16:1)) and bile acids (<em>e.g.</em> glycocholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid) were significantly reduced by HFD. Enrichment and pathway analyses suggested that bile acid biosynthesis and metabolisms of lipids, amino acids, and organic acids were significantly regulated by HFD. Additionally, the glutathione metabolism was significantly downregulated, while the TCA cycle was upregulated by HFD in tumor samples. Moreover, univariate and multivariate analyses on the differential metabolites in tumors suggested that uracil, chenodeoxycholic acid, glutathione, LysoPE (0:0/20:1), and SM (d18:1/18:0) were the main metabolite biomarkers for discrimination between LFD- and HFD-fed xenograft tumors. These findings suggest that HFD elicits an anti-tumorigenic effect against CRC in obesity-resistant BALB/c nude mice <em>via</em> regulating bile acid, glutathione, and glycerophospholipid metabolisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" 13","pages":" 5526-5542"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperoside promotes autophagy of colonic epithelial cells to protect intestinal barrier function in ulcerative colitis†","authors":"Wenxin Xia, Haochang Lin, Jing Zhang, Yawen Bai, Zhifeng Wei, Huatou Zhao, Yufeng Xia and Yue Dai","doi":"10.1039/D5FO00256G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FO00256G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Intestinal barrier defects represent a significant contributor to the development and progression of ulcerative colitis (UC). This study examined the protective effect of hyperoside (Hyp), a naturally occurring flavonol glycoside with anti-colitis potential, on intestinal barrier, and explored the underlying mechanisms based on the expression of barrier-related proteins. In mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, Hyp, orally administered, maintained the intestinal barrier integrity, evidenced by reducing intestinal permeability and elevating expression of the proteins relevant to tight junction (occludin and claudin 1) and adhesion junction (E-cadherin and β-catenin). In human colonic epithelial cells, Hyp diminished lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced defects of epithelial barrier function, and increased the expression of tight junction- and adhesion junction-related proteins. Hyp promoted the protein degradation of snail, a co-repressor of tight junction proteins, which was reversed by treatment of chloroquine (the autophagy inhibitor) but not MG132 (the ubiquitin-proteasome inhibitor). Consistently, Hyp rescued LPS-reduced autophagy, restored the formation of autophagosomes and autophagic lysosomes, and increased the expression of Beclin-1, ATG 5, ATG7, and LC3 II/I. Combination with chloroquine significantly attenuated up-regulation of Hyp on transmembrane electrical resistance and down-regulation of epithelial permeability. In mice with colitis, the protection against intestinal barrier and the promotion of expression of tight junction and adhesion junction proteins by Hyp was nearly completely reversed by chloroquine. These findings highlight the protective role of Hyp in the colonic mucosal barrier and provide new insights into the development of innovative strategies for the treatment of UC.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" 13","pages":" 5543-5555"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and digestibility characterization of soybean protein, textured soybean-based protein and chicken breast: a comparative study†","authors":"Yuxiang Wang, Zhaojun Zheng, Kun Liu, Yan Zhang, Chong Chen and Yuanfa Liu","doi":"10.1039/D4FO03963G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4FO03963G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Plant-based meat analogs, primarily composed of textured vegetable proteins (TVPs), are potential alternatives to traditional meat. However, there is a lack of research on the digestibility properties of TVPs. This study involved processing soybean protein concentrate (SPC) into soybean-based high-moisture extruded TVPs (SH) and soybean-based low-moisture extruded TVPs (SL) through high-moisture (HM) extrusion and low-moisture (LM) extrusion, respectively. A comparison was then made between the structural and digestibility characteristics of SPC, SH, SL, and chicken breast. HM and LM extrusion transformed the soybean protein molecular structure from spherical into fibrous like in chicken breast, decreased its α-helix/β-sheet value from 0.68 ± 0.01 to 0.63 ± 0.01 and 0.60 ± 0.00, respectively, increased its intrinsic fluorescence maximum absorption wavelength from 341.4 nm to 352.2 nm and 350.2 nm, respectively, reduced its surface hydrophobicity index from 8665 ± 519 to 6723 ± 285 and 5167 ± 321, respectively, and greatly decreased the peptide molecular weight of digestive products. The findings suggested that, compared with natural SPC, soybean-based meat analogs were more similar to chicken breast in terms of appearance, protein molecular structure and digestibility characteristics, but there were still significant differences between the two. These results offered a scientific foundation for further exploration of plant-based meat alternatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" 14","pages":" 5809-5821"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenethyl isothiocyanate modulates macrophage migration inhibitory factor and suppresses malignant phenotypes of glioblastoma cells†","authors":"Jeng-Rong Lin, Wen-Chieh Liao, Yin-Hung Chu, Yu-Cheng Chou and Chiung-Hui Liu","doi":"10.1039/D5FO00415B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FO00415B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Phenethyl Isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a well-studied compound within the isothiocyanate family. Accumulating evidence indicates that PEITC induces apoptosis and inhibits the growth of various cancer cells <em>in vitro</em>, including aggressive glioblastoma cells. However, its tumor suppression effects and mechanisms <em>in vivo</em> remain largely unexplored. In this study, we utilized cell culture experiments and an orthotopic transplant brain tumor model in mice to evaluate the impact of PEITC on tumor growth, physiological changes, and immune cell populations. Our results showed that PEITC significantly reduced the viability of glioma cells while having moderate effects on astrocytes. <em>In vitro</em>, PEITC effectively inhibited cell viability, migration, and invasion in GL-261 cells. <em>In vivo</em>, PEITC treatment led to prolonged survival rates and reduced tumor volumes in mice without significant toxicity. Notably, PEITC increased the populations of natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells in peripheral blood, indicating an immunomodulatory effect. Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) was identified as a potential direct target of PEITC. Our findings revealed that PEITC significantly reduced MIF expression in GL-261 cells, both in culture and in orthotopic tumor tissue, and decreased MIF-induced cellular signaling. These results suggest that PEITC has potential to be a therapeutic agent for glioblastoma by inhibiting tumor growth and modulating the immune response through MIF suppression.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" 13","pages":" 5573-5585"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary excretion kinetics of (poly)phenolic metabolites derived from the consumption of microwaved Piquillo pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Piquillo)†","authors":"Cristina Del Burgo-Gutiérrez, Nicole Tosi, Concepción Cid, Daniele Del Rio, Letizia Bresciani, Iziar A. Ludwig, Pedro Mena and María-Paz De Peña","doi":"10.1039/D5FO01111F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FO01111F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Consumption of (poly)phenol-containing foods, such as pepper (<em>Capsicum annuum</em>), may have a positive impact on preventing non-communicable diseases. However, native (poly)phenols are extensively transformed, either mediated by the colonic microbiota or as a result of enzymatic phase II reactions. Considering the great interest in these metabolites as biologically active compounds, the present research aimed to evaluate the <em>in vivo</em> metabolism and bioavailability of the phenolic metabolites produced after the consumption of microwaved Piquillo pepper (<em>C. annuum</em> cv. Piquillo). The human intervention study involved 10 healthy volunteers who consumed a portion (90 g) of microwaved Piquillo pepper. Urine was collected before and 24 h after intake at different time intervals. (Poly)phenol metabolites were extracted using μ-SPE and analysed by UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS. Twenty urinary metabolites (out of 37 metabolites identified) were exclusively associated with the consumption of microwaved Piquillo pepper, mainly represented by cinnamic and phenylpropanoic acid derivatives (86.2%). Glucuronidation was the main phase II transformation observed after absorption. From the total urine metabolites (17.78 ± 3.20 μmol), the majority were excreted between 4 and 24 hours (11.73 ± 2.80 μmol), suggesting that absorption of (poly)phenols from Piquillo pepper occurs after extensive metabolism in the large intestine. Urinary metabolites showed great interindividual variability in concentration (2.52–30.28 μmol) and metabolite patterns, associated likely with gut microbiota differences. Overall, these metabolites are the ones that could exert health promoting effects at the systemic level, rather than native (poly)phenols. This study paves the way to better understand the benefits of pepper consumption after processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" 14","pages":" 5744-5756"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/fo/d5fo01111f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential effect of polyphenols in emerging pharmacological liver targets for glucose regulation and insulin resistance: a review","authors":"Sónia Rocha, Inês Santos, M. Luísa Corvo, Eduarda Fernandes and Marisa Freitas","doi":"10.1039/D4FO06329E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4FO06329E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In type 2 diabetes <em>mellitus</em> (DM), there is a combination of impaired insulin secretion and resistance in the target tissues. In the case of the liver, these events lead to decreased insulin effectiveness and increased glucagon levels, resulting in an imbalance that promotes excessive hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, contributing to hyperglycemia. Effective management of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance is crucial, underscoring the need for innovative liver-specific interventions. Polyphenols, renowned for their diverse biological activities, have emerged as promising candidates to treat type 2 DM. Based on a literature review spanning the last decade, this comprehensive systematic review thoroughly evaluates the effectiveness of polyphenols in targeting hepatic pathways for managing type 2 DM. The focus will be on assessing how polyphenols affect key targets, including protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), the glucagon receptor, glucokinase, glycogen phosphorylase, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. While there has been considerable attention on polyphenols as PTP1B inhibitors, studies on their impact on other targets have been comparatively limited. Notably, there is a lack of studies exploring polyphenols as glucagon receptor antagonists. Among polyphenols, flavonoids exhibit significant potential across diverse pathways, with hydroxy groups playing a pivotal role in their biological activities. However, further research, especially in cellular and animal models, is warranted to thoroughly validate their efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" 13","pages":" 5231-5277"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/fo/d4fo06329e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary procyanidin B1 attenuates fibrogenesis and inflammation in hepatic fibrosis: research on the possible health benefits of procyanidin B1","authors":"Qi-Yuan Feng, Jiang-Tao Zhong, Hai-Ming Sun, Zheng Luo, Yu-Chen Jiang and Jian Song","doi":"10.1039/D5FO01415H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FO01415H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Procyanidin B1 (PB1) is a natural polyphenol abundant in whole-grain highland barley as well as in many fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. The current study investigated the hepatoprotective effect and potential mechanism of PB1 against hepatic fibrosis. C57BL/6 mice with hepatic fibrosis were induced with thioacetamide (TAA), followed by the administration of PB1 or a positive control, silymarin, or followed by gene silencing of the thyroid hormone-responsive protein (THRSP). Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were stimulated with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) or an isolated mouse peritoneal macrophage (MPM)-primed conditioned medium and cultured with PB1, silymarin or the THRSP agonist. MPMs were cultured in the presence of LPS/ATP and/or PB1. It was found that PB1 decreased the release of inflammatory factors, such as caspase-1 and IL-1β. Moreover, PB1 could activate THRSP and decrease P2X7r-modulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the TAA-induced mice. Additionally, PB1 inhibited the expressions of α-SMA, collagen I, the TIMP-1/MMP13 ratio, inflammatory factors, P2X7r, and NLRP3 and increased THRSP expression in activated HSCs and macrophages. THRSP deficiency attenuated the regulatory effect of PB1 on the reverse inflammation of activated HSCs, promoting hepatic fibrosis <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>. PB1 reversed the activation of HSCs by increasing the THRSP-mediated P2X7r/NLRP3 axis, similar in function to THRSP overexpression. PB1 could reverse the activation of HSCs and mitigate hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis in TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis. Targeting THRSP-mediated P2X7r/NLRP3 is crucial for PB1's action against hepatic fibrosis, underscoring a promising approach and the utility of PB1 for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" 13","pages":" 5456-5474"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzymatic synthesis of β-galactosylated xylitol derivatives modulates gut microbiota and improves obesity-related metabolic parameters in mice†","authors":"Carlos Sabater, Martina Buonaccorsi, Paloma Delgado-Fernández, Nieves Corzo, Blanca de las Rivas, Rosario Muñoz, Alice Alba, Pilar Utrilla and F. Javier Moreno","doi":"10.1039/D5FO00978B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5FO00978B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Obesity and its associated metabolic disorders are major global health concerns, highlighting the need for novel dietary interventions. Xylitol, a polyol widely used as a sugar substitute, has shown metabolic benefits beyond its sweetening properties. However, the potential physiological effects of its enzymatically modified derivatives, particularly β-galactosylated xylitol (XylGal), remain largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the impact of XylGal and unmodified xylitol (Xyl) on metabolic health and gut microbiota composition in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. Lean and obese C57BL/6J mice received daily doses of Xyl (50 mg kg<small>⁻¹</small>) or XylGal (50 and 100 mg kg<small>⁻¹</small>) for seven weeks. Our findings indicate that both Xyl and XylGal significantly reduced body weight gain, adipose tissue accumulation, and liver weight in obese mice, without affecting food intake. Additionally, Xyl and XylGal modulated glucose homeostasis, with Xyl-treated mice exhibiting improved glucose tolerance. A significant reduction in inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α, IL-1β) in abdominal fat was observed, suggesting decreased macrophage infiltration and attenuation of obesity-induced inflammation. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed that both compounds promoted beneficial bacterial genera, including <em>Lachnospiraceae</em> NK4A136 and <em>Eubacterium xylanophilum</em>, while reducing potentially obesity-associated taxa such as <em>Blautia</em> and <em>Colidextribacter</em>. These results suggest that XylGal and Xyl exert prebiotic effects that contribute to their metabolic benefits. Our study provides new insights into the potential of these compounds as functional ingredients for obesity management and metabolic health improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" 13","pages":" 5493-5510"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/fo/d5fo00978b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled <i>in vitro</i> release of CBD from oleosomes <i>via</i> modulation of their membrane density.","authors":"Zhaoxiang Ma, Edoardo Capuano, Johannes H Bitter, Remko M Boom, Constantinos V Nikiforidis","doi":"10.1039/d4fo04171b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4fo04171b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oleosomes, native lipid droplets abundant in the plant kingdom, especially in oilseeds, can be extracted in simple steps and have been suggested as lipid carriers or natural substitutes for oil droplets in emulsion-like products for foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Oleosomes are good candidates as lipid carriers <i>via</i> the oral route due to their limited hydrolysis during gastric digestion and slow hydrolysis in the small intestinal phase. The factors that affect oleosomes' ability to resist <i>in vitro</i> digestion, particularly the influence of their membrane molecular composition and density, remain unknown. Therefore, oleosome lipid hydrolysis was investigated in a model of small intestinal digestion and compared with oil droplets stabilized by whey proteins and/or phospholipids and with oleosomes having lower membrane density. To showcase that the lipid hydrolysis rate can also affect cargo release, oleosomes were loaded with cannabidiol (CBD) and the CBD release was tracked. Oleosomes exhibited significantly slower lipid digestion than the droplets stabilised by whey proteins and/or phospholipids, which were rapidly digested. The low lipid hydrolysis of oleosomes during intestinal digestion has been attributed to the unique structure of the oleosome membrane proteins, oleosins, which have a long amphipathic helix pinned into the oleosome oil core and out of reach for bile salts and enzymes. Oleosomes with lower membrane density exhibited faster lipid hydrolysis, probably because the digestive enzymes could better adsorb on the interface to access the core lipids. The results elucidate the factors that affect the lipid digestion of oleosomes and demonstrate the dynamic nature of oleosomes for the controlled release of lipophilic cargos, such as CBD, in the intestinal tract.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}