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[The Netherlands Alcohol-Traffic Project]. [荷兰酒精交通项目]。
Blutalkohol Pub Date : 1993-07-01
I Sagel-Grande
{"title":"[The Netherlands Alcohol-Traffic Project].","authors":"I Sagel-Grande","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article a survey on the three Dutch Alcohol Courses is given, which are constructed as short information-projects. They all were first developed in Assen, but meanwhile one of them is in use everywhere in the Netherlands. While these courses are rather efficient in increasing knowledge and influencing attitudes of people, they are less successful in preventing recidivism. Nevertheless these courses are important supplements to the penal sanctions we use traditionally as they strengthen an integrated penal system that fits with modern democratic principles.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 4","pages":"209-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19358492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Postmortem blood alcohol concentration. 死后血液酒精浓度
Blutalkohol Pub Date : 1993-07-01
S Felby, E Nielsen
{"title":"Postmortem blood alcohol concentration.","authors":"S Felby,&nbsp;E Nielsen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relation between the blood alcohol concentration and the vitreous humor alcohol concentration, blood propanol-1 concentration, and the signs of putrefaction of the body was described by a multiple regression equation. The calculations showed that the blood alcohol concentration increased 0.79/1000 when the vitreous humor alcohol concentration increased 1.00/1000, and that a blood propanol-1 content and signs of putrefaction had a significant influence on the postmortem ethanol concentration. The postmortem blood alcohol concentration increased 0.01/1000 in mean when the blood propanol-1 concentration increased 1 mg/kg, and increased 0.05/1000 when the body showed sign of putrefaction. The variance of the blood alcohol concentration between blood within the same body was independent of the ethanol concentration level. The pooled standard deviation was 0.05/1000.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 4","pages":"244-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19358497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Plasma levomethadone level and concomitant use of sedatives in a methadone test program]. [血浆左旋美沙酮水平和美沙酮试验方案中镇静剂的同时使用]。
Blutalkohol Pub Date : 1993-07-01
M Staak, H Käferstein, B Schumacher, G Sticht, R Iffland
{"title":"[Plasma levomethadone level and concomitant use of sedatives in a methadone test program].","authors":"M Staak,&nbsp;H Käferstein,&nbsp;B Schumacher,&nbsp;G Sticht,&nbsp;R Iffland","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treatment of heroin addicts with levomethadone as an alternative to the clinically performed withdrawal gains in significance more and more. Just for that reason accompanying scientific programs guided along criterions of therapy research are essential. Results of an evaluation which is to be regarded as preliminary showed no correlation between methadone plasma levels and dosage. Additional consumption of opiates, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines was observed to a high degree. The efficiency of methadone treatment is to be valued only under consideration of criterions of admission to the program as for instance a drug abuse of many years or multiple unsuccessful treatments by withdrawal.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 4","pages":"232-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19358495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
["Alco Screen"--a reliable method for determining blood alcohol concentration by saliva alcohol concentration?]. [“Alco筛”——通过唾液酒精浓度测定血液酒精浓度的可靠方法?]。
Blutalkohol Pub Date : 1993-07-01
F U Lutz, S Fröhlich, J Reuhl
{"title":"[\"Alco Screen\"--a reliable method for determining blood alcohol concentration by saliva alcohol concentration?].","authors":"F U Lutz,&nbsp;S Fröhlich,&nbsp;J Reuhl","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>About two years ago pharmacies in the Federal Republic of Germany began to offer motorists test sticks named \"Alco Screen\" in order to evaluate the concentration of alcohol in the saliva. According to the producers it should be a quick and simple method giving a high correlation between the alcohol level both in blood and saliva. As advertised, a drunken driver could estimate his own extend of alcohol impairment by himself. We checked the reliability of this method by comparing the alcohol level in the blood with the extend of colour change of the sticks in 20 adult volunteers engaged in drinking tests. 85% of them demonstrated distinct discrepancies. In most cases the saliva concentration estimated was too low. Those, depending on the result of this test kit, take a high risk of being misled and can probably assume sobriety in contrast to their actual state. A warning concerning this test is necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 4","pages":"240-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19358496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Experience with electronic breath test devices in the realm of forensic expert assessment]. [在法医专家评估领域使用电子呼气测试设备的经验]。
Blutalkohol Pub Date : 1993-07-01
N Bilzer, O Grüner
{"title":"[Experience with electronic breath test devices in the realm of forensic expert assessment].","authors":"N Bilzer,&nbsp;O Grüner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From january 1990 till may 1992 4,949 cases of BEC-values were compared with BAC-values. A relatively good correspondence turned out between the BEC- and BAC-values in most of the cases, nevertheless in some cases extremely high deviations showed up. Therefore the BEC-values cannot be taken for a sure evidence using the BEC-devices. A reliable inference from BEC-values to the unability of driving or criminal responsibility is not possible at the moment, if the administration of justice wants to keep to the principle \"in dubio pro reo\" further on.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 4","pages":"225-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19358494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Criminal prosecution of drunk driving in the former Czechoslovakia and in the Czech Republic and Slovakia]. [前捷克斯洛伐克、捷克共和国和斯洛伐克对酒驾的刑事起诉]。
Blutalkohol Pub Date : 1993-07-01
P Sílhavecký
{"title":"[Criminal prosecution of drunk driving in the former Czechoslovakia and in the Czech Republic and Slovakia].","authors":"P Sílhavecký","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the successor states of former Czechoslovakia, the law enforces the principle of 0.0% alcohol content in blood while operating a motorized vehicle. Those persons who break this law can be punished according to either section 201 StGB \"Jeopardizing others while under the influence of addictive substances\" or section 201 a StGB which regulates \"drunk driving\" instances. Various sanctions can also be imposed: 1) imprisonment; 2) confiscation of driver's license; 3) monetary fine. Within the judicial framework, driving while intoxicated, 0.1% alcohol content in blood, is absolutely forbidden, and in some cases, an alcohol content of 0.08% is sufficient to place the suspect under the same laws regulating 0.1% category. The alcohol content in the blood is usually determined by means of a blood or urine test.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 4","pages":"220-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19358493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Reporting and evaluation and a blood alcohol laboratory--automated by using a new databank system]. [报告和评估以及血液酒精实验室——通过使用新的数据库系统实现自动化]。
Blutalkohol Pub Date : 1993-05-01
H Bratzke, D Mebs, K Schmidt, F Köster, H Freier
{"title":"[Reporting and evaluation and a blood alcohol laboratory--automated by using a new databank system].","authors":"H Bratzke,&nbsp;D Mebs,&nbsp;K Schmidt,&nbsp;F Köster,&nbsp;H Freier","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For the processing and evaluation of a large number of data obtained in the course of blood alcohol determination the use of computerized systems is essential. By applying the software Skylight a data management program was developed under Windows. After entering the case data (name of the person involved, type of offence, time of accident and of blood sampling etc.) and BAC-values the evaluation of the data is automatically performed, e.g. calculation of the mean value, BACs at the time of event (minimum and maximum value). The user is guided by screen menus, which facilitate the entry of data. Reports are created by using predesigned formats retrieved from a report file. The data base system is installed on a local network. Access is permitted by password only to guarantee optimal security of the data.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 3","pages":"178-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19304825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Duration of absorption in alcohol intake of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 g of alcohol per kg of body weight in 30 minutes]. [30分钟内每公斤体重摄入0.3、0.5和0.8克酒精的吸收持续时间]。
Blutalkohol Pub Date : 1993-05-01
B Kühnholz, H J Kaatsch, H Thomsen, D Nguyen
{"title":"[Duration of absorption in alcohol intake of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 g of alcohol per kg of body weight in 30 minutes].","authors":"B Kühnholz,&nbsp;H J Kaatsch,&nbsp;H Thomsen,&nbsp;D Nguyen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In expert opinion the time of absorption after ethanol consumption often must be estimated, because back calculation is not permitted during this period of possible ethanol absorption. HEIFER called this time \"waiting times\" in back calculation. He undertook an investigation of these \"waiting times\" in drinking experiments with different dosages and a drinking period of 60 minutes. The presented investigation dealt with the maximum \"waiting times\" after a shorter time of drinking. Within 30 minutes three groups, each amounting to 10 persons, were given 0,8, 0,5 and 0,3 g of ethanol per kg body weight. The results of these experiments showed that the maximum \"waiting times\" in back calculation after a drinking period of 30 minutes sometimes are longer than the \"waiting times\", calculated by HEIFER after a drinking period of 60 minutes.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 3","pages":"158-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19304823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Change in the drinking behavior in Central Switzerland over two decades]. [20年来瑞士中部饮酒行为的变化]。
Blutalkohol Pub Date : 1993-05-01
W Marty, W Bär
{"title":"[Change in the drinking behavior in Central Switzerland over two decades].","authors":"W Marty,&nbsp;W Bär","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Based on the medical recordings registered during blood sampling of drunken drivers of the years 1971 and 1989 the changes of drinking behaviour in Switzerland was examined. An increase of female drivers under the influence of alcohol was noted. The younger drivers under 30, which were the most represented in all the age groups, showed a decrease in the average blood alcohol value. Due to the facts, the most blood samples were taken by forensic physicians rather than private physicians a much better information was gained concerning the substances drunken and the times of drinking. The evaluation of final drinking hours, critical incidents and time of blood sampling showed a tendency to post-midnight hours.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 3","pages":"166-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19304824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Determination of limit values for "safe driving" in street traffic with reference to centrally active drugs from the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic viewpoint]. [从药代动力学和药效学角度确定集中活性药物在道路交通中“安全驾驶”的极限值]。
Blutalkohol Pub Date : 1993-05-01
H Schütz, G Weiler
{"title":"[Determination of limit values for \"safe driving\" in street traffic with reference to centrally active drugs from the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic viewpoint].","authors":"H Schütz,&nbsp;G Weiler","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When establishing threshold values for \"driving under the influence of centrally acting compounds\" it must be considered that many parameters have an important influence on the pharmacokinetic properties (e.g. volume of distribution, the elimination half-life, and the drug concentration in body fluids) and the pharmacodynamic action (e.g. impairment of skills related to driving). This article describes these inter-and intraindividual parameters from the pharmacokinetic (influence of body weight, age, gender, genetics, diseases, other compounds as ethanol and antacids, enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, first-pass effects, pharmacokinetic interaction, chronopharmacokinetics, mode of application) and pharmacodynamic (tolerance, pharmacodynamic interaction, pharmacogenetic, chronopharmacodynamic, pathological alterations) point of view. The large variabilities clearly indicate, that preliminary threshold values should be chosen high enough to prevent prejudice of traffic participants. A \"consensus value\" could be established and continuously monitored by a commission. Beside this the high relevance of valid analytical investigations must be regarded.</p>","PeriodicalId":77045,"journal":{"name":"Blutalkohol","volume":"30 3","pages":"137-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19304822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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