RSC sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Technoeconomic analysis of an integrated camelina straw-based pellet and ethanol production system†","authors":"Cuong N. Dao, Lope G. Tabil, Edmund Mupondwa, Tim Dumonceaux, Xue Li and Ajay K. Dalai","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00769G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00769G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study proposes an innovative biorefinery concept, integrating microbial pretreatment (MBP), wet storage (WS), and mushroom cultivation to transform herbaceous biomass into high-value products, including biofuel pellets, Turkey tail mushrooms, and ethanol. This environmentally friendly approach reduces pretreatment times, economically delignifies lignocellulosic structures, and improves the durability and enzymatic digestibility of densified pellets. The biorefinery model includes five pellet-mushroom production facilities (Pellet Plant A) and one ethanol plant (Ethanol Plant A), strategically located approximately 140 km south of Saskatoon (50°53′16.1′′N, 106°42′15.5′′W) in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, to minimize pellet transport distances. Pellet Plant A, with a capacity of 250 000 t per year, incurs unit production costs (UPC) of US$201–242 per t, primarily driven by the cost of fungal liquid inoculum preparation. These costs exceed those of conventional steam-explosion pellet plants, such as natural gas-fired (US$181 per t) and biomass-fired systems (US$166 per t). Consequently, ethanol produced at Ethanol Plant A, using these pellets, costs US$1.32 per L, compared to US$0.89 per L for centralized MBP straw bales-to-ethanol plants and US$0.57 per L for conventional dilute acid pretreatment plants. The economic viability of this biorefinery concept requires a minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) of US$1.03 per L and at least 50% farmer participation to achieve a positive net present value (NPV) without mushroom credits. However, integrating revenue from Turkey tail mushroom production significantly enhances financial outcomes, increasing Pellet Plant A's NPV by up to US$10 billion. This enables a reduction in pellet selling prices, lowering the MESP to US$0.77 per L with a pellet purchasing cost of US$100 per t. These findings demonstrate the economic feasibility and sustainability of this innovative biorefinery model, emphasizing the potential of combining microbial pretreatment technologies with diversified revenue streams.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1564-1583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00769g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-pyrolysis of low-value wood sawdust and non-recyclable plastics into char: effect of plastic loading on char yield and its properties","authors":"Ranjeet Kumar Mishra","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00739E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00739E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics is essential to improve the quality and yield of pyrolytic products, optimise energy recovery, and mitigate plastic waste, providing a sustainable approach to waste valorisation. This study examined char production from the co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic in a semi-batch reactor at 500 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C min<small>⁻¹</small> and a nitrogen gas flow rate of 100 mL min<small>⁻¹</small>. JCT and NRPET were physically mixed at 30, 50%, and 80% wt%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of biomass and plastics confirmed their suitability as pyrolysis feedstocks. TGA-FTIR results confirmed that the addition of NRPET at 30, 50 and 80 wt% with JCT significantly increased the hydrocarbons and reduced the formation of CO<small>₂</small>, CO and oxygenated compounds. Results showed that blending of non-recyclable PET (NRPET) with Jungle Cork Tree (JCT) at 30%, 50%, and 80% reduced char yield by 5.27%, 9.07%, and 12.47%, respectively. Additionally, the blending of JCT and NRPET improved the properties of the char, such as carbon content (22.59%), heating value (6.17 MJ kg<small>⁻¹</small>), bulk density (200.11 kg m<small>⁻³</small>), and electrical conductivity. The blending process also led to a significant reduction in the oxygen content (18.05%) and surface area (30.78 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small>) of the char. FTIR analysis showed a loss of undesirable functional groups, while Raman spectroscopy revealed an increased <em>I</em><small>_D</small>/<em>I</em><small>_G</small> ratio. Finally, SEM analysis indicated that the incorporation of plastics increased the hardness and reduced the roughness of the char, enhancing its suitability for energy storage or carbon-based material applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1774-1787"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00739e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Carbon removal efficiency and energy requirement of engineered carbon removal technologies","authors":"Daniel L. Sanchez, Peter Psarras, Hannah K. Murnen and Barclay Rogers","doi":"10.1039/D5SU90013A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU90013A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Carbon removal efficiency and energy requirement of engineered carbon removal technologies’ by Daniel L. Sanchez <em>et al.</em>, <em>RSC Sustain.</em>, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4su00552j.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1584-1584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su90013a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-biocompatible periphyton-inhabited polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyacrylic acid (PAC) sheets indicate aquaculture bio-sustainability by oxidative stress and steatosis in zebrafish†","authors":"Mitali Sahoo, Snehasmita Jena, Shaikh Sheeran Naser, Sudakshya S. Lenka, Adrija Sinha, Aishee Ghosh, Ch. Vinod and Suresh K. Verma","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00704B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00704B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Aquaculture practices increasingly rely on synthetic materials for tank construction, with poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and poly acrylic acid sheets (PAC) being prevalent due to their durability and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, periphytons play a crucial role in determining the efficiency of aquaculture. The eco-compatibility and impact on aquatic biota remain under-explored in the synthetic materials embedded with periphyton. This study investigates the effects of periphyton-inhabited PVC and PAC on the developmental and cellular physiological phenomena of embryonic zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>). By exposing zebrafish embryos to aqueous environments containing periphyton-inhabited PVC and PAC sheets, we assessed the morphological development, survival rates, hatching rates, heart rates, and cellular stress responses. The presence of periphyton on these surfaces created microhabitats and was hypothesized to facilitate the recruitment and growth of desirable species, contributing to overall cellular and molecular biocompatibility. The cellular and molecular level assessment was done to gain mechanistic insights into the eco-biocompatibility of polymer sheets. Our findings indicate that exposure to periphyton inhabiting both materials can affect zebrafish embryogenesis, manifesting in developmental delays, increased mortality, and elevated cellular stress levels. Notably, PAC exhibited a higher degree of eco-compatibility compared to PVC, which showed more pronounced toxicological effects. The study detailed the ecotoxicological impact of PVC and PAC sheets with an indication of further research on eco-compatible design in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1819-1829"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00704b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies on poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate)-based biodegradable plastics for sustainable flexible packaging and agricultural applications: a comprehensive review","authors":"Debarshi Nath, Manjusri Misra, Fadi Al-Daoud and Amar K. Mohanty","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00193A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00193A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Due to the increasing use of single-use plastics in daily life, plastic trash is expanding annually, destroying our ecology and producing an unparalleled waste disposal crisis. Bioplastics like poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(butylene succinate-<em>co</em>-adipate) (PBSA) can substitute certain non-biodegradable polymer materials and can effectively biodegrade under predefined environmental conditions. Both PBS and PBSA were traditionally synthesized from petroleum resources, but in recent years, PBS and PBSA have been reported to be produced from a hybrid of petroleum and renewable resources. PBS and PBSA polymers have good ductility and strength, but their high production costs and limited production volume limit their widespread packaging usage. Therefore, they are usually blended with other polymers and fillers to improve processability, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. Thus, recent polymer processing advances have made these blends/composites an appealing material platform for packaging and agricultural applications with composting compliance. Despite this, few studies have investigated the application of these polymers in real food packaging uses and in agricultural applications, thus highlighting a research gap. Nevertheless, PBS and PBSA-based commercial items are currently on the market, with examples including flexible packaging materials, compostable cutlery, and disposable tableware. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of research trends on PBS and PBSA, including the sustainability of their green synthesis routes using LCA studies, their biodegradability, applications in food packaging and agriculture, and end-of-life considerations. This study aligns with the United Nations' sustainability goal of responsible consumption and production (Sustainable Development Goal 12).</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1267-1302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00193a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spaced functionalization of poly(ionic liquid)s for boosting the catalytic conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonates†","authors":"Qianmeng Zhao, Shaifei Liu, Wen Liu, Mengqian Fu, Zhenyang Xu, Qian Su and Weiguo Cheng","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00661E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00661E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Preparation of cyclic carbonates from CO<small>₂</small> and epoxides <em>via</em> cycloaddition is a well-established synthetic route, which is not only economical but also in line with the atomic economy. To overcome the problem of the cluster formation of hydrogen-bond donors in functionalized poly(ionic liquid)s, which reduces their catalytic activity, a series of spacer-functionalized poly(ionic liquid) catalysts were developed. In poly(ionic) liquids, the hydrogen-donating effect enhances the intrinsic catalytic performance of the active sites and the long-chain alkyl groups prevent interactions between hydrogen-bond-donor groups, thus increasing the utilization of the active sites. Among the developed poly(ionic liquid) catalysts, the poly(ionic liquid) P[AC<small>₁₂</small>VIM][Br] containing amino groups demonstrated the highest catalytic activity (propylene oxide conversion up to 99%), which was comparable with that of bulky ILs. The best catalytic performance of P[AC<small>₁₂</small>VIM][Br] was attributed owing to its multiple functions in not only activating CO<small>₂</small> and epoxides but also stabilizing Br<small>⁻</small>. Furthermore, the amphiphilicity of amino-functionalized poly(ionic liquid)s boosted their catalytic suitability for epoxide substrates with lipophilic edge groups, which was better than that of conventional poly(ionic liquid)s. Through XPS and NMR analyses, a mechanism of operation is proposed in which imidazole and hydrogen donor groups act co-operatively in epoxy during the reaction to assist in ring-opening. Thus, this study provides a new approach for improving the catalytic performance of poly(ionic liquid) catalysts from the viewpoint of an intrinsic reaction and utilization of the active sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1404-1414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00661e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tropospheric methane remediation by enhancing chlorine sinks","authors":"Qingchun Yuan, Bo Xiao, Renaud de Richter, Wei Li, Raul Quesada-Cabrera and Tingzhen Ming","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00716F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00716F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >To tackle global warming, the Paris Agreement (2015) strategically proposed achieving net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 2050 and limiting the global temperature rise below 2 °C. This requires a substantial reduction of all GHG emissions across all sectors over the next few decades. Methane has come into the spotlight as the second most potent GHG for its contribution to global warming. The Global Methane Pledge announced at COP26 (2021) proposed to reduce 30% of anthropogenic methane emissions by 2030 compared to the 2020 level. However, studies show that methane emissions will continue to increase even with the planned reductions and therefore the atmospheric methane concentration also. Effective methane removal technologies are urgently required for atmospheric methane remediation. This work evaluates the feasibility of atmospheric methane removal by enhancing the chlorine atom sink (<em>i.e.</em> a natural sink of methane in the lower troposphere) at a significant scale, considering that atomic chlorine initiates methane oxidation 16 times faster than the major natural methane sink of hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere. Atomic chlorine is proposed to be generated by electrolysis of brine for chlorine gas followed by photolysis. This methane removal technology could be integrated with the state-of-the-art industrial chlor-alkali processes. Such integrated technology is evaluated for the potential of negative GHG emissions and their costs, with attention given to cost-efficient measures, <em>i.e.</em>, the use of alternative renewable sources. A brief discussion is included on potential risks, side effects, benefits to the atmospheric methane remediation by 2050 and key required developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1524-1538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00716f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbohydrate-based alternatives to traditional synthetic plastic microbeads: a critical review","authors":"Amy McMackin and Sébastien Cardinal","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00364K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00364K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Microplastics in the environment threaten ecosystems around the world. Primary microplastics, including porous spherical particles known as microbeads, are actively produced by industry for use in cosmetics, exfoliants, household cleaning supplies, biomedical applications, and more. Not only do microbeads persist in the environment, leading to significant problems, but traditional plastic microbeads are commonly sourced from non-renewable resources and produced using toxic manufacturing processes. For these reasons, there is a push to develop environmentally friendly alternatives, notably from carbohydrate biopolymers. This paper reviews the carbohydrates used to prepare pure bioplastic microbeads. The results also compare the environmental impact, versatility, and capacity of these beads to perform the same functions as those of traditional plastic microbeads. Although we demonstrate that carbohydrate-based plastic microbeads pose a lesser environmental threat than conventional petroleum- or biobased synthetic options, this work concludes that the specific ecological impacts and potential applications vary widely. Among the biopolymers discussed within this review, we conclude that cellulose, chitin, or chitosan-based varieties hold considerable potential to provide an eco-friendly microbead for industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1629-1651"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00364k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deconstructing poplar lignin from ionic liquid pretreatment for biological conversion through sulfonation and Fenton chemistry†","authors":"Daniella V. Martinez, Alberto Rodriguez, Hemant Choudhary, Jay Salinas, Estevan J. Martinez, Oleg Davydovich, Gina M. Geiselman, John M. Gladden, Blake A. Simmons and Michael S. Kent","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00039D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00039D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Generating value from lignin through deconstruction and biological conversion is promising but limited by several factors including lack of economically viable deconstruction methods and low bioconversion of the breakdown products. Due to the complex chemical structure of natural lignins, high yield deconstruction requires cleaving both carbon–carbon and ether bonds. The high strength of C–C bonds poses a great challenge for economically viable high conversion of lignin to valuable products or intermediates. Prior work has shown that a Fenton reaction can efficiently cleave C–C bonds in sulfonated polymers at or near room temperature. In the present work, poplar lignin isolated from a cholinium lysinate ionic liquid pretreatment was sulfonated and then treated with a Fenton reaction using conditions that minimized H<small>₂</small>O<small>₂</small> and avoided unwanted repolymerization. The deconstruction process was performed at room temperature and ambient pressure. We explored the tradeoff between the extent of deconstruction and the amount of carbon lost as CO<small>₂</small>, with total carbon recovered as soluble products ranging up to 40% depending upon conditions. The reaction products were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, total dissolved organic carbon and elemental analysis. The results indicated that the products are rich in acid, aldehyde, alcohol, and sulfonate functionalities. A panel of microorganisms were tested for growth using the lignin breakdown products as the sole carbon source and five showed robust growth. A bisabolene-producing strain of <em>Rhodosporidium toruloides</em> was used to demonstrate conversion to product. Several ideas are discussed to improve yields for each step in the process.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1721-1728"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d5su00039d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploiting rice industry wastewater for more sustainable sunlight-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production using a graphitic carbon nitride polymorph†","authors":"Petra Bianchini, Antonella Profumo, Lorenzo Cerri, Costanza Tedesco, Lorenzo Malavasi and Andrea Speltini","doi":"10.1039/D4SU00567H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SU00567H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This paper shows the results collected in lab-scale experiments for photocatalytic H<small>₂</small> evolution from rice industry wastewater, by using a cheap and eco-friendly graphitic carbon nitride catalyst, one-pot prepared by the sacrificial template method. The final effluent from the production of “rice milk” beverage proved to be really rewarding compared to pure water, highlighting the possibility of taking advantage of a sugar-rich matrix to boost H<small>₂</small> formation. After preliminary experiments in glucose aqueous solution, yielding a maximum gas evolution above 1000 μmoles g<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>, the study moved on to wastewater and the operational conditions were optimized through designed experiments, under simulated solar light. Production of about 150 μmoles g<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>, at least 380-fold greater than production from neat water, was achieved by working with just 0.5 g L<small>⁻¹</small> of catalyst directly in the raw effluent, thus limiting the amount of metal co-catalyst and avoiding sample dilution. The reproducibility of the process was good, with relative standard deviations below 12% (<em>n</em> = 3). The production was also verified under natural sunlight, obtaining a mean production of nearby 115 μmoles g<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>. The sustainability of this photocatalytic setup is strengthened by the recyclability of the catalyst, which maintains its photoactivity for at least four treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 3","pages":" 1149-1156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/su/d4su00567h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}