Strategic innovation in CuBTC/PANI nanocomposites for dye remediation: a holistic approach for enhancing adsorption, isotherms, and kinetic studies †

Bhavika Garg, Palkaran Sethi and Soumen Basu
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Abstract

The environmental persistence of reactive blue 19 dye poses a significant challenge, driving the urgent need for efficient removal technologies to protect water quality. This study introduces a highly effective solution in the form of a copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (CuBTC) composite integrated with polyaniline (PANI), designed for the adsorption of Reactive Blue-19 (RB19) dye. The CuBTC/PANI composite was synthesized at varying weight ratios (5%, 10%, and 15%) and meticulously analyzed using a suite of advanced techniques, including FESEM, EDS, FTIR, XPS, XRD, and BET surface area analysis. These characterization studies confirmed the composite's exceptional structural integrity, thermal stability, and high porosity. The adsorption efficiency of the composite was evaluated under various conditions, such as adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, pH, temperature, and contact time. Impressively, the composite achieved a 99% removal efficiency for 60 ppm RB19 at pH 2 within just 50 minutes. Reusability tests highlighted the material's remarkable durability, exhibiting consistent performance over six cycles. Five equilibrium isotherm models were employed to unravel the adsorption process. The Langmuir model (R2 = 0.998) provided the best fit, suggesting that the adsorption process follows a monolayer pattern driven primarily by chemisorption. Post-adsorption FTIR analysis unveiled additional interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, electrostatic forces, and pore filling, further elucidating the complex adsorption mechanism. Kinetic studies, based on four models revealed that the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.990) best describes the process, with a rate constant of 0.172 mg g−1 min−1, indicating that adsorption is governed by a chemical reaction. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the process is endothermic (ΔH = 795.15 J mol−1) and spontaneous (ΔG = −1.790 kJ mol−1), and results in a decrease in randomness at the solid–liquid interface (ΔS = 3.082 J mol−1 K−1). This study provides a comprehensive chemical engineering analysis of the adsorption process, encompassing isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic models. The CuBTC/PANI composite emerges as a highly efficient and sustainable material for the removal of RB19, offering not only exceptional adsorption capacity and rapid kinetics but also impressive reusability. This work paves the way for a promising solution in the fight against dye-contaminated wastewater, outshining traditional methods and heralding a new era of water treatment technology.

用于染料修复的CuBTC/PANI纳米复合材料的战略创新:增强吸附,等温线和动力学研究的整体方法
活性蓝19染料的环境持久性提出了重大挑战,迫切需要有效的去除技术来保护水质。本研究介绍了一种高效吸附活性蓝-19 (RB19)染料的铜苯-1,3,5-三羧酸盐(CuBTC)复合材料与聚苯胺(PANI)。以不同的重量比(5%,10%和15%)合成了CuBTC/PANI复合材料,并使用一套先进的技术进行了细致的分析,包括FESEM, EDS, FTIR, XPS, XRD和BET表面积分析。这些表征研究证实了该复合材料具有优异的结构完整性、热稳定性和高孔隙率。考察了吸附剂用量、染料浓度、pH、温度、接触时间等条件下复合材料的吸附效率。令人印象深刻的是,该复合材料在50分钟内就实现了对pH值为2的60 ppm RB19的99%的去除效率。可重用性测试突出了材料的卓越耐久性,在六个循环中表现出一致的性能。采用平衡等温线模型对吸附过程进行了分析。Langmuir模型(R2 = 0.998)拟合最佳,表明吸附过程遵循主要由化学吸附驱动的单层模式。吸附后FTIR分析揭示了其他相互作用,如氢键、π -π堆积、静电力和孔隙填充,进一步阐明了复杂的吸附机理。基于四种模型的动力学研究表明,拟二阶模型(R2 = 0.990)最能描述吸附过程,其速率常数为0.172 mg g−1 min−1,表明吸附是由化学反应控制的。热力学分析表明,该反应为吸热反应(ΔH = 795.15 J mol−1)和自发反应(ΔG = - 1.790 kJ mol−1),并降低了固液界面处的随机性(ΔS = 3.082 J mol−1 K−1)。本研究对吸附过程进行了全面的化学工程分析,包括等温线、动力学和热力学模型。CuBTC/PANI复合材料是一种高效和可持续的去除RB19的材料,不仅具有卓越的吸附能力和快速的动力学,而且具有令人印象深刻的可重复使用性。这项工作为对抗染料污染废水的解决方案铺平了道路,超越了传统方法,预示着水处理技术的新时代。
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