MXene-based nanocomposites: a new horizon for electrochemical monitoring of environmental pollutants

MXenes, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides, have garnered attention due to their outstanding electrical conductivity, expansive surface area, and customizable surface chemistry and have been widely investigated for use in environmental sensors in recent years. This review presents a variety of methodologies for synthesizing MXene-based nanocomposites and their utilization as electrochemical sensors for the detection of environmental pollutants, including organic pesticides, antibiotic drugs, heavy metals, and synthetic phenolic compounds in real matrices. The review includes various synthesis approaches, which include a spectrum of techniques, such as chemical etching, intercalation, and surface modification, all directed at tailoring the properties of MXenes to optimize sensor functionality. Subsequently, the role of these MXene-based nanocomposites in electrochemical sensing will be discussed in detail. These sensors demonstrate exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and swift responsiveness, positioning them as promising contenders for on-the-spot monitoring of pollutants. The specific emphasis on heavy metals tackles the pervasive concern of water contamination, while the identification of organic pesticides and antibiotic drugs addresses issues in agricultural and pharmaceutical wastewater. The electrochemical sensing capacities of MXene-based nanocomposites offer promising prospects for effective and portable devices for environmental monitoring. We believe this review will provide new ideas and research directions for readers working with sensor-based technologies.