Food & Function最新文献

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> colonic fermentation of ferulic acid and <i>trans</i>-resveratrol: kinetic profiling and metabolic convergence.","authors":"Gonzalo Tereucán, Nicole Tosi, Sara Dobani, Carmen Carrieri, Daniele Del Rio, Karem Henriquez-Aedo, Letizia Bresciani, Mario Aranda, Pedro Mena","doi":"10.1039/d6fo03362h","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6fo03362h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>In vitro</i> batch fecal fermentation offers a controlled approach to study colonic catabolism of dietary (poly)phenols and their microbial metabolites. Here, the bioconversion of two (poly)phenols, ferulic acid (FA) and <i>trans</i>-resveratrol (<i>t</i>-R), was followed over 48 h to assess metabolic convergence in their catabolic pathways. Using a human fecal inoculum, samples collected at 2, 6, 24 and 48 h were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS. FA and <i>t</i>-R displayed distinct degradation kinetics, consistent with their different molecular structures and steric constraints. FA was rapidly depleted within 2 h, whereas <i>t</i>-R persisted throughout incubation, with less than half converted by 6 h and ≈37% remaining at 48 h. Accordingly, FA catabolites peaked at 85% molar mass recovery at 2 h, while <i>t</i>-R-derived catabolites accumulated gradually, reaching ≈44% at 48 h. Despite these differences, both substrates were mainly processed through reduction followed by dehydroxylation, converging toward a shared pool of low-molecular-weight phenolic acids. FA degradation was characterized by phenylpropanoic acid formation after hydrogenation of the unsaturated side chain, whereas <i>t</i>-R catabolism yielded dibenzyl derivatives, mainly dihydroresveratrol and lunularin. Notably, 3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid emerged as a major FA catabolite, and several phenolic acids were quantified as <i>t</i>-R-derived products, suggesting minor routes involving the cleavage of the stilbene central linkage and subsequent methyl oxidation. Overall, we propose a sequence of microbial enzymatic reactions underlying FA and <i>t</i>-R colonic catabolism. Future studies should validate these findings across donors and integrate microbiome functional readouts to explain inter-individual variability in bioconversion.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13665988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interindividual variability in food-derived peptide bioavailability and function: peptide metabotypes and responder phenotypes.","authors":"Itthanan Suttikhana, Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu","doi":"10.1039/d6fo03963d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6fo03963d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food-derived bioactive peptides are commonly evaluated as though a standardised protein, hydrolysate, or peptide-containing food produces comparable biological exposure across consumers. Emerging human evidence challenges this assumption because food structure, gastrointestinal physiology, intestinal peptidases, epithelial transport, microbial metabolism, age, metabolic status, medication use, and habitual diet can alter the peptides and metabolites generated after ingestion. This critical review examines interindividual variability as a determinant of food-peptide efficacy and develops a precision-nutrition framework linking product composition to digestive peptide profiles and physiological response. We synthesise evidence from human digestion studies, jejunal peptidomics, transport and metabolism models, microbiome research, peptide pharmacokinetics, and clinical interventions involving antihypertensive lactotripeptides, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV)-inhibitory hydrolysates, and collagen peptides. We propose two testable concepts: the peptide metabotype, defined as an individual's reproducible time-resolved profile of food-derived peptides and metabolites after a standardised challenge, and the peptide responder phenotype, defined as the corresponding exposure-response pattern. We outline a core design comprising a characterised product, an appropriate comparator, repeated measurements, a targeted exposure panel and a prespecified physiological endpoint, with additional host profiling guided by the mechanism. This perspective shifts peptide research from universal bioactivity claims toward identifying when, where, and in whom peptide-containing foods are most likely to produce meaningful physiological effects and offers a testable approach to improving reproducibility and evaluating translational relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma proteome of the EAT-Lancet diet and long-term risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality.","authors":"Wanjin Guan, Jiaqi Yang, Jingsha Chen, Valerie K Sullivan, Casey M Rebholz","doi":"10.1039/d6fo04204j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6fo04204j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>: The EAT-Lancet diet, designed for planetary and human health, has been associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Identifying plasma proteins associated with the EAT-Lancet diet may help elucidate biological pathways underlying dietary associations with health outcomes. <i>Methods</i>: In 9623 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants with proteomic data at visit 3 (1993-1995, baseline) measured using the SomaScan™ v4.0 platform, multivariable linear regression was used to identify proteins associated with Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) score in a randomly selected subset of 2/3 of the study population (discovery, <i>n</i> = 6415) and the remaining 1/3 subset (internal replication, <i>n</i> = 3208). Cox models were used to evaluate associations of PHDI score-related proteins with incident CVD and all-cause mortality from baseline through December 31, 2022. <i>Results</i>: Among 4955 proteins examined, 154 were significantly associated with PHDI score at a false discovery rate <0.05 and 74 replicated. During a median follow-up of 21 years, 3401 incident CVD events occurred; during a median follow-up of 24 years, 5899 deaths occurred. Of the 74 PHDI score-related proteins, 9 were significantly associated with both incident CVD and all-cause mortality and an additional 8 were associated with all-cause mortality only in discovery and replication. For example, higher ASGR1 levels were associated with higher risk of incident CVD and all-cause mortality. <i>Conclusions</i>: PHDI-related proteins were prospectively associated with long-term CVD and mortality risk and may support future risk stratification and dietary prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13662572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fermentation-driven biotransformation enhances the anti-hyperuricemic potential of corn silk by modulating gut microbial metabolism and intestinal barrier function.","authors":"Yuhan Yuan, Ruijuan Wang, Ganggang Cao, Shuangying Gui, Dongdong Mu, Qin Chen, Xuefeng Wu, Xingjiang Li","doi":"10.1039/d6fo04345c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6fo04345c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Corn silk is a widely available medicinal and edible food resource and has traditionally been closely associated with promoting urination and regulating urinary metabolism. However, in its natural form, insufficient release or limited utilization efficiency of some bioactive constituents may affect the full exertion of its functional effects. In this study, corn silk was fermented with <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i>, <i>Acetobacter pasteurianus</i>, and <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> to investigate whether fermentation-driven biotransformation enhances its health-promoting potential for hyperuricemia (HUA) management and to clarify the underlying intestinal regulatory mechanisms. Organic acid analysis showed that lactic acid, succinic acid, and other organic acids markedly accumulated after fermentation, reflecting enhanced substrate acidification and microbial metabolite accumulation. Further analysis of flavonoid-related metabolites showed that fermentation changed the composition and distribution of flavonoids and their derivatives, and promoted the enrichment of some phenolic acids and small-molecule phenolic compounds, indicating that fermentation biotransformation improved the bioactive component profile of corn silk. In a HUA mouse model, fermented corn silk (FCS) significantly reduced serum uric acid (UA) levels, restored intestinal ABCG2 expression, increased the expression of Occludin and ZO-1, and decreased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels. In addition, FCS alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis and improved intestinal metabolic disturbances, especially abnormalities in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and bile acid (BA) metabolism. Overall, probiotic fermentation enhanced the HUA-alleviating functional potential of corn silk by reshaping its bioactive component profile and regulating gut microbiota-mediated intestinal metabolism, providing a basis for developing FCS as a functional food ingredient for HUA management.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrroloquinoline quinone attenuates cypermethrin-induced liver fibrosis and modulates GLS1-associated metabolic regulation in mice.","authors":"Yao Meng, Xunuo Song, Jinyu Li, Yuming Zhang, Junkang Zhao, Xinying Zhang, Mingyu Tang, Qinghua Deng, Liyin Du","doi":"10.1039/d6fo03601e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6fo03601e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of cypermethrin, a widely used pyrethroid insecticide, has raised concerns about residues and toxicity, including hepatotoxicity, in non-target mammals. PQQ is a redox-active compound with reported antioxidant and cytoprotective properties in multiple experimental systems. Liver fibrosis, a response to liver injury, involves hepatic stellate cell activation and ECM secretion. This study investigated the effects of PQQ on cypermethrin-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice and the associated signaling and metabolic changes. Western blot analysis showed that CYP exposure was accompanied by increased TGF-β1 expression and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, whereas PQQ treatment was associated with reductions in these changes. Notably, PQQ reduced GLS1 expression, accompanied by decreased expression of the HSC activation markers α-SMA and COL1A1. Pharmacological inhibition of GLS1 and changes in intracellular α-KG further supported the involvement of GLS1-associated metabolic regulation in CYP-induced HSC activation. These findings support the involvement of GLS1-associated metabolic regulation in CYP-induced HSC activation and the effects of PQQ, while the causal relationships among the signaling and metabolic changes remain to be established.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prophylactic oral diosgenin attenuates acute sleep deprivation-induced liver injury in mice <i>via</i> modulation of the gut microbiota and vascular barrier.","authors":"Weirui Kong, Hongchao Zhang, Jinyi Gui, Xiangxing Long, Xiu Chen, Yu Ge, Wentao Shao, Gang Zhao, Francisco Javier Cubero, Zhaoyan Jiang, Aihua Gu","doi":"10.1039/d6fo01836j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6fo01836j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute sleep deprivation (SD) is an increasingly prevalent health risk, yet the early inflammatory processes associated with acute hepatic injury following SD remain largely elusive. Following a two-step screening of 265 natural products and bioactive small molecules, diosgenin (DG), a sapogenin found in <i>Dioscorea</i> species, was prioritized for subsequent <i>in vivo</i> evaluation. Under the rotating-platform paradigm in mice, 24-hour SD (SD24h) was associated with acute hepatic inflammation, increased overall intestinal permeability, gut vascular barrier (GVB)-associated alterations, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and elevated intestinal and hepatic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. Prophylactic oral DG pretreatment attenuated hepatic and intestinal inflammatory responses, intestinal permeability changes, and GVB-associated alterations, while partially ameliorating SD-associated changes in the gut microbiota and intestinal and hepatic LPS levels. Fecal microbiota transplantation further showed that microbiota from SD24h donors transferred part of the hepato-intestinal inflammatory and barrier-associated phenotypes to antibiotic-pretreated recipients, whereas microbiota from DG-pretreated SD24h donors transferred an attenuated phenotype. Collectively, these findings support the involvement of the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier in acute SD-associated liver injury and indicate that prophylactic oral DG pretreatment attenuates these hepato-intestinal responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149178041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking Goji berries polysaccharides: therapeutic potential, biomedical implications and future trends.","authors":"Zahoor Ahmed, Muhammad Faisal Manzoor, Isam A Mohamed Ahmed, Tao Sheng, Chen Chen, Yibin Zhou","doi":"10.1039/d6fo03430f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6fo03430f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Goji berry (<i>Lycium barbarum</i>) polysaccharides (LBPs) are a significant class of compounds, widely applied in food medicine and health care. As natural modulators of the gut microenvironment, they have garnered considerable attention for their ability to regulate intestinal microbiota, prevent and manage intestinal tumors, and alleviate inflammatory bowel conditions. Their advantages, including abundant availability, stable biological activity, and minimal side effects, have increased their applications. This review incorporates studies from 2020-2025 to explore the influence of key structural features of polysaccharides, such as monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage types, and molecular weight, on their biological activities. A dedicated structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis is presented, connecting specific LBP structural parameters to mechanistic pathways including TLR4/NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, Nrf2, and MAPK signaling. The review also summarizes the regulatory effects of polysaccharides on various components of intestinal health, including the gut microbiota, mucosal barrier, immune defense, and mucus layer. Furthermore, it discusses the underlying mechanisms through which polysaccharides exert their functions within the host organism. Goji berry polysaccharides exhibit promising potential in promoting gut and systemic health. They enhance antioxidant capacity, support immune function, exert antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects, and aid in regulating blood glucose and lipid metabolism. This review highlights recent advancements in polysaccharide research and provides valuable insights that may guide the future trends of food and drug products aimed at improving intestinal and overall health.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of hydroxytyrosol and EVOO INFOGEST digesta on tight junction modulation and chylomicron assembly in Caco-2 cells.","authors":"Sandra Anakaren Soto-Alarcón, Ailynne Sepúlveda-González, Camila Donoso-Barraza, Danitza Durán-Castillo, Miltha Hidalgo, Valeska Castillo, Igor Pacheco, Rodrigo Troncoso, Omar Porras","doi":"10.1039/d6fo03027k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6fo03027k","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and hydroxytyrosol (HT), an amphipathic phenol, are both recognized for their health benefits; however, their direct effects on the gastrointestinal tract, particularly on intestinal barrier function and lipid metabolism, remain to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to describe the effects of complete EVOO digesta (obtained <i>via</i> the standardized INFOGEST protocol) and HT on chylomicron production and intestinal integrity. Differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers were exposed to these treatments, followed by evaluations of trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), global transcriptomic profiling (RNAseq), and apolipoprotein B (apoB) protein quantification. Results indicate that both EVOO digesta and HT significantly modulate tight junction (TJ) proteins and chylomicron assembly pathways. Notably, exposure to a high dose of HT (1 mM) decreased TEER without compromising cell viability. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that this shift was driven by a reorganization of TJ proteins (including upregulation of claudin-19 and ZO-3) and increased myosin light chain kinase (MYLK) expression, suggesting potential activation of the paracellular leak pathway. Furthermore, both EVOO and HT upregulated microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) expression. Crucially, HT exposure led to a significant increase in intracellular apoB protein mass, a modulation that dot blot analysis confirmed is effectively coupled to active apoB secretion into the basolateral medium. These findings suggest that EVOO digesta and HT can selectively modulate gene expression associated with intestinal permeability and chylomicron assembly in Caco-2 cells, highlighting the need for further functional <i>in vivo</i> studies to elucidate their gastrointestinal bioactivity fully.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effects of sous vide, boiling, and frying on Antarctic krill proteins: links between oxidation, structural changes, <i>in vitro</i> digestibility, and peptidomic profiles.","authors":"Zhongquan Jiang, Mengchao Xiao, Ling Ni, Shuai Li, Cong Kong, Hanfeng Zheng, Yaqi Cao, Xiaoqing Tian, Chengqi Fan","doi":"10.1039/d6fo03202h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6fo03202h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antarctic krill (<i>Euphausia superba</i>) is a sustainable but underutilized marine protein, whose industrial application is severely limited by thermal-induced quality deterioration. This study systematically elucidated the mechanisms by which specific culinary treatment regimes-sous vide (SV, 50 °C), boiling (BO, 100 °C), and frying (FRY, 170 °C)-dictate the physicochemical properties, structural conformation, and <i>in vitro</i> gastrointestinal digestibility of krill muscle. The results demonstrated that SV processing effectively minimized protein oxidation and conformational shifts, preserving a tender texture and ensuring low cooking loss. Conversely, severe thermal treatments (BO and FRY) triggered intensive oxidation, significant α-helix to β-sheet transitions, and severe macroscopic aggregation, collectively resulting in structural hardening and decreased liquid retention. Crucially, peptidomic profiling revealed that structural modifications directly governed protein bioaccessibility. SV processing facilitated efficient proteolytic cleavage, yielding a highly diverse and bioaccessible peptide profile (164 peptides, predominantly lower-molecular-weight fragments) and maximizing the release of tropomyosin-derived peptides. In contrast, severe aggregation caused by the FRY treatment sterically hindered enzymatic access, drastically restricting peptide diversity (84 peptides) and yielding larger resistant fragments. Multivariate correlation analysis confirmed that advanced thermal damage indicators (<i>e.g.</i>, redness and surface hydrophobicity) were significantly inversely correlated with digestibility. The differences in digestibility were associated with cooking-induced changes in protein oxidation, aggregation, and structural organization. Collectively, under the processing conditions investigated, sous-vide treatment was associated with lower protein oxidation, relatively limited structural disruption, and higher <i>in vitro</i> gastrointestinal digestibility than the more intensive thermal treatments. The present findings provide a basis for evaluating the effects of cooking conditions on the digestive behavior of Antarctic krill proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Walnut oil from raw material to physiological function: an integrated process-chain perspective on quality, oxidative stability, authentication and health effects.","authors":"Yuqin Shen, Lele Qian, Zhihao Wang, Xiran Tao, Xue Chen, Huayin Zhao, Gang Liu, Ming Ye, Yi Han, Shuai Zong","doi":"10.1039/d6fo03549c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6fo03549c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Walnut oil from <i>Juglans regia</i> L. and <i>Juglans sigillata</i> Dode is an edible oil characterized by high proportions of linoleic and α-linolenic acids and variable concentrations of tocopherols, phytosterols, squalene and phenolics. Its delivered composition and oxidative state vary with raw material, processing and storage history. This review integrates evidence on cultivar, origin, ripening, post-harvest handling, pretreatment, extraction, storage, authentication and health-related outcomes. Conventional and emerging extraction strategies are compared in terms of recovery, constituent retention, oxidative status and available sustainability information. Oxidative degradation is considered a potential confounder because oils administered at the same nominal dose may differ in intact polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), endogenous antioxidants and preformed oxidation products. Reported bioactivities are grouped into inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid-regulatory, microbiota-associated and cholinergic domains. The review distinguishes whole oil from oil-derived fractions and preclinical findings from human evidence. Direct human studies chiefly address short-term, outcome-specific surrogate endpoints. The proposed process-chain reporting and research framework links material quality to biological exposure and identifies priorities for reproducible studies and clinical validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":77,"journal":{"name":"Food & Function","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}