Reducing the environmental impact of large-scale photovoltaic systems through technological progress and effective management†

Photovoltaics (PVs), the fastest-growing renewable energy source, play a crucial role in decarbonizing global energy systems. However, the intermittent nature of solar PV and transmission line constraints pose challenges to its integration into electricity systems. Previous studies on PV systems often lack methodological consistency, limiting comparative insights into understanding their environmental impacts. This study conducts a comprehensive life cycle analysis of various PV technologies using primary data within a unified framework and explores different scenarios to assess the impact of technology and management on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy payback. The results indicate that transitioning from multi-crystalline to monocrystalline silicon reduces PV-related GHG emissions by 7.9–40.5% and improves energy payback by 1.5–52.5%. Additionally, effective management and technological advancements decrease GHG emissions by 29.6–34.3% compared to the current scenario. Integrating these factors into grid decarbonization efforts would reduce emissions to less than 7.2 gCO₂-eq per kW per h, shorten the energy payback time to less than 2.0 years, and boost energy returns by more than 18.4 times. These findings reveal that the potential of effective management in reducing GHG emissions is comparable to that of technological advancements. To maximize PV's decarbonization benefits, stakeholders should prioritize electricity system optimization, implement policies to boost grid-connected PV generation, reduce losses, and extend PV lifespan.