Blutalkohol最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of alcohol dependence and other psychiatric disorders: implications for rehabilitation programs of the DUI offender.","authors":"L R Sutton","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper focuses on the psychological make-up or profile of the first time \"apprehended\" Driving Under the Influence offenders from the City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The profiles are compiled using a variety of psychological tests assessing issues of: Alcohol Dependence, Major Depression, Personality deviance, alcohol induced Organicity and severe Psychiatric impairment (symptoms of schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorders). 91% of the alcohol impaired drivers complained of at least some acute symptoms of depression. However, in total 38% of the sample showed significant signs of a clinical psychiatric syndrome (one requiring intervention or treatment) in addition to alcohol dependence. The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test and the MacAndrews Alcoholism Test proved to be a useful combination in defining alcohol dependence.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"31 1","pages":"33-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19133325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The postmortem blood alcohol concentration and the water content.","authors":"S Felby,&nbsp;E Nielsen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Determination of blood alcohol concentration and water content were performed on blood specimens from 71 bodies. Two blood specimens were sampled from each body. First-specimens (short-time-specimens) were sampled from 0 to 9.6 hours postmortem, in mean 2.1 hours. Second-specimens (long-time-specimens) were sampled from 8.0 to 229.9 hours postmortem. The relation between the blood alcohol concentration and the blood water content in the two blood specimens (first and second) is described by a multiple regression equation. The equation gave as result: if the body had no signs of putrefaction, the difference in water content between the short-time-specimens and the long-time-specimens has a significant influence on the blood alcohol concentration. This was not the case if the body had visible signs of putrefaction. Then other factors influence the blood alcohol concentration more than the water content. Our study also indicates that if a blood alcohol determination is performed on whole blood, and the blood specimen was sampled shortly after death from a case of bleeding shock, a correction of the blood alcohol concentration should be done if the blood water content is higher than 82%.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"31 1","pages":"24-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19133324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Empirical studies of automobile driving fitness of patients treated with methadone-substitution].","authors":"M Staak,&nbsp;G Berghaus,&nbsp;R Glazinski,&nbsp;K Höher,&nbsp;S Joó,&nbsp;B Friedel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this experimental study was to gain an impression on the driver fitness of heroin addicts which were at the moment substituted by methadone especially within a methadone program sponsored by the government of NRW. 21 out of 34 patients investigated were unfit to drive because they were at the time the tests were conducted under the effect of at least one additional psychotropic substance other than methadone or because at prior blood tests within 3 months they had been found at least twice under the effect of psychotropic drugs or they were known as concomitant drug users. The remaining 13 methadone patients were matched with 13 control subjects of the same sex, education and-within a range of +/- 2 years-also the same age. Testing short term memory, tracking, decision and reaction behavior, perception, sustained attention, speed estimation, peripheral attention with simultaneous central task, reactive loading, personality questionnaires including traffic specific questions and psychopathologic characteristics the patients yielded significant poorer results compared with the control group. When selecting 6 very good patients according to the decision of the physicians the significant differences concerning performance measures vanished but some differences concerning personality traits still remained. The results confirm the expert's opinion-called \"disease and motor traffic\"-that in general methadone substituted patients are unfit to drive. The driver fitness of the very few optimal patients depends on the amount of the personality disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 6","pages":"321-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19279545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Proof of alcoholic intoxication in automobile driving by breath alcohol content in Austria from the legal viewpoint].","authors":"K Bittmann","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Austria, automobile drivers are obligated to undergo a breathalizer test if they are suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol. Drivers cannot be forced to take the test, but if they refuse, their conduct is then dealt with as a violation of civil law and is therefore punishable by law. If the Alcomat test yields an alcohol content of 0.4 ml/l, i.e. relevant amount, the suspect then has the right to demand that a blood test be carried out. If the authorities refuse to give him this test, then the suspect will not be held to have been in excess of the legal alcohol level by the civil authorities in the following proceedings. On the other hand, in a legal criminal proceeding, the suspect will then be found guilty of exceeding the legal alcohol level, if additional evidence--which must be examined by the judge within the framework of the free consideration of evidence (a principle recognized by Austrian law but not, for example, by American law)--suffices to show with relative certainty that the suspect exceeded the alcohol limit as defined in section 81 Z2StGB). If a blood test is completed and the results differ from those of the breathalizer, then the blood test results are used.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 6","pages":"344-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19280163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[A large undertaking. The campaign against alcohol offenses in the USA].","authors":"W Middendorff","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 6","pages":"349-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19280164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Criteria for culpability of substance dependent patients in various types of crime].","authors":"K L Täschner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When judging whether a person is capable of committing a punishable offense in connection with effects of drugs we have to differentiate between an addict and an occasional consumer of drugs. In last case we can orientate ourselves only by the commonly visible signs of the drug-effect found with such persons. Contrary to this is drug-addiction an illness influencing the total mind of a person to act in a certain way. This leads to a typical behavioral pattern whereby the addict, whilst trying to procure his drug, mostly shows also limitations of his ability to act responsible in accordance with the law section 21 StGB. \"Normal\" punishable offences of drug-addicts are to be judged by the performance and the behaviour of the person.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 6","pages":"313-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19279544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Rate of ethanol clearance after oral and parenteral ethanol administration].","authors":"M Graw,&nbsp;H T Haffner,&nbsp;W Klawitter,&nbsp;A Moosmayer,&nbsp;H D Wehner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A crossover investigation of the ethanol concentration decline after oral and parenteral administration of ethanol respectively was performed with direct intra- and interindividual comparison. No significant differences in relation to the kind of administration were noted. An influence of the circadian rhythm on the rate of decline could be excluded. The low beta 60 values derived (average: 0.111 g/kg/h) can be explained by the long period over which the probands were denied food.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 6","pages":"334-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19280162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Alcohol intoxication at the wheel in the Waadt canton (Switzerland).A comparative study of penal and administrative measures 1970 and 1989 in the canton capital city (Lausanne) and a rural area].","authors":"Y Dubey,&nbsp;H R Gujer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The canton of Vaud is one of the major wine-growing areas of Switzerland. The driving ban rate for drunk driving is the highest in the country. This is the result of the very important rise in the number of drivers intercepted by the police for drunk driving (accidentless cases), in the course of the last ten years (+260%). In order to find out what penal and administrative measures were taken against drunk drivers (those who did not commit an accident), a comparative retrospective study of the offenses committed in the area of Lausanne and in rural area of the canton of Vaud (La Broye) was undertaken. This study deals with the years of 1970 and 1989. In a parallel, the average blood alcohol concentration (BAC) value, relative distribution of the BAC (frequency profile), and the concordance between the doctor's medical examination and the suspect's BAC were studied. Our results demonstrate that only the urban area (Lausanne) showed a significant increase in the drunk-driving offenses without accident, resulting in a significant decrease in the average BAC value as well as a veering towards the left of the BAC frequency profile curve. The legal sanctions and the administrative measures diverge according to the different areas, the most striking fact is the lowering of the average term of imprisonment for second-time or multiple offenders in the study group of Lausanne. The results of the clinical examination undertaken by the doctor at the moment of the blood test have shown that there is often a difference between the clinical evaluation and the actual BAC: for a BAC of 2 to 3/1000, the objective clinical symptoms of drunkenness (Romberg, unstable gait, coordination troubles) are noticed in only half of the cases. As a result, the assessment is no longer based on objective criteria but on subjective criteria as well as on the life-style of a certain period. In conclusion it is our belief that the efforts made by the vaudois police (especially in urban areas) should be pursued further, since positive results are apparent. The Judiciary system should however rebalance the sanctions delivered to drunk-drivers, showing greater severity towards second-time or multiple offenders.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 5","pages":"266-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19207735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Breathalizers in practical use by the Hamburg police].","authors":"W Majert","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pretest, which measures the alcohol content in one's breath, will remain necessary within the field of police work regardless as to whether this process will be recognized in the future as a means of reaffirming existing evidence. Inaccurate measurements, especially those which are lower than should be in the area of 0.08% and 0.11%, lead to inaccurate rulings, which in turn, directly influence traffic safety. After examining 682 breathalizer measurements, the Hamburg police department released the following information: even after having replaced the older Dräger AT 7310 with the newer AT 7410 breathalizer, larger discrepencies than those that had appeared in earlier examinations still occurred. There are too many inaccurate measurements which, in actuality, are overwhelmingly a result of the conditions surrounding police use of breathalizers. More detailed instructions describing proper application of these devices are, at present, more suitable for increasing the accuracy of the breathalizer measurements than the technical improvement of the instruments would be.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 5","pages":"290-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19207736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Diagnosis of chronic alcohol abuse in intoxicated drivers: carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in combination with other parameters].","authors":"R Jaster,&nbsp;R Wegener","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 109 drunken male drivers from the area of Rostock the marker of alcohol abuse CDT was superior to the established laboratory parametres gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) and mean cell volume (MCV) concerning the diagnostic efficiency. The prerequisite for the high diagnostic evidence of the CDT is the quantification of the minor band and the definition of standards of valuation by comparative studies with defined groups of probands (alcoholics, normal population). The combination of the 3 parametres CDT/GGT/MCV gave in 67% of the examined drunken drivers more or less strong hints at chronic alcohol abuse. The BAC of 1.6/1000 as a base for the decision to cause a medical-psychological examination (in case of \"poison-resistance\") turned out in this study to be an interchangeable, incomprehensible value. In about two thirds of the examined drunken drivers laboratory findings were pathological also in case of BAC below 1.6/1000. According to the experiences existing so far the parametres-combination CDT/GGT is unreservedly suitable as a screening procedure for the registration of potential or manifest alcoholics. Because the examinations may be performed from the usual blood samples for the BAC-detection these laboratory parametres really offer themselves for questions of traffic medicine. Further investigations are necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 5","pages":"257-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19207734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}