RSC sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Disaccharides as substrates and mechanistic probes for efficient carbohydrate conversion to formic acid in water near room temperature","authors":"Stefan S. Warthegau, Mette-Maya Siewertsen, Robert Madsen and Sebastian Meier","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00588D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00588D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Formate is a hydrogen carrier that can be obtained by the oxidation of carbohydrates with hydrogen peroxide under aqueous alkaline conditions near room temperature. The most relevant route among various conceivable pathways for glucose degradation has only recently been clarified. The conversion of biomass-derived disaccharides such as maltose from starch and cellobiose from cellulose into formate could further support the green production of formate. The mechanism, intermediates, side products, and effect of the substrate structure (such as α- <em>vs.</em> β-linkages or the presence of reducing <em>vs.</em> non-reducing ends) remain poorly understood for the conversion of <em>O</em>-glycosidically linked carbohydrates. Here, we close these gaps and show that stoichiometric amounts of base and a surplus of hydrogen peroxide can lead to a near-quantitative and surprisingly rapid conversion of disaccharides to &gt;97% organic carbon in formate. Real-time observations show that glucose is the main intermediate, indicating that the accessibility of the aldehyde groups in stable glucopyranosyl rings is a limiting factor. Side products include glycosylated aldonic acids, which derive from aldose-to-ketose isomerization near the reducing end. This transformation, known as the Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation, facilitates partial oxidation pathways leading to stable glycosylated <strong>C10</strong> and <strong>C11</strong> acids. Higher concentrations of H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small> suppress isomerization by favoring direct oxidative cleavage, thus minimizing these side products. The absence of disaccharide byproducts, the near-complete conversion of reducing and non-reducing glucopyranosyl residues in disaccharides, and the effect of radical scavengers provide further mechanistic understanding. The combination of quantitative NMR, isotope labeling, and real-time reaction tracking thus provides novel insight into the efficient conversion of disaccharides to formate.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 10","pages":" 4785-4793"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00588d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability analysis of electrochemical direct air capture technologies","authors":"Grazia Leonzio and Nilay Shah","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00227C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00227C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Global warming caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, has garnered significant attention due to its detrimental environmental impacts. Carbon capture from both point and dilute sources is amongst the critical technologies needed to mitigate these negative phenomena. Carbon dioxide capture from flue gas is a well-established technology, while carbon capture from the air through direct air capture processes remains under research and development. In recent years, attention has focused on fully electrified direct air capture systems as potential candidates for large-scale direct air capture applications capable of exploiting renewable energy sources. However, economic and environmental analyses are missing in the literature. In this work, a scale-up analysis of different electrified direct air capture technologies (based on electrolysis, bipolar membrane electrodialysis, electro-swing adsorption, and proton-coupled electron transfer systems) is conducted through a hybrid learning curve methodology in order to evaluate total costs and environmental impact (according to scopes 1 and 2). The analysis is conducted for different geographic locations, times of year, and types of renewable energy source. Results show that electro-swing adsorption and proton-coupled electron transfer processes are both characterized by lower costs and environmental burdens, while electrolysis and electrodialysis systems have higher costs and environmental impacts. A technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution analysis is carried out to determine the most sustainable process considering technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects. Results indicate that the proton coupled electron transfer system, built in China, in 2040–2050, exploiting wind offshore energy is the most sustainable process.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 10","pages":" 4632-4650"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00227c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing marine-derived carrageenan-based biomimetic functional materials via a green approach for sustainable development: cellular proliferation and mucosal tissue drug delivery applications","authors":"Nistha Thakur and Baljit Singh","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00412H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00412H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The present research aims to explore the potential of marine-derived carrageenan (CG) polysaccharides in developing bioactive materials <em>via</em> a green approach for sustainable development, thereby promoting the well-being of society and mitigating human health issues. The health issues prevailing among women, especially those related to female reproductive system, pose a significant challenge globally. Hence, the proposed research work is based on the development of functional materials for the pharmaceutical evaluation of an antibiotic therapeutic agent. These network hydrogels were fabricated <em>via</em> a copolymeric reaction of PVP and polyacrylamide onto CG. The network hydrogels have unique traits that make them perfect biomaterials for vaginal drug delivery (VDD) and overcome the limitations associated with conventional VDD. The copolymers were characterized by FESEM, EDAX, AFM, FTIR spectroscopy, <small>¹³</small>C-NMR and XRD techniques. The materials were subjected to multiple performance analyses, including biocompatibility, antioxidation, mucoadhesion, anti-inflammation, protein adsorption, antimicrobial activity, simulated vaginal fluid sorption, drug delivery and cell viability of rhabdomyosarcoma cells to evaluate their biomedical applications. The hydrogels expressed 190% ± 7.07% viability for RD cells and promoted their proliferation, which signified their non-toxic nature to mammalian cells. The hydrogels depicted a 52.40% ± 1.14% scavenging ability against DPPH radicals, which outlined their antioxidant properties. The mucoadhesive performance of the material was expressed by the fact that it required a force of 93 ± 6.11 mN for its separation from the mucosal surface. Additionally, diffusion of the antibiotic agent from the drug-infused hydrogel followed a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism, and the release profile was best interpreted by the Hixson–Crowell kinetic model. The cell viability, non-haemolytic and biomedical properties of the hydrogels emphasize the use of these biomaterials as a sustainable platform for intravaginal drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 10","pages":" 4598-4621"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00412h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalytic and antimicrobial polymer-based hybrid membranes with surface-modified TiO2 nanoparticles with 5-aminosalicylic acid and silver nanoparticles","authors":"Joana M. Queirós, Fangyuan Zheng, Ricardo Brito-Pereira, Margarida M. Fernandes, Estela O. Carvalho, Pedro M. Martins, Vesna Lazić, Jovan M. Nedeljković and Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00569H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00569H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The sustainability of water treatment is a growing environmental and public health concern, particularly regarding the removal of antibiotics and microorganisms. This study developed multifunctional membranes using synthetic (PVDF-HFP) and natural (silk fibroin, SF) polymer matrices incorporating TiO<small>₂</small> nanoparticles surface-modified with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and silver (Ag). These modifications enhanced both visible-light-responsive photocatalytic activity and antimicrobial performance. The membranes were evaluated for ciprofloxacin degradation and antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Photocatalytic PVDF-HFP membranes achieved 63% and 62% under UV and simulated solar radiation, respectively, while SF membranes reached 50% and 71%. Antimicrobial efficiency showed a ∼2 log<small>₁₀</small> bacterial reduction for <em>E. coli</em> and a 0.5 log<small>₁₀</small> reduction for <em>S. epidermidis</em>, attributed to the presence of Ag in the TiO<small>₂</small>/5-ASA nanoparticles. Furthermore, the membranes maintained stable performance across multiple reuse cycles. Overall, the results highlight the potential of these multifunctional materials as efficient and eco-friendly solutions for advanced wastewater treatment applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 10","pages":" 4568-4582"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00569h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoreforming of real biomass-derived waste streams using Nb-doped BiVO4 photoanodes for sustainable hydrogen production","authors":"Lucas Leão Nascimento, Rafael A. C. Souza, Paulo H. Horta Nunes, João F. C. S. Costa, Ivo A. Ricardo, Eduardo M. Oliveira, Klaus Krambrock, Chuanyi Wang and Antonio Otavio T. Patrocinio","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00376H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00376H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Solar-induced valorization of agroindustrial residues is a key issue for the so-called sustainable growth. In this study, a novel Nb-doped BiVO<small>₄</small> photoanode is described and applied for the photoreforming of crude glycerol and flegmass, real byproducts of biodiesel production and sugarcane ethanol refining, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first reports exploring flegmass as a substrate for photoreforming. Nb(<small>V</small>) doping significantly enhances the photoanode performance, with 5% Nb : BiVO<small>₄</small> exhibiting 80% increase in photocurrent during long-term crude glycerol photoreforming, reaching 2.2 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> at 1.0 V <em>vs.</em> RHE. When flegmass is employed, smaller photocurrents are observed in long-term experiments due to the lower organic content. Nevertheless, the 5% Nb : BiVO<small>₄</small> photoanode exhibits a 200% increase in photocurrent compared to the pristine oxide. Detailed characterization reveals that Nb<small>⁵⁺</small> doping occurs dominantly at VO<small>₄</small> tetrahedral sites, also leading to oxygen vacancies as evidenced by EPR spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed higher charge carrier densities and reduced charge transfer resistance in the Nb-modified photoanodes. Photoreforming of crude glycerol with 5% Nb : BiVO<small>₄</small> after 6 hours of simulated sunlight irradiation achieved 91.4% substrate conversion, producing green H<small>₂</small> at a rate of 4.2 μmol cm<small>⁻²</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>, much higher than 2.3 μmol cm<small>⁻²</small> h<small>⁻¹</small> obtained by undoped BiVO<small>₄</small>. EPR spin trapping experiments indicated that the main reaction mechanism involves direct hole transfer to adsorbed glycerol on the catalyst surface, forming organic radical species. In flegmass photoreforming, 5% Nb : BiVO<small>₄</small> achieved H<small>₂</small> evolution rates of 2.4 μmol H<small>₂</small> per cm<small>²</small> per h, consistently outperforming the bare BiVO<small>₄</small> photoanode, highlighting its potential for valorizing low-cost, biomass-derived residues into valuable chemicals and renewable fuels.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 10","pages":" 4504-4513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00376h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated carbon capture and dry reforming of methane of mechanochemically synthesised dual-function materials","authors":"Loukia-Pantzechroula Merkouri, Maila Danielis, Andrea Braga, Tomas Ramirez Reina, Alessandro Trovarelli, Sara Colussi and Melis S. Duyar","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00317B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00317B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Herein we report a green mechanochemical synthesis with low energy input of dual-function materials for integrated CO<small>₂</small> capture and dry reforming of methane. The materials produced syngas during the CH<small>₄</small> step (up to 0.6 mmol g<small>⁻¹</small> CO and 7.7 mmol g<small>⁻¹</small> H<small>₂</small>) and CO during the CO<small>₂</small> step (up to 3.1 mmol g<small>⁻¹</small>) <em>via</em> the reverse Boudouard reaction due to the carbon produced from CH<small>₄</small> cracking.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 10","pages":" 4457-4465"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00317b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the role of water in catalytic glycolysis of PET","authors":"Zixian Jia, Jie Zhang, Lin Gao, Haocheng Sun, Jiaxing Chen, Lijiao Qin and Jianzhong Yin","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00528K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00528K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) <em>via</em> glycolysis is a promising route for recovering the monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), which can be used for virgin-grade PET production. However, the influence of water—an inevitable impurity and potential byproduct—on this process is complex and not fully elucidated. This study systematically investigates the effect of water content (0–22.2 vol%) on PET glycolysis using selected heterogeneous catalysts (ZnO and Mn<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>) and homogeneous catalysts (zinc acetate (ZnAc<small>₂</small>), 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)). Product distribution and reaction kinetics were quantified by HPLC and <em>in situ</em> IR spectroscopy, respectively. The heterogeneous catalysts (ZnO and Mn<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>) and homogeneous ZnAc<small>₂</small> retained high PET conversion (&gt;95%) even at elevated water concentrations. Nevertheless, the BHET yield and selectivity for these systems decreased significantly due to a competing hydrolytic side reaction, promoted by water, which yields terephthalic acid (TPA). Notably, ZnAc<small>₂</small> exhibited a more rapid decline in BHET selectivity compared to ZnO. Conversely, the organic base catalysts TBD and DBU experienced complete deactivation in the presence of water, resulting in a drastic reduction in both PET conversion and BHET yield, with DBU showing greater susceptibility. <em>In situ</em> IR experiments corroborated that the deactivation mechanism for TBD involves protonation by water. These results emphasize that water's influence is a function of the catalyst's chemical nature, modulating product selectivity for metal-based systems while causing the deactivation of organic bases. Understanding these divergent effects is critical for the optimization of industrial PET glycolysis and the rational design of water-tolerant catalytic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 10","pages":" 4714-4723"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00528k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyaniline-functionalized biochar (PANI@ALB) as a heterogeneous acid–base bifunctional catalyst for one-pot cascade reactions under green reaction conditions","authors":"Nida Khan, Mohd Umar Khan, Mo Shadab, M. B. Siddiqui and Zeba N. Siddiqui","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00279F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00279F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A sustainable, eco-friendly, and economical approach is developed to design a well-architectured polyaniline-functionalized biochar (PANI@ALB) as an acid–base bifunctional heterocatalyst for one-pot cascade reactions involving the synthesis of complex 2-amino-4<em>H</em>-pyran-3-carbonitrile derivatives. The activated biochar (ALB), derived from the pyrolysis of lac tree (<em>Schleichera oleosa</em>) leaves, is intercalated with PANI nanosheets <em>via</em> an <em>in situ</em> acid-catalyzed oxidative polymerization process to obtain PANI@ALB, the desired acid–base catalytic system. PANI@ALB exhibits enhanced catalytic activity compared to biochar or polyaniline (PANI). The superior performance of PANI@ALB has been ascribed to the synergistic effect between H<small>⁺</small> and –NH– &amp; <img> N– of biochar and PANI, respectively, confirmed by the Hammett indicator method. The synthesized catalyst exemplified remarkably high atom economy (95%), excellent recyclability (87% after the 10<small>^th</small> cycle), and exceedingly high turnover frequency (TOF), which collectively vouched for this protocol to be reckoned as a greener and more sustainable alternative compared to previously existing methodologies, thereby sharing the podium with some of the best catalysts known for such results.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 10","pages":" 4794-4810"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00279f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming aluminium waste: sustainable conversion to commercial MOFs, hydrogen fuel, and essential aluminium feedstocks","authors":"M. C. Lawrence, R. S. Horne and B. A. Blight","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00631G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00631G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Aluminium dross waste is generated during the aluminium smelting process and has an annual production of nearly 5.3 M tonnes worldwide. It is largely comprised of aluminium but also contains different metal oxides, silicates, and other impurities. We demonstrate how to make use of dross by producing high-value products (hydrogen gas, aluminium formate, aluminium acetate, aluminium hydroxide, MOF-303, Al-Fum) towards decarbonization of the aluminium industry. We produce hydrogen gas (1.1–1.2 L g<small>⁻¹</small> of dross) by digesting it with NaOH, while further outlining methods to upcycle this encased aluminium into high value materials, and identify a route to pure amporhous Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small><em>via</em> aluminium formate or aluminium acetate. We also demonstrate the production of the water harvesing MOF-303 and Al-Fum directly from processed dross as the aluminium source. This study highlights a complete overview of upcycling of aluminium dross to high value products towards a green energy shift, and industrial circircular economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 10","pages":" 4561-4567"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00631g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable synthesis of sulfonamides via oxidative chlorination in alternative solvents: a general, mild, and eco-friendly strategy","authors":"Abelardo Gutiérrez Hernández, Francisco J. Sierra-Molero, Alejandro Baeza Carratalá, Francisco Méndez, Claudia Araceli Contreras-Celedón and Diego A. Alonso","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00405E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00405E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A general, mild, and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing sulfonamides in sustainable solvents was developed. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate (NaDCC·2H<small>₂</small>O) served as an efficient oxidant for converting thiols to sulfonyl chlorides, which then reacted <em>in situ</em> with various amines to afford sulfonamides in good to excellent yields in water, EtOH, glycerol and the DES ChCl/glycerol: 1/2. The process features simple conditions and a solvent-free workup involving only filtration, highlighting its potential as a green and practical approach to sulfonamide synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 10","pages":" 4556-4560"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00405e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145196113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}