RSC sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Aerobic titania photocatalysis: selective oxidative dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinoline and related amines†","authors":"Paula Romero-Navarro, Iris Martín-García, Anabel Lanterna, Juan C. Scaiano and Francisco Alonso","doi":"10.1039/D6SU00169F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SU00169F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >3,4-Dihydroisoquinolines are high-value chemicals, both as medicinally relevant compounds and as intermediates for the synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives, which are widely regarded as privileged scaffolds in drug discovery. Though envisaged as a direct route, the partial oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines to 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines is, however, very challenging due to the inherent tendency of these substrates toward over-oxidation to the aromatic isoquinolines. Herein, we have used 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) as a model substrate for its selective oxidative dehydrogenation to 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (DHIQ) under heterogeneous photochemical conditions with titania-based photocatalysts. Among the materials tested, TiO<small>₂</small>-P25 and CuNPs/TiO<small>₂</small>-P25 have been found to be the best photocatalysts in terms of conversion and selectivity upon irradiation (369 nm) in acetonitrile, with oxygen as a terminal oxidant. Notably, high conversion and selectivity were also attained with TiO<small>₂</small>-P25 in the presence of Cs<small>₂</small>CO<small>₃</small> under air. Although pristine TiO<small>₂</small>-P25 represents the simplest and most readily available photocatalyst, CuNPs/TiO<small>₂</small>-P25 is clearly superior from a reusability standpoint, maintaining high conversions (97–96%) and excellent selectivities (97:3–96:4) over the first four cycles, and consistently outperforming TiO<small>₂</small>-P25 in the oxidation of other amines. A detailed characterisation of this catalyst, combined with comprehensive mechanistic studies, supports a strong substrate-surface interaction that facilitates single-electron transfer oxidation of the former; accordingly, a consistent reaction mechanism has been proposed. A meticulous green chemistry assessment shows that, while TiO<small>₂</small>-P25 displays the most favourable risk-factor score, CuNPs/TiO<small>₂</small>-P25 provides the most balanced overall sustainability profile when risk factors, waste generation and recyclability are considered, and benchmarks favourably against previously reported photocatalytic methodologies. Overall, this study introduces an efficient and sustainable photocatalytic method that not only overcomes key limitations of previous systems, but also underscores the effectiveness and practicality of heterogeneous photochemical approaches under mild aerobic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 5","pages":" 2232-2249"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d6su00169f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of whole Hawaiian macroalgae to engineer bioplastics and adhesives for wood-particleboards","authors":"Ian R. Campbell, Ty Shitanaka, Hannah M. Egan, Manpreet Kaur, Samir Kumar Khanal and Eleftheria Roumeli","doi":"10.1039/D6SU00024J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SU00024J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Production of novel materials from sustainable biological matter (biomatter) can contribute to the development of a global, circular bioeconomy. Among potential feedstocks, macroalgae stand out due to their fast growth rates and richly diverse biochemical composition. However, very few studies demonstrate the direct conversion of whole macroalgal biomatter into bulk materials and also perform comprehensive biochemical characterization. Here, we present a detailed, species-resolved compositional and macromolecular analysis of four native Hawaiian macroalgae, including carbohydrate speciation, protein molecular weight distributions, lipid profiles, and inorganic content. Each macroalgal species was then processed directly, without chemical pretreatment or fractionation, into two structurally distinct bioproduct classes: self-bonded bioplastics and algae-bonded wood particleboards. We characterized the mechanical properties and micromorphology of all bioproducts, as well as the flame resistance and seawater-biodegradation of selected materials, to establish structure–property relationships across species and material classes. The Hawaiian macroalgae exhibited carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and organic sulfate contents of 58–69 wt%, 5–12 wt%, 2–10 wt%, and 1–39 wt%, respectively, and species-specific sulfated polysaccharides were identified. Green macroalgae displayed broader protein molecular weight distributions (15–75 kDa) than red macroalgae (15–20 kDa). Bioplastics made from the red macroalgae exhibited higher flexural strength (46–70 MPa) and flexural modulus (8–9 GPa) compared to those from the green macroalgae (29–32 MPa, flexural strength; 5 GPa, flexural modulus). Differences in the bioplastic mechanical properties were correlated with differences in the macroalgal powder particle size distributions and protein characteristics. In wood particleboards bonded by macroalgal biomatter, the addition of 40% algae by weight improved the flexural strength and flexural modulus by 180–500% and 62.5–112.5%, respectively. All of the macroalgae-bonded wood particleboards also impressively self-extinguished in approximately 10 seconds, compared to the wood control which was completely consumed by flames. Overall, this work demonstrates that whole, minimally processed macroalgal biomatter can be directly transformed into multiple mechanically relevant material classes while retaining performance-relevant chemical complexity. Beyond the demonstrated bioplastics and particleboards, the comprehensive compositional dataset reported here provides a reference for the broader valorization of native macroalgal biomatter through diverse material and chemical pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 5","pages":" 2410-2429"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d6su00024j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147923995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving 3D printing sustainability in academic research: a PLA recycling initiative","authors":"Tristan Perodeau, Nazim Boudjerada, Maxime Goulet, Stéphanie Poirier and Audrey Laventure","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00959F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00959F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Integrating sustainability into a research laboratory and expanding this integration to a campus-wide initiative while promoting chemical education is a crucial challenge that scientists need to tackle for the current and future generations. Herein, we present an initiative for sustainable repurposing of three-dimensional (3D) printing waste materials made of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). First, we describe the methodology used to prepare recycled 3D printed filaments from 3D printed waste produced in our laboratory, from shredding to filament extrusion, including a detailed thermal and mechanical characterization to benchmark the properties of the resulting filament against a commercial one. Once this laboratory-scale protocol is established, we describe how we implemented a circular, campus-wide initiative to repurpose 3D printed waste generated at the Université de Montréal (UdeM), Canada, and how we use this initiative as an educational tool to promote responsible use of materials among the students, researchers and members of the university. The residues are collected university-wide from research groups and digital fabrication space communities before being processed back into filaments suitable for 3D printing that are redistributed to the university community, providing a circular alternative for their future 3D prints. A website dedicated to the initiative allows us to educate the university community about PLA and to promote this initiative as an example of a solution to address global material consumption issues. This initiative establishes a sustainable framework for the collection, recycling, and redistribution of 3D printing filaments, promoting a circular economy model within the university as well as contributing to educate the community on the responsible use of materials. We believe that sharing our journey toward promoting sustainability within our research community and beyond will inspire other researchers to promote such initiatives within their own community.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 6","pages":" 2611-2620"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00959f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148214955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-pressure flow-through fractionation of Quercus mongolica for highly selective cellulose and reactive lignin recovery: a lignocellulosic biorefinery approach","authors":"Imam Hidayat Nurwahid, Sarah Keiza Ismail, Vanny Natasya, Jae-Wook Choi, Kyeongsu Kim, Seongmin Jin, Hyunjoo Lee, Chun-Jae Yoo, Jeong-Myeong Ha and Chang Soo Kim","doi":"10.1039/D6SU00148C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SU00148C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The utilization of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is the subject of intensive research and development due to the growing demand for sustainable, non-food-competitive alternatives to fossil fuels. Flow-through fractionation systems have shown potential for fully utilizing LCB, but the high-pressure requirements hinder their industrial implementation. This study investigated a low-pressure flow-through fractionation system for <em>Quercus mongolica</em>, designed for continuous-scale biorefinery operations. Results showed a 48.8% fractionation yield and 87.9% delignification, with a significant increase in enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Notably, the fractionated lignin exhibited substantially greater preservation of β-O-4 linkages than commercial Kraft lignin. A strategy to reduce solvent use was proposed based on the reactor temperature profile to further optimize the process. These results confirm the viability of this system as a lignocellulosic biorefinery pretreatment, enabling selective lignin separation and providing a scalable, continuous pathway for the complete valorization of LCB.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 6","pages":" 2748-2757"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d6su00148c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148214929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanochemically engineered ammonium magnesium-sulfate double salts synthesized from ammonium carbonate for improved nitrogen-use efficiency","authors":"Mohamed Ammar, Julia Farias, Emmanuel Aransiola, Matthew Conley, Kerry A. Hamilton, Clinton Williams and Jonas Baltrusaitis","doi":"10.1039/D6SU00101G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SU00101G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ammonium carbonate (AC) represents a concentrated ammonium precursor with potential relevance for nitrogen (N) recovery from anaerobic digestate, but its direct use in soils is limited by chemical instability and rapid N loss. In this study, ammonium carbonate was used as a model ammonium source to synthesize a magnesium ammonium sulfate double salt, Mg(NH<small>₄</small>)<small>₂</small>(SO<small>₄</small>)<small>₂</small>·6H<small>₂</small>O (MgSA), and its performance in soil was evaluated relative to ammonium carbonate and urea. In particular, MgSA was prepared <em>via</em> a solid-state green solvent-free mechanochemical method and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. MgSA was synthesized at high conversion for the molar MgSO<small>₄</small>·7H<small>₂</small>O : AC of 0.8 : 1.2 to 1.2 : 0.8 using epsomite salt as a precursor on a mg scale, while 20 gram batches were synthesized using anhydrous MgSO<small>₄</small>·7H<small>₂</small>O and AC mixtures. Ammonia volatilization of MgSA was assessed under controlled laboratory conditions, while agronomic performance was evaluated in growth-chamber experiments using romaine lettuce grown in three sandy loam soils with contrasting physicochemical properties. Under high relative humidity, MgSA granules exhibited a significant decrease in NH<small>₃</small> emission as obtained using the Richards kinetic model, as compared to the AC. In growth chamber experiments, MgSA sustained strong lettuce growth, often matching or exceeding the performance of urea and ammonium carbonate while avoiding excessive soil nitrate accumulation <em>via</em> sustained nitrogen delivery, allowing plant uptake to remain stable. The simultaneous supply of magnesium and sulfur enabled chlorophyll synthesis and nitrogen assimilation, demonstrating the value of integrating multiple essential nutrients into a single crystalline phase. We conclude that this work charts pathways for using waste-derived AC as a promising green chemistry agent that can be mechanochemically combined with mineral salts and contribute to global nitrogen cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 5","pages":" 2374-2388"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d6su00101g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147923993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle based risk and opportunity mapping: a systematic collaborative procedure to integrate environmental and health aspects into early innovation for scoping and pre-screening for safe and sustainable by design (SSbD) assessments","authors":"Therese Kärnman, Steffen Schellenberger, Marie Gottfridsson, Maja Halling, Kristin Johansson, Tomas Rydberg and Jutta Hildenbrand","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00930H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00930H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This article presents a method for life cycle based evaluation of early-stage innovations, addressing the lack of tools for assessing environmental aspects of emerging technologies. This approach supports the development of clean technologies, chemicals, and materials by fostering dialogue between inventors and evaluators through information exchange and preliminary assessments, even when data are uncertain. Aligned with the EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability under the European Green Deal, the Joint Research Center (JRC) introduced a framework for Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) chemicals and materials, emphasizing application during early innovation stages when design choices can still be influenced. The proposed method, Life Cycle Based Risk and Opportunity Mapping (LCBROM), can be applied initially in an SSbD assessment to serve as scoping analysis and be revisited during the further stages of the SSbD process, promoting transparency and knowledge sharing among involved parties. Tested in four case studies focused on developing smart, safe materials and devices for clean air and water, LCBROM revealed that opportunity mapping is essential for engaging innovators but requires a benchmark technology or defined consequences of inaction; several screening methods exist for emerging technologies, yet none are widely adopted; and LCBROM meets four critical criteria for low-TRL tools: ease of use, inclusion of all relevant impacts, broad applicability, and low cost. The method enhances communication between developers, problem owners, and experts, improving mutual understanding, and continues to be refined and validated in ongoing research programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 5","pages":" 2198-2210"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00930h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical detection of hydrogen gas using organic dyes and metal-based activators: a review","authors":"Mark Potter, Marcus W. Drover and Simon Rondeau-Gagné","doi":"10.1039/D6SU00135A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SU00135A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The adoption of hydrogen gas (H<small>_2(g)</small>) as a carbon-free energy source requires reliable, sensitive, and accessible detection technologies for use across various environments. Optical H<small>_2(g)</small> sensors based on organic dyes offer an attractive alternative to traditional sensors by providing selective and sensitive visual readouts, with low power consumption, and compatibility with simple and miniature devices. However, the relative inertness of H<small>_2(g)</small> under ambient conditions necessitates indirect detection relying on H<small>_2(g)</small> activation coupled with optical response. This review provides a comprehensive and mechanistic overview of fluorescence- and colorimetric-based H<small>_2(g)</small> sensors that employ organic dyes in combination with metal-based activating agents. We discuss how H<small>_2(g)</small> activation is dominated through two strategies: (1) surface mediated activation at noble metal surfaces with supported catalysts and nanoparticles; and (2) organometallic mediated activation. Emphasis is placed on sensor performance and usability with respect to activation pathway, dye selection, and sensor architecture. By critically comparing reported sensing performances, we identify key design principles that directly influence H<small>_2(g)</small> sensing ability across different dye-based sensors including dye, activator, and architecture selection. We also highlight the need for benchmarked parameters which currently limits cross-study comparison and rational design. Finally, we outline future opportunities for sustainable optical dye-based H<small>_2(g)</small> detection related to improving currently available systems. Altogether, this review aims to provide a guide for the development of next-generation optical H<small>_2(g)</small> sensors that support the safe and sustainable integration of H<small>_2(g)</small>-based technologies into society.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 5","pages":" 2099-2116"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d6su00135a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147923987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greener chemistry for a sustainable future: an interdisciplinary course based on systems thinking","authors":"Anne Marteel-Parrish","doi":"10.1039/D6SU00154H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D6SU00154H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Growing concerns about environmental degradation, resource depletion, and climate change have positioned sustainable practices at the forefront of chemical education and research. Green chemistry provides a framework for addressing these challenges by designing chemical processes and products that prevent pollution and minimize environmental impacts. These developments underscore the need to prepare students to engage with sustainability challenges through interdisciplinary perspectives. A revised elective chemistry course adopts a systems-based approach that integrates green chemistry principles with environmental science, engineering, biology, economics, and policy. The course prepares students to connect chemical knowledge to real-world challenges and to engage in sustainability-driven problem solving. This article showcases a set of integrated educational strategies that combine green chemistry, systems thinking, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), while emphasizing real-world problem solving. Building on two decades of instruction, this manuscript presents the evolution of a course from a traditional lecture format to an interdisciplinary project-based model, supported by an assessment of student learning outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 5","pages":" 2167-2174"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d6su00154h","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147880198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of lube oil production from post-use polypropylene and comparison with conventional base oils","authors":"Sultana Ferdous, Ulises R. Gracida-Alvarez, Pahola Thathiana Benavides and Meltem Urgun-Demirtas","doi":"10.1039/D5SU00910C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00910C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study presents an integrated analysis of the technical, economic, and environmental performance of upcycling post-use polypropylene (PU-PP) through hydrogenolysis, using a platinum strontium titanate (Pt/SrTiO<small>₃</small>) catalyst. This process generates lubricating oils from upcycled plastics, also referred to as LOUPs. The refining of Group I, II, and III base oils from crude oil is also evaluated as a conventional process for comparison with LOUPs production. The minimum selling price (MSP) of LOUPs was estimated at $2.18 per gallon, representing reductions of 16%, 49%, and 61% compared to the MSPs of conventional Group I, II, and III base oils, respectively. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from LOUPs production ranged between 0.6 and 0.7 kg CO<small>₂</small>e per kg. These emissions are up to 40% higher than those of Group I base oil but 62% and 74% lower compared to Group II and Group III base oils, respectively. Hydrogenolysis also resulted in lower GHG emissions compared to conventional end-of-life (EOL) management of PU-PP. According to these findings, the analysis presented showed the cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits of producing LOUPs from PU-PP in comparison to conventional Group II and III base oil refining.</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 5","pages":" 2321-2336"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d5su00910c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Guiding Principles of Responsible Chemistry","authors":"Francesca M. Kerton","doi":"10.1039/D6SU90015A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SU90015A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A graphical abstract is available for this content</p>","PeriodicalId":74745,"journal":{"name":"RSC sustainability","volume":" 4","pages":" 1647-1648"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/su/d6su90015a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}