Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research最新文献

{"title":"Prediction Model for Annual Variation in Total Pollen by Allergenic Trees in Korean Cities.","authors":"Kyu Rang Kim, Mae Ja Han, Young Jong Han, Yong Hee Lee, Jae-Won Oh","doi":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.109","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Pollen forecasting systems can provide information for coping with respiratory allergies. They estimate daily pollen production, dispersal, deposition, and removal based on daily weather conditions to predict daily pollen concentrations and provide allergy warnings. As of 2023, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) provides 2-day forecast of allergenic pollens. However, unlike these models, long-term analysis of annual observations of tree pollen reveal annual variations. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop annual prediction models for allergenic tree pollens based on long-term multi-site pollen and meteorological data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Daily pollen concentrations were observed using Hirst-type volumetric spore traps at nine sites in Korea from 1998 to 2021, and daily weather data from the closest KMA stations were utilized. Models were developed to predict the seasonal pollen integral of seven tree species based on monthly mean temperature, wind speed, and total precipitation using three variable selection methods: 1) the <i>t</i>-test based key variable screening followed by linear regression with stepwise procedure (TM), 2) direct linear regression with stepwise procedure from the full variable model (FM), and 3) LASSO regression from the full variable model (LM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data obtained during 1998-2017 and 2018=2021 were utilized for model development and validation, respectively. The root mean squared error, mean absolute error, mean error, and coefficient of determination (R²) revealed that the TM models were best suited for actual forecasting, even though R² in the TM model was lower than those of the FM and LM models.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The annual variation model in this study can be integrated with the daily pollen forecast model by controlling the annual pollen potential, and the accuracy of the daily forecast can be improved accordingly.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"109-122"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139541402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The KAAACI Guidelines for Sublingual Immunotherapy.","authors":"Jin-Young Min, Hye Mi Jee, Hwa Young Lee, Sung-Yoon Kang, Kyunghoon Kim, Ju Hee Kim, Kyung Hee Park, So-Young Park, Myongsoon Sung, Youngsoo Lee, Eun-Ae Yang, Gwanghui Ryu, Eun Kyo Ha, Sang Min Lee, Yong Won Lee, Eun Hee Chung, Sun Hee Choi, Young-Il Koh, Seon Tae Kim, Dong-Ho Nahm, Jung Won Park, Jung Yeon Shim, Young Min An, Man Yong Han, Jeong-Hee Choi, Yoo Seob Shin, Doo Hee Han","doi":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.9","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allergen immunotherapy is regarded as the only disease-modifying treatment option for various allergic conditions, including allergic rhinitis and asthma. Among the routes of administration of allergens, sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has gained clinical interest recently, and the prescription of SLIT is increasing among patients with allergies. After 30 years of SLIT use, numerous pieces of evidence supporting its efficacy, safety, and mechanism allows SLIT to be considered as an alternative option to subcutaneous immunotherapy. Based on the progressive development of SLIT, the current guideline from the Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology aims to provide an expert opinion by allergy, pediatrics, and otorhinolaryngology specialists with an extensive literature review. This guideline addresses the use of SLIT, including 1) mechanisms of action, 2) appropriate patient selection for SLIT, 3) the currently available SLIT products in Korea, and 4) updated information on its efficacy and safety. This guideline will facilitate a better understanding of practical considerations for SLIT.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"9-21"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139540860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sputum Transcriptomics Reveals FCN1+ Macrophage Activation in Mild Eosinophilic Asthma Compared to Non-Asthmatic Eosinophilic Bronchitis.","authors":"Wenzhi Zhan, Wei Luo, Yulong Zhang, Keheng Xiang, Xiaomei Chen, Shuirong Shen, Chuqing Huang, Tingting Xu, Wenbin Ding, Yuehan Chen, Mingtong Lin, Xinghua Pan, Kefang Lai","doi":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.55","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.55","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Eosinophilic asthma (EA) and non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (EB) share similar eosinophilic airway inflammation. Unlike EA, EB did not present airway hyperresponsiveness or airflow obstruction. We aimed to compare the mechanism underlying the different manifestations between EA and EB via sputum transcriptomics analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Induced-sputum cells from newly physician-diagnosed EA, EB patients, and healthy controls (HCs) were collected for RNA sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bulk RNA sequencing was performed using sputum cells from patients with EA (n = 18), EB (n = 15) and HCs (n = 28). Principal component analysis revealed similar gene expression patterns in EA and EB. The most differentially expressed genes in EB compared with HC were also shared by EA, including IL4, IL5 IL13, CLC, CPA3, and DNASE1L3. However, gene set enrichment analysis showed that the signatures regulating macrophage activation were enriched in EA compared to EB. Sputum cells were profiled using single-cell RNA sequencing. FABP4+ macrophages, SPP1+ macrophages, FCN1+ macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, mast cells, and epithelial cells were identified based on gene expression profiling. Analysis of cell-cell communication revealed that interactions between FCN1+ macrophages and other cells were higher in EA than in EB. A wealth of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) interactions between FCN1+ macrophages and other cells have been shown in EA. The gene expression levels of EREG, TGFBI, and VEGFA in FCN1+ macrophages of EA were significantly higher than those of EB. Furthermore, signatures associated with the response to TGF-β, cellular response to VEGF stimulus and developmental cell growth were enriched in FCN1+ macrophages of EA compared to those of EB.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FCN1+ macrophage activation associated with airway remodeling processes was upregulated in EA compared to that in EB, which may contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow obstruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"55-70"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139541406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Artificial Intelligence-Based Technology to Diagnose Asthma Using Methacholine Challenge Tests.","authors":"Noeul Kang, KyungHyun Lee, Sangwon Byun, Jin-Young Lee, Dong-Chull Choi, Byung-Jae Lee","doi":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.42","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.42","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The methacholine challenge test (MCT) has high sensitivity but relatively low specificity for asthma diagnosis. This study aimed to develop and validate machine learning (ML) models to improve the diagnostic performance of MCT for asthma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 1,501 patients with asthma symptoms who underwent MCT between 2015 and 2020 were analyzed. The patients were grouped as either the training (80%, n = 1,265) and test sets (20%, n = 236) depending on the time of referral. The conventional model (provocative concentration that causes a 20% decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV₁]; PC₂₀ ≤ 16 mg/mL) was compared with the prediction models derived from five ML methods: logistic regression, support vector machine, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, and artificial neural network. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AUROC) and area under the precision-recall curves (AUPRC) of each model were compared. The prediction models were further analyzed using different input combinations of FEV₁, forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow at 25%-75% of forced vital capacity (FEF_25%-75%) values obtained during MCT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 545 patients (36.3%) were diagnosed with asthma. The AUROC of the conventional model was 0.856 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.852-0.861), and the AUPRC was 0.759 (95% CI, 0.751-0.766). All the five ML prediction models had higher AUROC and AUPRC values than those of the conventional model, and random forest showed both highest AUROC (0.950; 95% CI, 0.948-0.952) and AUROC (0.909; 95% CI, 0.905-0.914) when FEV₁, FVC, and FEF_25%-75% were included as inputs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Artificial intelligence-based models showed excellent performance in asthma prediction compared to using PC₂₀ ≤ 16 mg/mL. The novel technology could be used to enhance the clinical diagnosis of asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"42-54"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139541475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ST2-Mediated Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation: A Therapeutic Target for Patients With Uncontrolled Asthma.","authors":"Quang Luu Quoc, Thi Bich Tra Cao, Jae-Hyuk Jang, Yoo Seob Shin, Youngwoo Choi, Hae-Sim Park","doi":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.22","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) has been proposed as the receptor contributing to neutrophilic inflammation in patients with type 2-low asthma. However, the exact role of ST2 in neutrophil activation remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 105 asthmatic patients (classified into 3 groups according to control status: the controlled asthma [CA], partly-controlled asthma [PA], and uncontrolled asthma [UA] groups), and 104 healthy controls were enrolled to compare serum levels of soluble ST2 (sST2) and interleukin (IL)-33. Moreover, the functions of ST2 in neutrophils and macrophages (Mϕ) were evaluated <i>ex vivo</i> and <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum sST2 levels were significantly higher in the UA group than in the CA or PA groups (<i>P</i> < 0.05 for all) with a negative correlation between serum sST2 and forced expiratory volume in 1 second % (<i>r</i> = -0.203, <i>P</i> = 0.038). Significantly higher expression of ST2 receptors on peripheral neutrophils was noted in the UA group than in the PA or CA groups. IL-33 exerted its effects on the production of reactive oxygen species, the formation of extracellular traps from neutrophils, and Mϕ polarization/activation. In neutrophilic asthmatic mice, treatment with anti-ST2 antibody significantly suppressed proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-17A) as well as the numbers of immune cells (neutrophils, Mϕ, and group 3 innate lymphoid cells) in the lungs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that IL-33 induces the activation of neutrophils and Mϕ via ST2 receptors, leading to neutrophilic airway inflammation and poor control status of asthma. ST2 could be a therapeutic target for neutrophilic airway inflammation in patients with UA.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"22-41"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139541480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next-Generation Therapeutic Approaches for Uncontrolled Asthma: Insights Into the Heterogeneity of Non-Type 2 Inflammation.","authors":"So Ri Kim","doi":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.1","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823145/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139541472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LincR-PPP2R5C Promotes Th2 Cell Differentiation Through PPP2R5C/PP2A by Forming an RNA-DNA Triplex in Allergic Asthma.","authors":"Ningfei Ji, Zhongqi Chen, Zhengxia Wang, Wei Sun, Qi Yuan, Xijie Zhang, Xinyu Jia, Jingjing Wu, Jingxian Jiang, Meijuan Song, Tingting Xu, Yanan Liu, Qiyun Ma, Zhixiao Sun, Yanmin Bao, Mingshun Zhang, Mao Huang","doi":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.71","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.71","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The roles and mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in T helper 2 (Th2) differentiation from allergic asthma are poorly understood. We aimed to explore a novel lncRNA, LincR-protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B' gamma (PPP2R5C), in Th2 differentiation in a mouse model of asthma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>LincR-PPP2R5C from RNA-seq data of CD4⁺ T cells of asthma-like mice were validated and confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, northern blotting, nuclear and cytoplasmic separation, and fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (FISH). Lentiviruses encoding LincR-PPP2R5C or shRNA were used to overexpress or silence LincR-PPP2R5C in CD4⁺ T cells. The interactions between LincR-PPP2R5C and PPP2R5C were explored with western blotting, chromatin isolation by RNA purification assay, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. An ovalbumin-induced acute asthma model in knockout (KO) mice (LincR-PPP2R5C KO, CD4 conditional LincR-PPP2R5C KO) was established to explore the roles of LincR-PPP2R5C in Th2 differentiation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LncR-PPP2R5C was significantly higher in CD4⁺ T cells from asthmatic mice <i>ex vivo</i> and Th2 cells <i>in vitro</i>. The lentivirus encoding LincR-PPP2R5C suppressed Th1 differentiation; in contrast, the short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus decreased LincR-PPP2R5C and Th2 differentiation. Mechanistically, LincR-PPP2R5C deficiency suppressed the phosphatase activity of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) holocomplex, resulting in a decline in Th2 differentiation. The formation of an RNA-DNA triplex between LincR-PPP2R5C and the PPP2R5C promoter enhanced PPP2R5C expression and activated PP2A. LincR-PPP2R5C KO and CD4 conditional KO decreased Th2 differentiation, airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LincR-PPP2R5C regulated PPP2R5C expression and PP2A activity by forming an RNA-DNA triplex with the PPP2R5C promoter, leading to Th2 polarization in a mouse model of acute asthma. Our data presented the first definitive evidence of lncRNAs in the regulation of Th2 cells in asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"71-90"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823138/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139541467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considerations for Developing Diagnostic Artificial Intelligence: Towards Real-World Application of an Asthma Detection Model.","authors":"Taeyoung Kim, Myung Jin Chung","doi":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.6","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2024.16.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"6-8"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139541463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epithelial Barrier Theory: The Role of Exposome, Microbiome, and Barrier Function in Allergic Diseases.","authors":"Purevsuren Losol, Milena Sokolowska, Yu-Kyoung Hwang, Ismail Ogulur, Yasutaka Mitamura, Duygu Yazici, Yagiz Pat, Urszula Radzikowska, Sena Ardicli, Jeong-Eun Yoon, Jun-Pyo Choi, Sae-Hoon Kim, Willem van de Veen, Mübeccel Akdis, Yoon-Seok Chang, Cezmi A Akdis","doi":"10.4168/aair.2023.15.6.705","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2023.15.6.705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allergic diseases are a major public health problem with increasing prevalence. These immune-mediated diseases are characterized by defective epithelial barriers, which are explained by the epithelial barrier theory and continuously emerging evidence. Environmental exposures (exposome) including global warming, changes and loss of biodiversity, pollution, pathogens, allergens and mites, laundry and dishwasher detergents, surfactants, shampoos, body cleaners and household cleaners, microplastics, nanoparticles, toothpaste, enzymes and emulsifiers in processed foods, and dietary habits are responsible for the mucosal and skin barrier disruption. Exposure to barrier-damaging agents causes epithelial cell injury and barrier damage, colonization of opportunistic pathogens, loss of commensal bacteria, decreased microbiota diversity, bacterial translocation, allergic sensitization, and inflammation in the periepithelial area. Here, we review scientific evidence on the environmental components that impact epithelial barriers and microbiome composition and their influence on asthma and allergic diseases. We also discuss the historical overview of allergic diseases and the evolution of the hygiene hypothesis with theoretical evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"15 6","pages":"705-724"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10643858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92152261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KAAACI Guidelines for Allergen Immunotherapy.","authors":"Hwa Young Lee, Sang Min Lee, Sung-Yoon Kang, Kyunghoon Kim, Ju Hee Kim, Gwanghui Ryu, Jin-Young Min, Kyung Hee Park, So-Young Park, Myongsoon Sung, Youngsoo Lee, Eun-Ae Yang, Hye Mi Jee, Eun Kyo Ha, Yoo Seob Shin, Eun Hee Chung, Sun Hee Choi, Young-Il Koh, Seon Tae Kim, Dong-Ho Nahm, Jung Won Park, Jung Yeon Shim, Young Min An, Doo Hee Han, Man Yong Han, Yong Won Lee, Jeong-Hee Choi","doi":"10.4168/aair.2023.15.6.725","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2023.15.6.725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a causative treatment for various allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, and bee venom allergy that induces tolerance to offending allergens. The need for uniform practice guidelines in AIT is continuously growing because of the increasing discovery of potential candidates for AIT and evolving interest in new therapeutic approaches. This guideline is an updated version of the Korean Academy of Asthma Allergy and Clinical Immunology recommendations for AIT published in 2010. This updated guideline proposes an expert opinion by allergy, pediatrics, and otorhinolaryngology specialists with an extensive literature review. The guideline deals with basic knowledge and methodological aspects of AIT, including mechanisms, clinical efficacy, patient selection, allergens extract selection, schedule and doses, management of adverse reactions, efficacy measurements, and special consideration in pediatrics. The guidelines for sublingual immunotherapy will be covered in detail in a separate article.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"15 6","pages":"725-756"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10643862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92152263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}