Aerospace medicine and human performance最新文献

{"title":"Coronary Artery Disease Detection and Disposition in Aircrew.","authors":"Gary Gray, David Holdsworth, Norbert Guettler, Lysette Broekhuizen, Thomas Syburra, Joanna d'Arcy, Denis Bron, Olivier Manen, Eddie Davenport","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6677.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6677.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Acute coronary events continue to represent a threat to aviation safety and mission completion and comprise a significant cause of loss of medical certification in both military and civilian aircrew. In the age range of active aircrew, coronary events often present as a plaque rupture event with acute incapacitation as the initial manifestation. The identification of asymptomatic aircrew with a high risk for an acute coronary event remains a major challenge to aviation medical practitioners. For aircrew who have had a coronary event or are have significant atherosclerosis, the challenge is to guide the appropriate evaluations to allow a risk assessment for consideration for continuing flight duties.</p><p><strong>Case series: </strong>Using a series of four case studies, this article will explore the evaluation, treatment, and proper aeromedical disposition of coronary artery disease (CAD). Cases will include CAD screening, asymptomatic non-obstructive CAD, asymptomatic obstructive/ischemic CAD, and symptomatic CAD with myocardial infarction.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This paper presents the current benchmark for assessing aircrew for occult coronary disease and for assessment and disposition of aircrew with known coronary disease with data derived from current aeromedical and clinical literature, as well as the expert consensus of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Working Group on Occupational Cardiology (HFM WG 251, 316). Gray G, Holdsworth D, Guettler N, Broekhuizen L, Syburra T, D'Arcy J, Bron D, Manen O, Davenport E. Coronary artery disease detection and disposition in aircrew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):210-217.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"210-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Wing of AsMA and UHMS.","authors":"Warren S Silberman","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.9703PP.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.9703PP.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"135-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Intercapillary Distance as a Regulator of Tissue Denitrogenation Rate.","authors":"Todd Dart, Jeffrey Mock, Jeremy Beer","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6810.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6810.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Removing nitrogen gas from body tissue by breathing 100% oxygen (denitrogenation) before exposure to a low-pressure environment reduces risk of decompression sickness (DCS) caused by nitrogen bubble formation. This is a priority in activities that include DCS risk such as unpressurized flight or astronaut extravehicular activity. Tissue denitrogenation is determined by perfusion, so modeling intercapillary distance (ICD) as a perfusion characteristic could be exploited to predict denitrogenation efficiency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five inert gas exchange models were developed that combine a cylindrical conceptualization of tissue surrounding a single capillary (Krogh model) in which denitrogenation can occur, with estimates of ICD from 10-50 µm used to represent capillary density. Rate of nitrogen washout (dPN2 · dt-1) was estimated using ICD and initial tissue nitrogen pressure as predictor variables. Regressions were performed to compare model output to fractional washout volumes obtained using Behnke's whole-body washout functions as a benchmark.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean denitrogenation fractions generated by these mixed-venous models correlated strongly with fractional Behnke washout curves (Pearson's r = 1). Emergent tissue nitrogen washout half-time rates ranged from 5.5-90 min. Differences in lean and adipose tissue ICD and nitrogen solubility impact tissue nitrogen concentration but not pressure.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The use of a \"leaky nitrogen reservoir\" multicylinder ICD perfusion model offers a theoretical framework on which to base denitrogenation rates within and across tissue types. This modeling approach may permit the development of improved perfusion-enhancing denitrogenation strategies and DCS risk models. Dart T, Mock J, Beer J. Modeling intercapillary distance as a regulator of tissue denitrogenation rate. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):137-144.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Proposed Framework for the Application of Physiological Monitoring in Fast-Jet Aviation.","authors":"Aiden Coffey, Pete Marston, Thomas G Smith, Lance Annicelli, Camille Bilger, Ross D Pollock, Peter D Hodkinson","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6470.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6470.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The occurrence of physiological episodes in flight has led to an interest in developing pilot physiological monitoring (PhysMon) systems. There is a lack of consensus among engineering, physiology, and aircrew disciplines in the use-cases of highest importance and the sequence of events required to assess these technologies. This paper proposes structured analytical techniques to consider and assess potential PhysMon systems, using tools from across aerospace professions, to create a framework for considering applications of PhysMon. This approach provides a logical structure to critically assess potential systems, consider how a PhysMon system may be positioned within a system-of-systems architecture, identify the challenges in bringing them to the operational setting, and select those concepts with the highest chance of success. By providing a common understanding, this applied framework is intended to improve future development, testing, application, and use of PhysMon systems. Coffey A, Marston P, Smith TG, Annicelli L, Bilger C, Pollock RD, Hodkinson PD. A proposed framework for the application of physiological monitoring in fast-jet aviation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):218-223.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"218-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Lung Cancer Management and Return-to-Duty Considerations for Military Aircrew.","authors":"Jason Weizheng Low","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6734.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6734.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and among Singaporean males. While incidence in Singapore has declined due to reductions in smoking, patient outcomes have also improved because of advances in our understanding of cancer biology, lung cancer screening, and refinements in treatment. In the Republic of Singapore Air Force, its first diagnosed case of aircrew lung cancer was presented and deliberated at its Aeromedical Board in October 2024.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A narrative review was conducted to summarize aeromedically relevant updates on the current assessment and management of lung cancer, with a focus on return-to-flying considerations as well as future implications for military aircrew.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Developments in immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies has driven the requirement for molecular and immunohistochemical diagnosis in lung cancer management. Together with advances in radiation therapy and minimally invasive surgery techniques, lung cancer screening and smoking cessation have significantly improved disease mortality and morbidity. Despite this, a safe return to aviation duties may remain limited by treatment side effects and the possibility of late disease recurrence.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>While there is an opportunity to update current waiver policies for resectable early-stage lung cancer, additional considerations are still required to individualize aeromedical decision-making based on underlying cancer histology, treatment response, side effects of newer therapies, and risk of cancer recurrence after remission. In preserving their fitness for duty, emerging evidence and the continuously evolving treatment landscape will continue to challenge flight surgeons to keep aircrew well-informed of their management options. Low JW. Current lung cancer management and return-to-duty considerations for military aircrew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):185-193.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"185-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High +Gz Flight Reduces Cervical 3D Kinematics and Increases Neck Pain in Fighter Pilots.","authors":"Rene Lingscheid, Roland Nuesse, Robert Rein, Fabian Goell, Kirsten Albracht, Bjoern Braunstein","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6762.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6762.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Military jet pilots are exposed to extreme +Gz, imposing strain on the cervical musculoskeletal system. Neck pain prevalence is well documented, but the acute effects of real flight on cervical muscles and kinematics remain unclear. This study assessed acute effects in Eurofighter pilots vs. non-pilot controls. It was hypothesized that acute high +Gz exposure during a real flight affects cervical 3D kinematics, muscle mechanical properties, and pilot-reported pain scores compared to a nonexposed control group and effects of acute high +Gz exposure persist 24 h postflight, resulting in altered cervical 3D kinematics, modified muscle mechanical properties, and increased subjective pain compared to the nonexposed control group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A controlled, longitudinal study compared 20 Eurofighter pilots with 20 matched controls. Cervical 3D kinematics, subjective neck pain, and cervical muscle stiffness were assessed preflight, immediately postflight, and 24 h postflight. Pilots executed high +Gz maneuvers during real flight following a scripted mission. Primary outcomes were group-by-time differences. Statistics included repeated-measures of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In pilots, cervical extension range of motion decreased postflight from 56.4 ± 6.5° to 52.4 ± 7.8°, and at 24 h to 53.3 ± 6.4°. Subjective neck pain increased postflight and persisted at 24 h [pain 0.0-10.0; medians from 0.0 (0.0)-2.1 (3.0), then 1.8 (2.9)]. Right trapezius muscle stiffness decreased postflight (241.0 ± 20.3-227.8 ± 20.7 N · m-1) and after 24 h at 234.1 ± 20.1 N · m-1.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>High +Gz exposure and extreme head postures reduce range of motion and increase neck pain in fighter pilots. The stiffness decrease suggests a muscular mechanical overload. Findings support the need for targeted neck conditioning and real-time monitoring to mitigate injury risk to sustain operational readiness. Lingscheid R, Nuesse R, Rein R, Goell F, Albracht K, Braunstein B. High +Gz flight reduces cervical 3D kinematics and increases neck pain in fighter pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):151-159.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"151-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Responses to Four Different Baseline Accelerations on a Human Centrifuge.","authors":"Joseph K Britton, Nicholas D C Green, Stephen D R Harridge, Adam G Peters, Charlotte G Thornton-White, Ross D Pollock","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6523.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6523.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Human centrifuges use baseline acceleration levels between high-G exposures to optimize mechanical performance and minimize motion sickness. This trial assessed the cardiovascular changes associated with different centrifuge baselines to assess their impact on trials and training.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 10 subjects (1 female, median age: 35, age range: 27 yr) underwent 2-min exposures to +1.2, +1.4, +1.6, and +1.8 Gz on a human centrifuge, with 5 min at +1 Gz between runs. Cardiovascular variables were assessed via the volume-clamp method and 3-lead electrocardiogram. Blood volume change in the abdomen, thigh, knee, and calf were measured via impedance plethysmography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was an interaction between all +Gz baseline levels and cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, and total peripheral resistance. There was an interaction with mean arterial and diastolic blood pressure at both heart and head level, and with systolic blood pressure at head level only. When compared to +1 Gz, the highest baseline tested of +1.8 Gz resulted in increases in heart-level diastolic pressure (14 ± 8%), total peripheral resistance (31 ± 19%), and heart rate (12 ± 8%), with decreases in cardiac output (-17 ± 9%), stroke volume (-27 ± 4%), and head-level mean arterial pressure (41 ± 9%). Decreases in impedance were greater in the abdomen and thigh at higher +Gz baselines.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The measured response when transitioning from +1 Gz to +1.6 and +1.8 Gz was similar to that previously reported on transition from supine to standing. This response should be considered when selecting baselines, particularly for cardiovascular research. Britton JK, Green NDC, Harridge SDR, Peters AG, Thornton-White CG, Pollock RD. Physiological responses to four different baseline accelerations on a human centrifuge. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):75-83.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-Based Differences in Intraocular Pressure During Head-Down Tilt in a Spaceflight Analog Model.","authors":"Christine D Walck, Zechariah Frantz, Natalie J Brattain, Braelynn Bolger","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6720.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6720.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome is a high-priority research gap, especially regarding its mechanisms and individual susceptibility, including sex-based differences. This study investigates sex-specific intraocular pressure (IOP) responses during head-down tilt (HDT) to improve understanding of differential risk profiles and inform the development of targeted countermeasures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 15 healthy subjects (8 males, 7 females) completed a 60-min -12° HDT protocol. IOP was measured in a seated baseline condition and at 0, 30, and 60 min during HDT using a rebound tonometer. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously. Sex-based comparisons were evaluated using repeated measures analysis of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Males exhibited a progressive elevation, with mean changes of 2.00 ± 1.51 mmHg at 0 min, 3.50 ± 3.38 mmHg at 30 min, and 5.00 ± 3.12 mmHg at 60 min. In contrast, females showed a biphasic pattern with mean changes of 1.86 ± 2.73 mmHg at 0 min, 3.71 ± 2.75 mmHg at 30 min, and a slightly reduced elevation of 3.29 ± 3.09 mmHg at 60 min. While the overall IOP elevation was comparable between sexes, males demonstrated more sustained increases and females showed early elevation followed by partial recovery.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings suggest that males may be more susceptible to sustained IOP elevations under fluid shift conditions, potentially increasing spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome risk. In contrast, the IOP modulation in females may reflect sex-specific regulatory mechanisms. These results support future development of personalized countermeasures for spaceflight and may inform adjunctive approaches for terrestrial ocular conditions. Walck CD, Frantz Z, Brattain NJ, Bolger B. Sex-based differences in intraocular pressure during head-down tilt in a spaceflight analog model. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):69-74.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"69-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-Flight Assessment of Simulated Hemorrhage During Aerial Patient Evacuation.","authors":"Michael L Tibbs, Chiawei Lee, Bria G Morse, Elizabeth Romero, Lonnie G Petersen","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6768.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6768.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Understanding how flight trajectories impact hemodynamically unstable patients is critical for maintaining high survival rates during aerial evacuation. We integrated an experimental model of hemorrhage in an aircraft during evasive maneuvers to capture the physiological response in healthy humans vs. simulated hemorrhage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Lower body negative pressure (LBNP), a validated method to simulate hemorrhage, and continuous physiological monitoring were integrated into a C-12J aircraft. Nine volunteers underwent incremental LBNP during wind-up turns, roller coasters, and level acceleration/deceleration trajectories at cabin pressure altitudes of 5500-9500 ft (1670-2890 m). Environmental sensors recorded acceleration, vibration, temperature, and pressure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine sorties totaling 27.5 flight test hours were completed. Wind-up turns produced Gx accelerations of 1.21 ± 0.09 G (mean ± SD), 1.47 ± 0.06 G, and 1.93 ± 0.10 G, with additional Gz (0.05-0.18 G). Roller coasters produced rapid Gx transitions between 0.4-2.8 G. Level acceleration/decelerations generated -0.1-0.3 Gz. Incremental LBNP was applied from 0-60 mmHg, simulating mild, moderate, and severe hemorrhage. Gx was driven by low-frequency aerodynamics; lateral by high-frequency mechanical inputs.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We have, for the first time, established a real-world in-flight experimental set-up to conduct direct crossover trials and capture the reductions in Gx-tolerance and vibration between healthy and hemodynamically unstable patients. Our method allows us to titrate LBNP level (degree of hemorrhage) and G-forces independently, thus providing a tool to understand both isolated and synergistic impact of acceleration and blood-loss to establish dose-response relationships. Our method provides important human data to directly quantify the delta between healthy human and simulated trauma (hemorrhage) to better understand the underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular decompensation in casualty evacuation. Tibbs ML, Lee C, Morse BG, Romero E, Petersen LG. In-flight assessment of simulated hemorrhage during aerial patient evacuation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):123-130.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"123-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Near Infrared Light to Detect Hypoxia in Retinal Images.","authors":"Amerens Bekkers, Vincent Zoutenbier, Peter Bussink, Eric Groen, Hugo Kuijf, Arjen Amelink","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6789.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6789.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Acute hypoxia poses a serious risk in military aviation because it can lead to impaired performance of safety-critical tasks. Early detection of hypoxia is therefore critical. Oxygen saturation (Spo2) of the retinal blood vessels may serve as a surrogate biomarker for brain hypoxia. This study investigates the feasibility of detecting hypoxia through retinal imaging in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum, which does not interfere with the pilot's vision.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>There were 12 subjects who participated in a hypobaric flight simulation to lower systemic Spo2. Retinal images were captured using a dual-wavelength NIR fundus camera, while Spo2 was measured via fingertip pulse oximetry. The optical density (OD) of retinal blood vessels was extracted from the images at both wavelengths. It was hypothesized that the ratio of vessel OD between the two wavelengths increases with rising Spo2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Measured Spo2 was compared with the calculated OD ratio. No correlation was found between the OD ratio and Spo2.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>NIR retinal imaging appears to be unsuitable for accurate hypoxia detection within an acceptable ±4% error margin using our imaging protocol. This is mainly due to the low contrast of blood vessels in the NIR wavelength region, along with limited imaging repeatability resulting from realignment and refocusing steps in the imaging protocol. These factors have a larger distorting effect on the images than the subtle OD ratio changes related to varying Spo2. Bekkers A, Zoutenbier V, Bussink P, Groen E, Kuijf H, Amelink A. Using near infrared light to detect hypoxia in retinal images. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):111-115.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"111-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}