Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research最新文献

{"title":"Risk Factors for COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine-Associated Exacerbations in Patients With Obstructive Airway Diseases: REsearch for Asthma and COPD ExacerbaTION Caused by COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination (REACTION Study).","authors":"Tatsuro Suzuki, Yoshihiro Kanemitsu, Naoya Sugimoto, Katsunori Masaki, Taisuke Akamatsu, Hiroaki Tsurumaki, Suguru Majima, Keima Ito, Toshiyuki Iwata, Hideyasu Shimizu, Hisashi Wakayama, Yuki Amakusa, Yuta Koizumi, Yuta Mori, Kensuke Fukumitsu, Satoshi Fukuda, Takehiro Uemura, Tomoko Tajiri, Hirotsugu Ohkubo, Tetsuya Oguri, Takeshi Hisada, Toshihiro Shirai, Koichi Fukunaga, Hiroyuki Nagase, Akio Niimi","doi":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.362","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines have reduced the severity and mortality of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. However, several reports of asthma exacerbations following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination have raised safety concerns for patients with obstructive airway diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of mRNA vaccine-associated exacerbations and identify associated clinical factors among patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This multicenter historical cohort study enrolled 455 patients (387 with asthma, including 30 with COPD overlap and 68 with COPD) from 13 Japanese institutions between September 2022 and September 2024. Demographic data, pulmonary function, biomarkers, and questionnaire responses were collected. Exacerbation was defined as worsening of respiratory symptoms occurring within 1 week after vaccination. Independent risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with asthma had a higher COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-associated exacerbation rate than those with COPD (14.5% <i>vs.</i> 0%, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Among patients with asthma, exacerbations were more frequent after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination than after influenza vaccination (14.5% <i>vs.</i> 1.8%, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Younger age, atopic predisposition, lower fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels (< 25 ppb), and poor asthma control (asthma control test < 20 and/or frequent exacerbations ≥ 2/year) were identified as independent risk factors (all <i>P</i> < 0.05). Most exacerbations were mild, with no severe outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Poorly controlled atopic asthma in younger individuals was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-associated exacerbation. Despite this, the overall benefits of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination support its continued use, with an emphasis on optimizing asthma control beforehand in high-risk patients.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>UMIN Clinical Trials Registry Identifier: UMIN000049011.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"18 3","pages":"362-378"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13226873/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hen's Egg Allergy: Immunological Mechanisms, Epidemiology, and Predictors of Persistence in Childhood.","authors":"Ya An Tsai, Chen Yu Wang, Xiao-Ling Liu, Su Boon Yong, Jiu-Yao Wang","doi":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.339","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hen's egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies worldwide and has a significant impact on children's health. Hen's egg allergy is primarily immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reaction, and Gal d 1-5 are the most common allergens. Filaggrin mutations impair skin barrier function, promoting sensitization and persistent allergy. Family history, early atopic dermatitis, and limited microbial exposure can increase the risk of egg allergy. Additionally, there is a difference in the prevalence of hen's egg allergy between Eastern and Western countries. Egg allergy is closely linked to moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and follows the atopic march, with many children outgrowing it by school age; however, the early or persistent IgE sensitization increases the risk of asthma and rhinitis later in childhood. A high initial IgE level, large skin prick test wheals, multiple food allergy, severe eczema, Gal d 1 sensitization, filaggrin gene mutations, and epigenetic changes can be used to predict the risk of persistent egg allergy. Early introduction of allergenic foods, such as eggs, may safely reduce future allergy risk. Oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous immunotherapies offer desensitization options, but they rarely achieve long-term tolerance and raise safety concerns.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"18 3","pages":"339-350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13226868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting CD30L Alleviates Airway Remodeling via JNK/p38 MAPK Pathway in OVA-Induced Asthmatic Mice.","authors":"Changjuan Xu, Xiaofei Liu, Rong Zeng, Jintao Zhang, Yun Pan, Chenxiao Qiao, Pengfei Wang, Shuochuan Shi, Ying Wang, Xuemin Liu, Qian Qi, Mingxia Gao, Lili Zhi, Xueli Dong, Jianwen Fei, Liang Dong","doi":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.391","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Airway remodeling is a key pathological feature of asthma. The CD30 ligand (CD30L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily encoded by the <i>Tnfsf8</i> gene, has been linked to immune-inflammatory pathologies. Nevertheless, the role of CD30L in airway remodeling has not been elucidated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated CD30L expression and localization in lung specimens from asthma patients and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice. Subsequently, we established asthmatic mice with macrophage-specific <i>Tnfsf8</i> knockout or intranasal administration of recombinant CD30L protein, and analyzed airway pathology using multiple techniques. <i>In vitro</i>, an indirect co-culture system of macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells was employed to investigate the impact of CD30L on airway epithelial remodeling. The mechanisms of CD30L in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were explored using small interfering RNA targeting CD30 (the receptor for CD30L), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, and p38 inhibitor.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CD30L expression was upregulated in asthmatic lung tissues (human/mice) and colocalized with macrophage markers. <i>In vivo</i>, macrophage-specific <i>Tnfsf8</i> knockout attenuated extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during OVA-induced airway remodeling, whereas intranasal CD30L exacerbated these pathologies. Transcriptomic analysis of lung tissues revealed that CD30L regulated ECM deposition, cell adhesion, and epithelial cell migration. <i>In vitro</i> co-culture of macrophages with bronchial epithelial cells demonstrated that macrophage-specific CD30L silencing reversed remodeling-related proteins and EMT in bronchial epithelial cells. Furthermore, we found that CD30L significantly upregulated the JNK/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in HBE cells. Silencing CD30 in HBE cells alleviated CD30L-induced remodeling and EMT, accompanied by downregulation of the JNK/p38 MAPK pathway. Treatment with JNK inhibitor (SP600125) or p38 inhibitor (SB203580) reversed the CD30L-induced pathological effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CD30L critically regulates asthma airway remodeling via the JNK/p38 MAPK pathway, strongly suggesting its therapeutic potential as a target for airway remodeling in asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"18 3","pages":"391-416"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13226872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Role of Aspirin Challenge in NSAID-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease: A Prospective Single-Center Study in China.","authors":"Hao Xiao, Feng Xu, Li Zhang, Chuqi Shi, Jintao Du, Hui Yang, Claus Bachert, Juan Meng","doi":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.379","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Epidemiological data on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD) remain unknown in most countries, especially China. Moreover, aspirin challenge tests are not yet routinely used in clinical practice. To address these gaps, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the aspirin challenge in identifying N-ERD among Chinese patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), using the algorithm proposed by the latest European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology position paper.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with CRSwNP were evaluated through a standardized diagnostic protocol, including clinical history review, intranasal aspirin challenge (IAC), and, if IAC was negative, a subsequent oral aspirin challenge (OAC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 190 CRSwNP patients (49.5% with asthma), N-ERD was diagnosed in 61 (32.1%). Of these, 19 (10.0%) were diagnosed based on clinical history, while 42 (22.1%) were diagnosed by aspirin challenge. Among challenge-positive patients, 34 reacted to IAC and 8 to OAC. Of the 137 patients with negative IAC results, 129 were tested negative by a subsequent OAC, yielding a negative predictive value of 94.2% (129/137) for IAC in the diagnosis of N-ERD. Mild asthma exacerbations occurred in 3 of 171 patients (1.75%) during IAC, all of whom had moderate-to-severe asthma.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first study to report that 32.1% of Chinese CRSwNP patients were diagnosed with N-ERD when a full diagnostic protocol was applied, compared to 10.0% based on history alone. These findings emphasize the diagnostic value of aspirin challenge and support IAC as an initial tool in the evaluation of N-ERD in CRSwNP.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"18 3","pages":"379-390"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13226867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allergenic Characterization of Parvalbumin, Tric l 1, From Atlantic cutlassfish, <i>Trichiurus lepturus</i>.","authors":"Kyung Hee Park, Yoon Ji Shin, Yong Seok Lee, Minkyu Sang, Jung-Won Park, Kyoung Yong Jeong","doi":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.464","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.464","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"18 3","pages":"464-466"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13226861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Upadacitinib in Korean Patients With Atopic Dermatitis.","authors":"So Yun Park, Seok-Jae Heo, Ho Eun Gwag, Narang Hong, Hyung Don Kook, Hye Jung Jung, Mi Youn Park, Jiyoung Ahn","doi":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.440","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Upadacitinib is an oral selective Janus kinase (JAK) 1 inhibitor that has demonstrated high efficacy in clinical trials for patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). However, clinical trial settings may not always reflect real-world practice. This study aimed to assess the real-world efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in AD patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred fifteen AD patients treated with upadacitinib were retrospectively analyzed using medical records. Patients who received treatment for at least 16 weeks were included. In the moderate-to-severe AD group, efficacy was assessed by the proportion of patients achieving Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) 50, EASI 75, and EASI 90 at weeks 2 and 16 compared to baseline, whereas efficacy in the mild AD group was evaluated based on the reduction in patient-reported outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean EASI score significantly decreased after 16 weeks of upadacitinib treatment. At week 2, 67%, 35%, and 6% of moderate-to-severe AD patients achieved EASI 50, EASI 75 and EASI 90, respectively. At week 16, 88%, 71%, and 31% of moderate-to-severe AD patients achieved EASI 50, EASI 75 and EASI 90, respectively. Patient-reported outcome measures improved rapidly within 2 weeks and were sustained through week 16. The most common adverse event was acne, occurring in 35 patients (41.2%) with mild severity. No serious adverse events occurred.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Upadacitinib is effective and safe for AD patients in a real-world clinical setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"18 3","pages":"440-452"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13226863/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and Adherence of Combined Fluticasone Propionate and Azelastine Nasal Spray Versus Fluticasone Propionate Alone in Pediatric Allergic Rhinitis.","authors":"Figen Çelebi Çelik, Özlem Sancaklı, Özgen Soyöz, İdil Akay Hacı, Mehmet Şirin Kaya, Ayça Demir, Canan Ş Karkıner, Demet Can","doi":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.417","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) and their combination with intranasal antihistamines (INCS/INAH) are treatment options for patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Therefore, we aimed to prospectively compare these two different intranasal therapies regarding symptom scores, quality of life (QoL), and treatment adherence in adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included pediatric patients aged 12-18 years, diagnosed with moderate-to-severe AR. Patients' symptom severity at baseline and at the one- and two-month follow-ups was assessed using the Total Nasal Symptoms Score (TNSS); additionally, QoL and treatment adherence were measured via the Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ) and Medication Adherence Reporting Scale (MARS), respectively. These scores were compared between treatment groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 79 patients with moderate-to-severe AR. Thirty-five patients (44.3%) had concomitant allergic diseases, and 28 (35.4%) had asthma. INCS (fluticasone propionate) therapy was started in 41 patients (51.9%), and combination therapy (azelastine hydrochloride + fluticasone propionate [AzeFlu]) was started in 38 patients (48.1%). Treatment adherence (MARS) was higher in the AzeFlu group (<i>P</i> = 0.002; odds ratio, 5.111; 95% confidence interval, 1.776-14.711). A positive correlation was found between treatment adherence and parental education levels (<i>P</i> = 0.002, <i>r</i> = 0.373 for mothers; <i>P</i> = 0.004, <i>r</i> = 0.351 for fathers). TNSS and PRQLQ scores were improved in treatment adherence patients (<i>P</i> = 0.001, <i>P</i> = 0.047). There were no significantly differences in TNSS and PRQLQ scores between the treatment groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AzeFlu therapy may be preferred in patients with persistent symptoms and unresponsive to other treatments. Especially in adolescent children with persistent AR, AzeFlu should be considered as first-line treatment to increase treatment adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"18 3","pages":"417-427"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13226864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asthma Medication Adherence and Exacerbations in Pregnancy: Bridging the Gap Between Evidence and Practice.","authors":"Sun Young Paik, Sang-Heon Kim","doi":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.319","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.319","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"18 3","pages":"319-322"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13226865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Levels of Serum Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin in Patients With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.","authors":"Eun-Mi Yang, Hyun-Mi Kim, Jieun Seo, Young-Min Ye, Chang-Keun Kim, Hae-Sim Park","doi":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.461","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.3.461","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"18 3","pages":"461-463"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13226862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148136515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wheat Allergy: Clinical Phenotypes, Diagnostic Approaches, and Management Strategies.","authors":"Jung-Won Park, Kyung Hee Park, Jae-Hyun Lee","doi":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.2.158","DOIUrl":"10.4168/aair.2026.18.2.158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wheat triggers a broad spectrum of allergic diseases, with prevalence varying across regions. In adults, it is the leading cause of food-induced anaphylaxis, most often as wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA), while occupational exposure causes baker's asthma. In children, wheat allergy manifests as immediate-type reactions, including anaphylaxis, and contributes to atopic dermatitis. Recently, wheat is known as one of key triggers of eosinophilic esophagitis across all age groups. Wheat proteins are classified into water/salt-soluble and -insoluble fractions, with distinct physiochemical profiles. Among insoluble proteins, ω-5 gliadin and high- and low-molecular weight glutenins are well recognized as major allergens in WDEIA. Conversely, both gluten proteins and water-salt soluble allergens, such as α-amylase inhibitors and lipid-transfer proteins, are key allergens in pediatric wheat allergy and baker's asthma. Accurate diagnosis requires component-resolved diagnostics (CRD), given the complex physicochemical properties of wheat proteins. However, conventional skin prick testing and some multiplex specific immunoglobulin E assays lack full CRD integration, likely underestimating true prevalence. Management primarily relies on avoidance, but strict elimination is difficult due to wheat's ubiquity. In WDEIA, cofactors such as exercise, alcohol, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs commonly precipitate reactions, with provoking doses varying widely, necessitating individualized strategies. Oral immunotherapy has been attempted for pediatric wheat allergy but demonstrated lower efficacy than for other foods, underscoring the need for patient-tailored strategies. Baker's asthma management focuses on work-place control, personal respiratory protective equipment, and pharmacotherapy. Overall, improved CRD-based diagnostics and novel therapeutic approaches are needed to enhance care for this diverse spectrum of wheat-related allergic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7547,"journal":{"name":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research","volume":"18 2","pages":"158-172"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047435/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147580320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}