Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of occurrence, source appointment, and ecological risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the water–sediment interface of Qiantang River in the Hangzhou region†","authors":"Yang Wan, Ziming Wang, Kaiping Xu, Wei Wang, Pengcheng Yao and Aiju You","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00355A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00355A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have received global attention owing to their potential risks to human health and the ecological environment. However, limited research has explored the occurrence and ecological risks of PPCPs in the Qiantang River (QTR). QTR, the largest water system in Zhejiang Province, China, is significantly influenced by human activities. This study investigated the occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of 10 types of PPCPs in both surface water and sediment within QTR. The findings revealed that the concentrations of PPCPs detected in surface water ranged from 81.26 to 149.45 ng L<small>⁻¹</small> during the wet season (April) and from 98.66 to 198.55 ng L<small>⁻¹</small> during the dry season (September). Moreover, in the sediments, PPCP concentration ranged from 63.24 to 80.66 and 72.54 to 75.06 ng per g dw during both wet and dry seasons, respectively. Among the selected PPCPs, triclosan (TCS) exhibited the highest concentration across, different phases and seasons, followed by benzotriazole in surface water. The analysis of sediment–water equilibrium distribution indicated that the diffusion tendency of PPCPs was closely correlated with their molecular weights. Particularly, TCS exhibited dynamic equilibrium between water and sediment. Principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization model results indicated similar pollution sources for the detected PPCPs. The dominant sources of the detected PPCPs were identified as wastewater of electroplating enterprises, discharge from wastewater treatment plants, and domestic sewage. The ecological risk assessment based on the risk quotient method revealed that TCS with the highest detected concentration posed a high risk in surface water and a low risk in sediment across all sampling sites. However, other detected PPCPs showed either no or low risks. Additionally, PPCPs showed a higher ecological risk during the dry season than during the wet season.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1887-1897"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142256057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in surface water of national (freshwater) aquatic germplasm resource reserves in Guangdong Province†","authors":"Tao Zhou, Jie Li, Weizhen Zhang, Yanyi Zeng, Yuan Gao, Haiyan Li, Wanling Yang, Yongzhan Mai, Qianfu Liu, Caiqin Hu and Chao Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00425F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00425F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The distribution, composition, and risk assessment of 8 EDCs in the surface water of 14 national aquatic germplasm resource reserves (freshwater) were investigated during dry and wet seasons. Bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and octylphenol (OP) were the main contributors of the 8 EDCs. The concentrations of phenolic pollutants in surface water during the dry season were higher than those in the wet season. However, no significant seasonal differences were found among the steroid hormones. According to the evaluation of estrogenic activity (EEQ &gt; 1.0), E2 and EE2 were the main contributors to estrogenic activity. EDC mixtures posed a higher risk to crustaceans and fish (RQ &gt; 1.0) and a moderate to high risk to algae (RQ &gt; 0.1). Fish were the most sensitive aquatic organisms. In the study areas, EE2, E1, BPA, NP, and E2 had a higher risk than the other three compounds and should be controlled as a priority.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1898-1911"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142256059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Storms mobilize organophosphate esters, bisphenols, PFASs, and vehicle-derived contaminants to San Francisco Bay watersheds†","authors":"Katherine T. Peter, Alicia Gilbreath, Melissa Gonzalez, Zhenyu Tian, Adam Wong, Don Yee, Ezra L. Miller, Pedro M. Avellaneda, Da Chen, Andrew Patterson, Nicole Fitzgerald, Christopher P. Higgins, Edward P. Kolodziej and Rebecca Sutton","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00117F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00117F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In urban to peri-urban watersheds such as those surrounding San Francisco Bay, stormwater runoff is a major pathway by which contaminants enter aquatic ecosystems. We evaluated the occurrence of 154 organic contaminants <em>via</em> liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and a suite of novel urban stormwater tracers (SWCECs; <em>i.e.</em>, vehicle-derived chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals/personal care products, benzothiazoles/benzotriazoles). Time-averaged composite sampling focused on storms in highly developed watersheds over four wet seasons, with complementary sampling in less-urban reference watersheds, near-shore estuarine sites, and the open Bay. Of the targeted contaminants, 68 (21 SWCECs, 29 OPEs, 3 bisphenols, 15 PFASs) were detected in ≥10 of 26 urban stormwater samples. Median concentrations exceeded 500 ng L<small>⁻¹</small> for 1,3-diphenylguanidine, hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine, and caffeine, and exceeded 300 ng L<small>⁻¹</small> for 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole, 5-methyl-1<em>H</em>-benzotriazole, pentachlorophenol, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate. Median individual PFAS concentrations were &lt;10 ng L<small>⁻¹</small>, with highest concentrations for PFHxA (180 ng L<small>⁻¹</small>), PFOA (110 ng L<small>⁻¹</small>), and PFOS (81 ng L<small>⁻¹</small>). In six of eight urban stormwater samples analyzed for 6PPD-quinone (a tire rubber-derived transformation product), concentrations exceeded coho salmon acute toxicity thresholds, suggesting (sub)lethal impacts for sensitive species. Observed concentrations were generally significantly higher in highly developed watersheds relative to reference watersheds, but not statistically different in near-shore estuarine sites, suggesting substantial transient exposure potential at stormwater outfalls or creek outflows. Results emphasized the role of stormwater in contaminant transport, the importance of vehicles/roadways as contaminant sources, and the value of monitoring broad multi-analyte contaminant suites to enable comprehensive source and toxicity evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1760-1779"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/em/d4em00117f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142256058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the variability of PFAS in urban sewage: a comparison of emissions in commercial versus municipal urban areas†","authors":"Krlovic N., Saracevic E., Derx J., Gundacker C., Krampe J., Kreuzinger N., Zessner M. and Zoboli O.","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00415A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00415A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are recognized for their persistence and ubiquitous occurrence in different environmental compartments. Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) cannot effectively remove PFAS from wastewater, and a better understanding of the occurrence and sources of PFAS in this medium would enable effective source abatement. We compared sewage from urban areas exhibiting differentiating characteristics with respect to activities in their catchments. These included a sewer that serves primarily a municipal area, with no commercial activities involving PFAS emissions being identified, another sewer with a strong influence of commercial activities potentially related to PFAS emissions, and the influent of the whole city sewage network. The year-long monitoring campaign consisted of flow-proportional, monthly composite samples and targeted analysis of 29 PFAS compounds. Principal component analysis was used to investigate the relationships between selected PFAS and standard water quality parameters such as ammonium, a known tracer of urine and thus of typical municipal wastewater. Notable findings were seen for PFOS and 6:2 FTS, whose concentrations were most negatively correlated with ammonium. Ammonium concentration data allowed for a normalized per-person median load calculation, which resulted in loads of the observed PFAS ranging from below 0.4 up to 4.7 μg per person per day. Both the commercial area sewer and the city influent exhibited significantly higher (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) median loads (&gt;0.9 μg per person per day) in the case of 6:2 FTS and PFOS, compared to the municipal sewer (&lt;0.6 μg per person per day). No statistically significant difference was found for other compounds, such as PFBA, PFHxA, PFOA, and PFHxS. We argue that this approach demonstrates that PFAS can differ in speciation and quantity within an urban wastewater setting, and consideration of both municipal and commercial activities is needed for a proper understanding of sources and emission pathways within the urban environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1868-1878"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/em/d4em00415a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of tritium exposure route on vegetation types at the Savannah River Site†","authors":"Martine C. Duff, Elizabeth A. Pettitt and Holly VerMeulen","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00311J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00311J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Plant, soil, water, and other media from various locations at the Savannah River Site were measured for total tritium (T) content and T speciation to characterize T in these areas, as well as investigate its uptake behavior and the transport of T species in these media. This characterization included the isolation and measurement of T in tritiated water (HTO), and (when possible) exchangeable organic bound T (E-OBT) and non-exchangeable organic bound T (NE-OBT). Two areas of interest were investigated: (1) a holding pond with T-contaminated water and (2) open basins or streams with low to background levels of T. Water in the holding pond is used to irrigate forest plots in the local area as a T remediation approach. This study compares the analytical data for water, soil/sediment, plants, and lichens from these locations. The results indicate that the behavior of T in plants from these areas can be a function of one or more of the following: seasonal precipitation, the plant's primary route of access to the T-contamination (such as water uptake through the root <em>vs.</em> shoot), plant physical location (relative to T-contaminated water sources), plant rooting depth, pond water level, and plant height above the ground. Total T concentrations were lowest in the un-irrigated forest plants, followed by irrigated forest plants, shallow rooting plants near the pond, deep rooting plants further from the pond, and then water-saturated plants. The OBT:HTO and NE-OBT:E-OBT ratios were always greater for plants from irrigated forest plots compared to those from the holding pond.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1736-1747"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining a tunable pinhole with synchronous fluorescence spectrometry for visualization and quantification of benzo[a]pyrene at the root epidermis microstructure of Kandelia obovata","authors":"Bingman Lei, Yaxian Zhu and Yong Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00443D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00443D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by mangrove roots and their transport to chloroplasts is a potentially critical process that reduces the carbon sequestration efficiency of mangroves. Yet the crucial initial step, the distribution and retention of PAHs at the root epidermis microstructure, remains unclear. A novel method with a spatial resolution of 311 nm was developed for visualizing and quantifying benzo[<em>a</em>]pyrene (B[<em>a</em>]P) at the root epidermis microstructure (0.096 mm<small>²</small>) of <em>Kandelia obovata</em> (<em>Ko</em>). This method combined a tunable pinhole in laser confocal scanning microscopy with synchronous fluorescence spectrometry to reduce the auto-fluorescence interference in locating B[<em>a</em>]P and improve quantitative sensitivity. The linear range for the established method was 0.44–50.00 ng mm<small>⁻²</small>, with a detection limit of 0.063 ng mm<small>⁻²</small> and a relative standard deviation of 9.45%. In a 60-day hydroponic experiment, B[<em>a</em>]P was primarily adsorbed along the epidermis cell walls of secondary lateral roots and lateral roots, with retained amounts of 0.65 ng mm<small>⁻²</small> and 0.49 ng mm<small>⁻²</small>, respectively. It was found to cluster and predominantly accumulate at the epidermal cell surfaces of taproots (0.24 ng mm<small>⁻²</small>). B[<em>a</em>]P might enter inner root tissues through the root epidermal cell walls and surfaces of <em>Ko</em>, with the cell walls potentially being the main route. This study potentially provides a pathway for visualizing and quantifying B[<em>a</em>]P entering inner root tissues of mangroves.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1879-1886"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 150 years record of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the Sihailongwan Maar Lake, Northeast China: impacts of socio-economic developments and pollution control†","authors":"Jianing Zhang, Chong Wei, Yongming Han, Benjamin A. Musa Bandowe, Dewen Lei and Wolfgang Wilcke","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00309H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00309H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The geochemical composition of sediment cores can serve as a proxy for reconstructing past human and nature-driven environmental and climatic changes. We investigated the temporal variation in the concentrations and fluxes of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs, and azaarenes in the Sihailongwan Maar Lake and found that they remained low before 1950. The PAC concentrations and fluxes increased substantially since 1950, which was in good agreement with the fast socio-economic development, industrialization, and associated growth in fossil fuel consumption in China, particularly since the 1980s. After 2010, the PAC fluxes decreased, which was consistent with the implementation of air pollution control policies in China at that time. The concentration ratios of the sums of low to high molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs/HMW-PAHs), benzo[<em>e</em>]pyrene/benzo[<em>a</em>]pyrene, and benzo[<em>a</em>]anthracene-7,12-dione/benzo[<em>a</em>]anthracene all decreased from bottom to top of the sediment core, reflecting the rapidly increasing contribution of emissions derived from high-temperature fossil fuel combustion (energy, transport and industry) to the PAC emissions in recent times at the expense of biomass burning. In addition, these data reflect the increasing local sources of PACs in more recent times because of the enhanced human activities in the area surrounding the Maar lake. Our results demonstrate that PAC fluxes and concentrations in sediment cores reflect the regional and national economic development and the efficiency of pollution control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1748-1759"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depletion rates of O2-naphthenic acids from oil sands process-affected water in wetland microcosms†","authors":"Alexander M. Cancelli and Frank A. P. C. Gobas","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00227J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00227J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Treatment wetland microcosms were constructed to evaluate the fate of O<small>₂</small>-naphthenic acids in microcosm reactors containing OSPW only (<em>i.e.</em>, natural attenuation), OSPW with peat soil (sorption and microbial degradation), and cattail microcosm reactors (plant-mediated uptake and biotransformation). Depletion in OSPW occurs by mechanisms of natural attenuation, sorption and microbial degradation, and plant-mediated uptake and biotransformation. The average rate of depletion for O<small>₂</small>-naphthenic acids was 0.005 (SD 0.010) per day in OSPW only, 0.029 (SD 0.013) per day in OSPW with peat soil, and 0.043 (SD 0.013) per day in cattail microcosm reactors. Slow rates of depletion from OSPW by natural attenuation highlight the need to develop effective remediation strategies for OSPW, and the increase in rates of depletion for cattail microcosm reactors highlights the importance of wetland vegetation in supporting naphthenic acid removal from OSPW. Reactors containing OSPW with peat soil showed the greatest increase in rates of O<small>₂</small>-naphthenic acid depletion for lower molecular weight congeners compared to reactors with OSPW only. Cattail microcosm reactors showed the greatest increase in the rates of O<small>₂</small>-naphthenic acid depletion for higher molecular weight congeners compared to reactors with OSPW and peat soil.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1859-1867"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142152566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of particle size separation on the stabilisation efficiency of heavy-metal-contaminated soil: a meta-analysis†","authors":"Lixia Sun, Yunlong Zhang, Bo Wu, Enzhu Hu, Linlin Li, Longlong Qu and Shuqi Li","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00308J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00308J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The separation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil by particle size is crucial for minimising the volume of contaminated soil because of the pronounced variability in the heavy-metal distribution among different soil particle sizes. However, relevant analyses on the effect of soil particle size sorting on stabilisation are limited. Therefore, we screened 2766 peer-reviewed papers published from January 2010 to April 2022 in the Web of Science database, of which 117 met the screening requirements, and conducted a meta-analysis to explore how soil particle size sorting and the interaction between sorting particle size and soil properties affect the stabilisation of heavy metals. The results showed that: (1) For fractionations ≤0.15 mm and from 0.15–2 mm, the materials demonstrating the highest average unit stabilisation efficiency were phosphate (45.0%/%) and organic matter (59.5%/%), respectively. (2) The smaller the size of soil particles, the greater the effect of the initial pH on stabilisation efficiency. (3) Similarly, for soil organic matter, smaller particle sizes (≤0.15 mm) combined with a lower initial content (≤1%) significantly increased the heavy metal stabilisation efficiency. (4) The impact of soil particle size fractionation on unit stabilisation efficiency was observed to be similar for typical heavy metals, specifically Cd and Pb. The relationship between particle size and unit stabilisation efficiency shows an inverted U shape. Particle size sorting can affect the distribution of heavy metals, but the type of stabilisation agent should also be considered in combination with the soil properties and heavy metal types.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1821-1835"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142102303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of in vitro studies evaluating respiratory toxicity of aerosols: impact of cell types, chemical composition, and atmospheric processing","authors":"Sudheer Salana and Vishal Verma","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00475B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00475B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In recent decades, several cell-based and acellular methods have been developed to evaluate ambient particulate matter (PM) toxicity. Although cell-based methods provide a more comprehensive assessment of PM toxicity, their results are difficult to comprehend due to the diversity in cellular endpoints, cell types, and assays and the interference of PM chemical components with some of the assays' techniques. In this review, we attempt to clarify some of these issues. We first discuss the morphological and immunological differences among various macrophage and epithelial cells, belonging to the respiratory systems of human and murine species, used in the <em>in vitro</em> studies evaluating PM toxicity. Then, we review the current state of knowledge on the role of different PM chemical components and the relevance of atmospheric processing and aging of aerosols in the respiratory toxicity of PM. Our review demonstrates the need to adopt more physiologically relevant cellular models such as epithelial (or endothelial) cells instead of macrophages for oxidative stress measurement. We suggest limiting macrophages for investigating other cellular responses (<em>e.g.</em>, phagocytosis, inflammation, and DNA damage). Unlike monocultures (of macrophages and epithelial cells), which are generally used to study the direct effects of PM on a given cell type, the use of co-culture systems should be encouraged to investigate a more comprehensive effect of PM in the presence of other cells. Our review has identified two major groups of toxic PM chemical species from the existing literature, <em>i.e.</em>, metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Zn) and organic compounds (PAHs, ketones, aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and quinones). However, the relative toxicities of these species are still a matter of debate. Finally, the results of the existing studies investigating the effect of aging on PM toxicity are ambiguous, with varying results due to different cell types, different aging conditions, and the presence/absence of specific oxidants. More systematic studies are necessary to understand the role of different SOA precursors, interactions between different PM components, and aging conditions in the overall toxicity of PM. We anticipate that our review will guide future investigations by helping researchers choose appropriate cell models, resulting in a more meaningful interpretation of cell-based assays and thus ultimately leading to a better understanding of the health effects of PM exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 11","pages":" 1922-1954"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}