American Journal of Biomedical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Approach for Classification of Underactuated Mechanism in Myoelectric Hand","authors":"M. Mariappan, S. M. M. Jan, M. Iftikhar","doi":"10.5923/J.AJBE.20110101.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJBE.20110101.06","url":null,"abstract":"Concept of underactuation makes it possible to create such robotic hands that automatically adapt to the shape of the grasped object without using a complex control system or a large number of actuators. In underactuated hand prostheses, depending upon control strategy used, one can get more and more degree of freedoms (DOFs) to make its prosthetic device more versatile and easy to control. In spite of all the great work done by the researchers on underactuated prosthetic hands, no one has given any relationship between the number of motors (or actuators) and the number of degree of freedoms (DOFs). This novel concept named as “Coefficient of UAM” (CoUAM) is “the ratio between numbers of motors to the number of DOFs”. By reviewing various known studies, CoUAM of randomly selected prosthetic hands is calculated separately and analyzed merits/demerits, cost, weight, appearance, ease of controllability and their functionality to make this approach more objective and useful for the future researchers. Hence target of this paper is to assess a Coefficient of UAM (CoUAM) of different types of prostheses available and then classify them into red, green and yellow zones.","PeriodicalId":7620,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"62 1","pages":"35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89069593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiofrequency Ablation Versus High-Frequency Ablation In-Vivo Comparison","authors":"A. Rouane, P. Bru, D. Kourtiche","doi":"10.5923/J.AJBE.20120203.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJBE.20120203.05","url":null,"abstract":"The high frequency (HF) intracardiac ablation has shown its ability to obtain atrioventricular blocks (AVB) with relatively low power. In this paper, the equipment used in High Frequency (HF) ablation technique is described. The frequency used is from 500 kHz to 1 MHz in the case of Radiofrequency (RF) technique and 27.12 MHz for HF technique. Ablation under the same conditions using the Nakagawa protocol was done. Quantitative comparison of the two methods shows efficiency of the HF technique. The results obtained in this study show that the HF technique produces lesions wider and deeper than that obtained with RF technique. Thus, HF technique is more appropriate for cardiac ablations in the ventricle. The results also showed that HF technique provides linear lesions thus delimiting the necrotic tissue from healthy tissue. With the RF technical, dimensions of the obtained lesion are (9x7x5) mm 3 for 270 joules applied power. With the same energy, the dimensions of lesion are (10x9x5) mm 3 for the HF Technique.","PeriodicalId":7620,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"318 1","pages":"120-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75089455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marginal Adaptation of Nanofilled, Packable and Hybrid Dental Composite Resins Stored in Artificial Saliva","authors":"M. El-Nawawy, Lubna Koraitim, O. Abouelatta, Hanan Hegazi","doi":"10.5923/J.AJBE.20120203.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJBE.20120203.03","url":null,"abstract":"Resin based composites are possibly the most universal material available in dentistry as they are used in a huge variety of clinical applications, ranging from filling material, luting agent, indirect restorations and metal facing for endodontic posts and cores. The growth of bacteria on the composite resin surfaces, secondary caries and pulp damage or marginal imperfections may occur at the site of gap formation. In this study, marginal adaptation of three composites were measured and compared. A total of sixty human mandibular first molars were used. The teeth were divided into three main groups (20 teeth each) according to the composite resins that were used. In group I, Surefil (packable composite) was used as the restorative material. In group II, Esthet-X-improved (nanofilled composite) was used, while in group III Glacier (hybrid composite) was used. Each group was subdivided into four subgroups (five teeth each) according to the storage intervals (24 hours, one week, two weeks, and three weeks). In each group, occlusomesial cavities were prepared with diamond burs and restored with the composite, according to manufacturer's instructions. In all specimens, composite was applied to the cavity using incremental technique. All the restored teeth were subjected to in vitro thermal cycling and mechanical loading simulating a total of six months in vivo function. Marginal adaptation was evaluated using Measurescope-10 and the results were confirmed with scanning electron microscope. These specimens were dried, sputter coated with gold-palladium and then photographed with SEM at 1500x. A highly significant difference in marginal adaptation was found between the used composites. After specimen storage in artificial saliva, there was a gradual improvement in the marginal adaptability of the specimens. It can be concluded that the marginal adaptation of the nanofilled composite was the best when compared to the other composites.","PeriodicalId":7620,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"98 1","pages":"105-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85333104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates","authors":"S. Dorozhkin","doi":"10.1007/978-981-10-5975-9_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5975-9_9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7620,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"75 1","pages":"355-448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86113865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of the Flow within Scaffolds in Perfusion Bioreactors","authors":"Xin Yan, Xiongbiao Chen, D. Bergstrom","doi":"10.5923/J.AJBE.20110102.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJBE.20110102.13","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue engineering aims to produce artificial organs and tissues for transplant treatments, in which cultivating cells on scaffolds in bioreactors is of critical importance. To control the cultivating process, the knowledge of the fluid flow inside and around a scaffold in the bioreactor is essential. However, due to the complicated microstructure of a scaffold, it is difficult, or even impossible, to gain such knowledge experimentally. In contrast, numerical methods employing computa- tional fluid dynamics (CFD) have proven promising to alleviate the problem. In this research the fluid flow in perfusion bioreactors is studied with numerical methods. The emphasis is on investigating the effect of the controllable parameters in both the scaffold fabrication (i.e., the diameter of scaffold strand and the distance between two strands) and cell culture process (i.e., the flow rate) on the distribution of shear stress within the scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor. The knowledge obtained in this study will allow for improved control strategies in scaffold fabrication and cell culturing experiments.","PeriodicalId":7620,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"65 1","pages":"72-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73910812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Condensation Reaction for Grafting of Polyethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether on Poly(Methacrylic Acid-co-Methyl Methacrylate) for Application in Biomedical Engineering","authors":"A. Shirazi, M. Imani, Shahriar Sharifi","doi":"10.5923/J.AJBE.20110101.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJBE.20110101.03","url":null,"abstract":"Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity evaluation of copolymers based on polyethylene glycol monmethyl ether-g-poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) are reported via a polymeric precursor method. Grafting was ac- complished based on direct condensation reaction in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as an esterifica- tion-promoting agent catalyzed by dimethylamino pyridine. Polyethylene glycol grafted copolymers were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques; in addition, their biocompatibility was studied. Manifestation of bands assigned to the ester functional groups in Fourier transform infrared spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance was employed for structural characterization of the grafted copolymers. Performance of grafting reaction was guaranteed by determination of grafting efficacy. Cytotoxicity evaluations of the grafted copolymer using L929 fibroblast cell line elucidated acceptable biocom- patibility profile; consequently, the applicability of the copolymers is confirmed for biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":7620,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"15 1","pages":"13-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86005501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Cerebral Infarct Signal Intensity on Diffusion-Weighted MR Images Using Frequency Domain Techniques","authors":"S. S. Shanbhag, G. R. Udupi, K. M. Patil, K. Ranganath","doi":"10.5923/J.AJBE.20120203.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJBE.20120203.06","url":null,"abstract":"Early and accurate diagnosis of cerebral infarction plays a vital role in the implementation of successful treatment and thereby improving the quality of life. Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DW-MRI) is a highly sensitive tool for the detection of early changes in the water diffusion that characterizes various brain pathologies, largely, cerebral infarctions. Studies were performed on a set of Diffusion Weighted (DW) images of the human brain (in the axial plane) to find the relationship between the light intensity High Frequency Power (HFP) values and the time course of cerebral infarction, and to present evidence in defining the stages of cerebral infarction. Analysis of the results show that the difference in the light intensity HFP values on the DW images for the subjects with cerebral infarction compared to their contralateral normal hemisphere, were highly significant (p < 0.01) in the areas of the brain, where there was a high incidence of infarction. The relative increase in the light intensity HFP values (RHFP) for the subjects with cerebral infarc- tion were in the range of (153.06 - 1780.43) times compared to their corresponding HFP values on the contralateral normal hemisphere. The observed RHFP values increased progressively with time and were at the peak for the examinations be- tween 1 to 4 days and thereafter reduced to reach the minimum after 15 days. There was a negative correlation (r = - 0.74) observed between the RHFP values and the time stage of cerebral infarction. The evolution of the RHFP values observed subsequent to infarction is suggestive that they can be supportive in understanding the developmental stages of infarction and can be helpful in predicting the stage of infarction. The quantitative changes in the light intensity HFP values can be assessed to derive information about the early changes taking place in the brain tissue. Further their adoption in clinical diagnosis and treatment of cerebral infarction could be helpful and informative. In conclusion, the proposed method could positively assist the neuro-surgeons for speedy diagnosis and execution of treatment to protect the subjects from additional damage to their brain tissue.","PeriodicalId":7620,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"147 1","pages":"124-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86650196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Neural Networks in Diagnosis of Valve Physiological Heart Disease from Heart Sounds","authors":"O. Mokhlessi, H. M. Rad, N. Mehrshad, A. Mokhlessi","doi":"10.5923/J.AJBE.20110101.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJBE.20110101.05","url":null,"abstract":"Classification of the sound heart into different valve-physiological heart disease categories is a complex pattern recognition task. In this paper application of various types of neural networks are introduced for diagnosing heart disease). At first a method is described for extracting useful features from the sound hearts and then a simple algorithm is introduced for heart sounds recognition. In fact, feature vectors are formed based on a wavelet decomposition of the sounds. The heart sound diseases are classified into normal heart sound and the other six valve physiological heart categories. Different types of artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used for this purpose. Those are Multilayer perceptron (MLP) with back propagation training algorithm, Elman Neural Network (ENN) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) Network. Expensive experimental results show an average recognition score of 81.25% to 96.42%.","PeriodicalId":7620,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"26-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89593980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feature Selection and Classification of Breast Cancer on Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using ANN and SVM","authors":"Farzaneh Keyvanfard, M. A. Shoorehdeli, M. Teshnehlab","doi":"10.5923/J.AJBE.20110101.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJBE.20110101.04","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a powerful diagnostic tool for breast cancer detection due to its high sensitivity and has established a role where findings from conventional mammography techniques are equivocal[1]. In the clinical setting, the ANN has been widely applied in breast cancer diagnosis using a subjective impression of different features based on defined criteria. In this study, feature selection and classification methods based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are applied to classify breast cancer on dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The database including benign and malignant lesions is specified to select the features and classify with proposed methods. It was collected from 2004 to 2006. A forward selection method is applied to find the best features for classification. Moreover, several neural networks classifiers like MLP, PNN, GRNN and RBF has been presented on a total of 112 histopathologically verified breast lesions to classify into benign and malignant groups. Also support vector machine have been considered as classifiers. Training and recalling classifiers are obtained with considering four-fold cross validation.","PeriodicalId":7620,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"20-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76811559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Carbides to Co 5 and Co 13 Metallofullerenes: First-Principles Study and Design","authors":"A. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.5923/J.AJBE.20120201.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJBE.20120201.05","url":null,"abstract":"Trigonal-bipyramidal Co5 and icosahedral Co13 magnetic clusters were investigated in various organic environments by the first principle calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT). Adjacent carbon atoms decreased the total spin magnetic moment of the metallic clusters, such that Co5C5 and C13C12 carbides demonstrated 23.1 and 22.6 %, as well as Co5@C60 and Co13@C80 endohedral matallofullerenes showed 80.5 and 87.1 % of magnetic activities of pure cobalt clusters, respectively. As a result of increasing the number of carbon atoms on the surface, reduction of magnetism and saturation of suppression of magnetic activity was clearly shown in the case of Co13Cn carbide particles. An asymmetric impact of carbon atoms on magnetism of cobalt clusters was revealed and the screen effect depending on the size of fullerenes was described. The endohedral fullerene Co5@C80 demonstrated improved characteristics, such as 90.6 % remaining magnetic activity of pure Co5 cluster, highest magnetic moment at 2.39 µB/Co-atom, and a size of 8.5 A. Since a variety of materials can be nanosized, the scope and limitations of an ab initio approach for scaling design is discussed.","PeriodicalId":7620,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"32-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76614051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}