Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts最新文献

{"title":"Review of in vitro studies evaluating respiratory toxicity of aerosols: impact of cell types, chemical composition, and atmospheric processing","authors":"Sudheer Salana and Vishal Verma","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00475B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00475B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In recent decades, several cell-based and acellular methods have been developed to evaluate ambient particulate matter (PM) toxicity. Although cell-based methods provide a more comprehensive assessment of PM toxicity, their results are difficult to comprehend due to the diversity in cellular endpoints, cell types, and assays and the interference of PM chemical components with some of the assays' techniques. In this review, we attempt to clarify some of these issues. We first discuss the morphological and immunological differences among various macrophage and epithelial cells, belonging to the respiratory systems of human and murine species, used in the <em>in vitro</em> studies evaluating PM toxicity. Then, we review the current state of knowledge on the role of different PM chemical components and the relevance of atmospheric processing and aging of aerosols in the respiratory toxicity of PM. Our review demonstrates the need to adopt more physiologically relevant cellular models such as epithelial (or endothelial) cells instead of macrophages for oxidative stress measurement. We suggest limiting macrophages for investigating other cellular responses (<em>e.g.</em>, phagocytosis, inflammation, and DNA damage). Unlike monocultures (of macrophages and epithelial cells), which are generally used to study the direct effects of PM on a given cell type, the use of co-culture systems should be encouraged to investigate a more comprehensive effect of PM in the presence of other cells. Our review has identified two major groups of toxic PM chemical species from the existing literature, <em>i.e.</em>, metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Zn) and organic compounds (PAHs, ketones, aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and quinones). However, the relative toxicities of these species are still a matter of debate. Finally, the results of the existing studies investigating the effect of aging on PM toxicity are ambiguous, with varying results due to different cell types, different aging conditions, and the presence/absence of specific oxidants. More systematic studies are necessary to understand the role of different SOA precursors, interactions between different PM components, and aging conditions in the overall toxicity of PM. We anticipate that our review will guide future investigations by helping researchers choose appropriate cell models, resulting in a more meaningful interpretation of cell-based assays and thus ultimately leading to a better understanding of the health effects of PM exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 11","pages":" 1922-1954"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Localized Regional Environmental Risk in Mountainous Urban Areas of Southwest China: Identification, Assessment, and Management Strategies in Kunming","authors":"Wei Jin, Qianwen Mo, Guihong Li, Gang Wang, Binqiang Zhu, Xing Wan, Peng Lin, Bin Huang, Xuejun Pan","doi":"10.1039/d4em00449c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00449c","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, the escalating frequency of environmental risk events, arising from sources such as industrial accidents, chemical spills, or other anthropogenic activities, has intensified threats to the ecological environment. The targeted identification of high-risk areas, formulation of control lists for key risk sources within regions, and the implementation of differentiated management strategies remain significant challenges. This study employs administrative region environmental risk assessment and gridded environmental risk analysis method to comprehensively evaluate environmental risks in the city of Kunming, China. The results indicated a fourfold increase in the number of environmental risk sources from 2012 to 2022. The sources were found to be widely distributed across the entire region but exhibiting localized clustering. Environmental risk receptors were primarily concentrated around a local lake, in densely populated counties, and near rivers and drinking water sources. Risk hotspot areas within the target region were identified using the gridded environmental risk analysis method. A list of 29 key control areas was proposed taking in 9 industrial parks and 20 streets. Measures were proposed for handling unexpected incidents. The findings provide data useful for policy formulation and environmental management in similar regions of mountainous cities.","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142197925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics are effective carriers of bisphenol A and facilitate its escape from wastewater treatment systems","authors":"Wang Li, Bo zu, Lei Li, Jian Li, Jiawen Li and Qiujie Xiang","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00297K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00297K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Microplastics (MPs) pollution is a major issue in aquatic environments. Wastewater treatment plants are significant point sources of MPs, which may also be carriers of organic pollutants. We analyzed MP number, shape, color, and polymer type distribution in sewage wastewater treatment plants. The potential of MPs to act as carriers for typical organic pollutants in sewage, such as bisphenol A (BPA), was also assessed. The predominant MPs in the influent were fibers, primarily transparent and black in color, and composed of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. During wastewater treatment, the concentration of MPs decreased from 10.89 items per L in the influent to 0.89 items per L in the treated effluent, with significant differences in treatment efficiency at different stages. In the simulated wastewater, the three predominant MPs exhibited certain adsorption capacities for bisphenol A. Changing the temperature and pH within the range expected for wastewater could interfere with the interactions between MPs and bisphenol A, with a limited impact on adsorption. The results show that although wastewater treatment plants intercept a significant amount of MP, a considerable number of them enter the aquatic environment daily because of the high volume of wastewater discharge. These MPs, which carry pollutants such as bisphenol A, may threaten the health of fish and other aquatic organisms. However, by scientifically adjusting operational parameters, wastewater treatment plants could become “controllable sources” of MP compound pollutants.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1811-1820"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142102304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hair mercury isotopes, a noninvasive biomarker for dietary methylmercury exposure and biological uptake†","authors":"Sarah E. Rothenberg, Susan A. Korrick, Donald Harrington, Sally W. Thurston, Sarah E. Janssen, Michael T. Tate, YanFen Nong, Hua Nong, Jihong Liu, Chuan Hong and Fengxiu Ouyang","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00231H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00231H","url":null,"abstract":"<p > <em>Background</em>. Fish and rice are the main dietary sources of methylmercury (MeHg); however, rice does not contain the same beneficial nutrients as fish, and these differences can impact the observed health effects of MeHg. Hence, it is important to validate a biomarker, which can distinguish among dietary MeHg sources. <em>Methods</em>. Mercury (Hg) stable isotopes were analyzed in hair samples from peripartum mothers in China (<em>n</em> = 265). Associations between mass dependent fractionation (MDF) (<em>δ</em><small>²⁰²</small>Hg) and mass independent fractionation (MIF) (<em>Δ</em><small>¹⁹⁹</small>Hg) (dependent variables) and dietary MeHg intake (independent variable) were investigated using multivariable regression models. <em>Results</em>. In adjusted models, hair <em>Δ</em><small>¹⁹⁹</small>Hg was positively correlated with serum omega-3 fatty acids (a biomarker for fish consumption) and negatively correlated with maternal rice MeHg intake, indicating MIF recorded in hair can be used to distinguish MeHg intake predominantly from fish <em>versus</em> rice. Conversely, in adjusted models, hair <em>δ</em><small>²⁰²</small>Hg was not correlated with measures of dietary measures of MeHg intake. Instead, hair <em>δ</em><small>²⁰²</small>Hg was strongly, negatively correlated with hair Hg, which explained 27–29% of the variability in hair <em>δ</em><small>²⁰²</small>Hg. <em>Conclusions</em>. Our results indicated that hair <em>Δ</em><small>¹⁹⁹</small>Hg can be used to distinguish MeHg intake from fish <em>versus</em> rice. Results also suggested that lighter isotopes were preferentially accumulated in hair, potentially reflecting Hg binding to thiols (<em>i.e.</em>, cysteine); however, more research is needed to elucidate this hypothesis. Broader impacts include 1) validation of a non-invasive biomarker to distinguish MeHg intake from rice <em>versus</em> fish, and 2) the potential to use Hg isotopes to investigate Hg binding in tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 11","pages":" 1975-1985"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental assessment of low temperature plasma devices for bacterial aerosol inactivation in the air duct of HVAC systems","authors":"Yang Lv, Xiaodong Wang, Beibei Wang and Wenjie Yuan","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00158C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00158C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In light of growing concerns about indoor air quality and the transmission of pathogens, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of low temperature plasma (LTP) devices in inactivating bacterial aerosols in the air duct of HVAC systems, exploring methods to enhance air purification efficiency. This research employed experimental methods to explore the deactivation effects of LTP on common bacteria such as <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, focusing on the role of air parameters such as the airflow rate, relative humidity, and temperature in influencing the device's performance. Notably, the study determined that an operational voltage of 3000 V for the LTP device, combined with conditions of low airflow, low humidity, and high temperature, significantly enhances the inactivation of bacterial aerosols, achieving an 82% inactivation rate at a negative ion concentration of 2.4 × 10<small>¹¹</small> ions per m<small>³</small> and a wind speed of 3 m s<small>⁻¹</small>. Despite the generation of ozone and ultraviolet light as by-products, their concentrations were found to be within safe limits for human exposure. In addition, this study identified an effective inactivation range, alongside an optimal arrangement for the airflow direction within ducts, to maximize the sterilization efficiency of the LTP device. Given these promising results, the study advocates for the integration of LTP technology into the air duct of HVAC systems of public buildings to improve air quality and reduce the risk of airborne disease transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1836-1846"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142102302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal diversity and key functional gene abundance in Iowa bioretention cells: implications for stormwater remediation potential†","authors":"Erica A. Wiener, Jessica M. Ewald and Gregory H. LeFevre","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00275J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00275J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Stormwater bioretention cells are green stormwater infrastructure systems that can help mitigate flooding and remove contaminants. Plants and bacteria improve nutrient removal and degrade organic contaminants; however, the roles of fungi in bioretention cells are less known. Although mycorrhizal fungi aid in plant growth/improve nutrient uptake, there is a notable lack of research investigating fungal diversity in bioretention cells. Other types of fungi could benefit bioretention cells (<em>e.g.</em>, white rot fungi degrade recalcitrant contaminants). This study addresses the knowledge gap of fungal function and diversity within stormwater bioretention cells. We collected multiple soil samples from 27 different bioretention cells in temperate-climate eastern Iowa USA, characterized soil physicochemical parameters, sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicon to identify fungal taxa from extracted DNA, and measured functional gene abundances for two fungal laccases (<em>Cu1</em>, <em>Cu1A</em>) and a fungal nitrite reductase gene (<em>nirKf</em>). Fungal biodegradation functional genes were present in bioretention soils (mean copies per g: 7.4 × 10<small>⁵</small><em>nirKf</em>, 3.2 × 10<small>⁶</small><em>Cu1</em>, 4.0 × 10<small>⁸</small><em>Cu1A</em>), with abundance of fungal laccase and fungal nitrite reductase genes significantly positively correlated with soil pH and organic matter (Pearson's <em>R</em>: &gt;0.39; rho &lt; 0.05). PERMANOVA analysis determined soil characteristics were not significant explanatory variables for community composition (beta diversity). In contrast, planting specifications significantly impacted fungal diversity; the presence/absence of a few planting types and predominant vegetation type in the cell explained 89% of variation in fungal diversity. These findings further emphasize the importance of plants and media as key design parameters for bioretention cells, with implications for fungal bioremediation of captured stormwater contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1796-1810"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/em/d4em00275j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging investigator series: in-depth chemical profiling of tire and artificial turf crumb rubber: aging, transformation products, and transport pathways†","authors":"Madison H. McMinn, Ximin Hu, Katherine Poisson, Phillip Berger, Paola Pimentel, Xinwen Zhang, Pranali Ashara, Ella L. Greenfield, Jessica Eig and Zhenyu Tian","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00326H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00326H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Crumb rubber generated from end-of-life tires (ELTs) poses a threat to environmental and human health based on its widespread use. Of particular concern is the use of ELT crumb rubber as infill for artificial turf fields, as people are unknowingly exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals when playing on these fields. Additionally, there is concern regarding transport of rubber-related chemicals from artificial turf into the environment. However, existing knowledge does not fully elucidate the chemical profile, transformation products, and transport pathways of artificial turf crumb rubber across different ages. To address these knowledge gaps, we utilized a multi-faceted approach that consisted of targeted quantitation, chemical profiling, and suspect screening <em>via</em> ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). We collected and processed 3 tire and 11 artificial turf crumb rubber samples <em>via</em> solvent extraction, leaching, and a bioaccessibility-based extraction. Nineteen rubber-derived chemicals were quantified using parallel reaction monitoring and isotope dilution techniques. In solvent extracts, the most abundant analytes were 1,3-diphenylguanidine (0.18–1200 μg g<small>⁻¹</small>), <em>N</em>-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-<em>N</em>′-phenyl-<em>p</em>-phenylenediamine (6PPD, 0.16–720 μg g<small>⁻¹</small>), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (0.47–140 μg g<small>⁻¹</small>), and benzothiazole (0.84–150 μg g<small>⁻¹</small>). Chemical profiling assessed changes in sample diversity, abundance, polarity, and molecular mass. Suspect screening identified 81 compounds with different confidence levels (16 at level 1, 53 with level 2, 7 at level 3, and 5 at level 4). The formation rate of transformation products and clustering analysis results identified time-based trends in artificial turf field samples. We found that the first two years of aging may be critical for the potential environmental impact of artificial turf fields. Our analysis provides insight into the chemical complexity of artificial turf crumb rubber samples ranging from 0–14 years in age.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1703-1715"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/em/d4em00326h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142034564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erosion of rigid plastics in turbid (sandy) water: quantitative assessment for marine environments and formation of microplastics†","authors":"Ali Al-Darraji, Ibukun Oluwoye, Christopher Lagat, Shuhei Tanaka and Ahmed Barifcani","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00122B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00122B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Mechanical degradation (erosion) of plastics in the marine environment has been reported in many literature studies but without quantitative information. This type of degradation is crucial as it accounts for most of the initial microplastic products, in marine environments (<em>e.g.</em>, rivers and oceans). Here, we quantify the erosion of plastics by water-borne sediments under typical perpendicular water velocities and sand loads of turbid rivers and coastal oceans. Polypropylene (PP) shows the highest response to water-borne erosion, with a surface degradation rate of 5160 μm per year (4.44 mg per mm<small>²</small> per year), compared with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with a degradation rate of 1874 μm per year (1.79 mg per mm<small>²</small> per year), resulting in the formation of microplastics (MPs). The rate of formation of such microplastic particles (&gt;10 μm), as characterised by a laser direct infrared (LDIR) chemical imaging system, amounts to 669 particles per mm<small>²</small> per year for PP and 187 particles per mm<small>²</small> per year for HDPE, exhibiting average particle sizes of 60 μm and 23 μm in the same order. Furthermore, surface microscopy provided valuable insights into the dominant erosion mechanisms, revealing three distinct zones and the surface features reveal the brittle erosion behaviours. These results will enable a better assessment of degradation and lifetime prediction of plastics in turbid rivers and coastal oceans, allowing precise estimation of the rate of formation of MPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1847-1858"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142102301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outstanding Reviewers for <i>Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts</i> in 2023.","authors":"","doi":"10.1039/d4em90024c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em90024c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of <i>Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts</i>' reviewers for helping to preserve quality and integrity in chemical science literature. We would also like to highlight the Outstanding Reviewers for <i>Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts</i> in 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":"26 8","pages":"1267"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141974504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between traffic-related air pollution and allergic rhinitis outpatient visits in three cities of Gansu Province†","authors":"Hongran Ma, Furong Qu, Jiyuan Dong and Jiancheng Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00234B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00234B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Emerging evidence indicates an increasing prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR), potentially linked to air quality. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) and outpatient visits for AR. Daily outpatient data for AR, air pollutant concentrations, and meteorological data were collected from January 2018 to December 2020 in Dingxi, Longnan, and Tianshui. Utilizing a Quasi-Poisson distribution, a generalized additive model (GAM) was employed in conjunction with distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) to explore the association and lag effects of TRAPs on AR outpatient visits across the three cities. Stratified analyses based on gender, age, and season were conducted. A total of 11 106 outpatient visits for AR were recorded in the three cities. For an increase of 10 μg m<small>⁻³</small> in PM<small>_2.5</small>, the effect estimates in Dingxi, Longnan, and Tianshui reached their maximum at lag04, lag06, and lag07, respectively, with relative risk (RR) values of 4.696 (95% CI: 1.890, 11.614), 2.842 (95% CI: 2.102, 4.922), and 1.102 (95% CI: 1.066, 1.140). For NO<small>₂</small>, the highest associations were exhibited in Dingxi (RR = 1.262, 95% CI: 1.081, 1.473) at lag07, in Longnan (RR = 2.554, 95% CI: 2.100, 4.805) at lag06, and in Tianshui (RR = 1.158, 95% CI: 1.106, 1.213) at lag07. Meanwhile, the strongest effects observed for a 1 mg m<small>⁻³</small> increase in CO were 2.786 (95% CI: 1.467, 5.291) for Dingxi at lag07, 1.502 (95% CI: 1.096, 2.059) for Longnan at lag05, and 1.385 (95% CI: 1.137, 1.686) for Tianshui at lag04. Adults aged 15–64 years appeared to be more susceptible to TRAPs, and the associations were stronger in the cold season. The results of the present study indicate that exposure to TRAPs was positively correlated with outpatient visits for AR.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 9","pages":" 1618-1628"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141896134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}