Aerospace medicine and human performance最新文献

{"title":"Characterizing Spatial Disorientation in Flight Simulation Through Electroencephalogram Trends.","authors":"Brock P Rouser, Logan D Rock, Ryan C Paul, Katherina A Jurewicz","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6793.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6793.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Spatial disorientation (SD) remains a persistent threat to aviation safety, particularly during transitions from visual to instrument meteorological conditions. This study investigated the physiological and cognitive effects of an induced SD illusion during simulated flight using multimodal sensor data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five instrument-rated fixed-wing pilots each completed two simulator flights, one containing decoupled motion cues designed to elicit SD. Physiological data were collected using electroencephalogram (EEG) and cardiorespiratory monitoring, while subjective cognitive load and situational awareness were measured with the NASA Task Load Index and Situational Awareness Rating Technique surveys. Data were analyzed using general linear models within a Bayesian framework, incorporating EEG power metrics and cardiorespiratory signals such as heart rate and respiratory rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Posterior inference identified increases of normalized heart rate by 0.87 and normalized respiratory rate by 0.46 during SD events, indicating sympathetic activation. F3 and F4 EEG channels exhibited asymmetrical signal changes during disorientation, with a normalized power difference of up to 0.86 compared to Fz. Comparative models showed the importance of residual covariance estimation for EEG data, with a difference in standard error of up to 71.3 between models. Performance metrics alone were insufficient to infer disorientation, as pilot performance varied independently of reported SD.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Findings demonstrate that physiological data capture state changes during disorientation and support development of adaptive, low-intervention SD countermeasures. Results underscore the value of human-centered, data-driven analysis in aviation safety and provide a scalable framework for SD detection and mitigation. Rouser BP, Rock LD, Paul RC, Jurewicz KA. Characterizing spatial disorientation in flight simulation through electroencephalogram trends. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):84-92.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"84-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOSAIC and AsMA Council's November Meeting.","authors":"Warren S Silberman","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.9702PP.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.9702PP.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"67-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Pilot Study of Salivary MicroRNA Changes Due to High G-Load.","authors":"Misaki Akiyama, Fumie Takei, Kunio Takada","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6757.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6757.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Understanding physiological responses to high G-load is important for ensuring flight safety. In this pilot study, to establish a methodology for detecting salivary microRNAs (miRNAs) in humans before and after high G-load, we examined the relationship between miRNAs and high G-load or G-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC), referencing previous concussion studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 25 healthy pilot trainees attending centrifuge training for the primary course from June to October 2023. Saliva samples were collected at 3 time points: the day before centrifuge training (Pre), 3 h after training (Post1), and 20 h after training (Post2). Finally, miRNAs from 21 subjects, including 1 female, were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Four miRNAs (miR-107, miR-34a-5p, miR-27a-5p, miR-30a-3p) were selected for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Salivary miRNAs from 4 of the 25 subjects could not be analyzed due to insufficient quality and quantity. Comparing the miRNA levels in 21 subjects at 3 time points, miR-107 at Post2 was significantly lower than that at Post1 (1.03 ± 0.39 vs. 1.32 ± 0.53). Of the 21 subjects, 16 did not experience G-LOC and 5 did. Comparing the levels between the no G-LOC and G-LOC groups at each point, only miR-34a-5p levels at Post1 were significantly different (1.11 ± 0.48 vs. 0.65 ± 0.11).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The key findings of this study were: 1) miRNAs suitable for analysis were extracted from the majority of saliva samples (21/25, 84%); and 2) changes in salivary miRNAs were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Akiyama M, Takei F, Takada K. A pilot study of salivary microRNA changes due to high G-load. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):106-110.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"106-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Hypertension in Polish Military Pilots with High-Normal Blood Pressure.","authors":"Ewelina Zawadzka-Bartczak, Drozdowski Robert, Kopka Lech","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6790.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6790.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>High-normal blood pressure (HNBP) is associated with an increased risk of progression to hypertension (HT), which may have implications for aeromedical certification. This study aimed to determine the rate, timing, and risk factors for progression from HNBP to HT in active-duty military pilots.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed medical and flight records of 1523 active-duty Polish military pilots, identifying 147 men with HNBP. Data included annual medical evaluations, risk factor assessments, and the type of aircraft flown. Kaplan-Meier estimators and Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate progression to HT and associated risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HT developed in 46.9% of pilots with HNBP within a mean of 4.5 ± 2.2 yr. Obesity was the only atherosclerotic risk factor significantly associated with HT progression. Pilots of supersonic and rotary-wing aircraft had a higher HT risk after age 32 compared to those flying subsonic or transport aircraft.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>High-normal blood pressure progresses to arterial hypertension in approximately 50% of men, regardless of age, within an average of 4.5 yr. In individuals with HNBP, the presence of obesity increases the risk of HT development threefold for approximately 3.5 yr. Adverse environmental factors associated with flying helicopters and high-performance aircraft constitute an additional risk factor for HT progression in individuals with HNBP. The aeromedical regulatory guidelines need to be updated to include recommendations and decisions concerning military pilot candidates with HNBP. Zawadzka-Bartczak E, Robert D, Lech K. Predicting hypertension in Polish military pilots with high-normal blood pressure. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):93-99.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"93-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Heart Disease in Aircrew.","authors":"Joanna D'Arcy, Thomas Syburra, Lysette Broekhuizen, David Holdsworth, Norbert Guettler, Denis Bron, Olivier Manen, Eddie Davenport","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6676.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6676.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Heart muscle diseases are challenging for the aeromedical examiner due to their heterogeneous nature and widely varying natural history. The diagnosis of heart muscle disease is likely to have a significant impact on flying privileges, with the risk assessment requiring careful testing and careful follow up. Consideration must also be given to the treatments used in each individual, as these may also pose an aeromedical risk. In athletic aircrew, differentiating athletic adaptation from a cardiomyopathy is essential to decide if flying restrictions are necessary.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>This article provides insights into the appropriate investigation of aircrew with suspected or proven heart muscle disease, to assist with licensing decisions. Four case vignettes are presented (myocarditis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and athletic heart) to give a broad overview of the commonest areas of heart muscle disease seen in aircrew. The relevant features of evaluation, treatment, and aeromedical relevance are provided in a brief discussion of each case.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This paper presents the most current recommendations for assessing aircrew with heart muscle disease and cardiomyopathy with data derived from current aeromedical and clinical literature, as well as the expert consensus of the NATO Working Groups on Occupational Cardiology (HFM WG 251, 316) D'Arcy J, Syburra T, Broekhuizen L, Holdsworth D, Guettler N, Bron D, Manen O, Davenport E. Structural heart disease in aircrew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):116-122.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"116-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cabin Altitude and Barotraumatic Otitis in Commercial Aircrew.","authors":"Pietro Scaramuzzo, Marie-Andrée Comesse, Michel Klerlein","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6778.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6778.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Whether the lower cabin pressure altitude used by modern long-haul aircraft shortens recovery after barotraumatic otitis (BO) remains uncertain. We assessed the association between cabin altitude [6000 ft (≈1829 m) vs. 8000 ft (≈2438 m)] and BO-related sick-leave duration in airline crew.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective study of 4271 BO episodes among Air France pilots and cabin crew (2015-2024). Analyses were restricted to long-haul operations. Exposure was cabin altitude class inferred from aircraft type; the outcome was workdays lost per episode. We fitted linear models and count models that account for overdispersion and excess zeros, adjusting for sex, crew role, season, and calendar year.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across episodes, 8010 workdays were lost, with a right-skewed distribution (median 1-2 d; mean ≈ 5.5 d). No association was observed between cabin altitude and sick-leave duration; in count models the estimated ratio was 1.02 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.91-1.14, and results were consistent across specifications. Male sex was associated with shorter absences (about -2.5 d; 95% confidence interval -4.6 to -0.5), and pilots with longer absences than cabin crew (about +9.4 d; 95% confidence interval +0.5 to +18.2). Findings for BO were stable over time.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study suggests that cabin altitude, while relevant to in-flight comfort, is unlikely to be a major determinant of BO recovery in operational practice. Individual factors (e.g., sex and crew function) appeared more influential. Limitations include the fact that exposure was only defined by aircraft type and lack of unmeasured operational factors; future prospective studies integrating technical flight data are required. Scaramuzzo P, Comesse M-A, Klerlein M. Cabin altitude and barotraumatic otitis in commercial aircrew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):100-105.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"100-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for 1-Propanol.","authors":"Valerie E Ryder, Dianne A Yap","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6741.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6741.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>1-Propanol is a volatile organic compound commonly used as a solvent for industrial and pharmaceutical products. It has been consistently detected at low concentrations in the International Space Station. Although there are published spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for its less toxic isomer 2-propanol, no SMACs were previously established for 1-propanol. This document reviews existing literature on 1-propanol inhalation toxicity to derive acute and long-term SMACs applicable to off-nominal and nominal scenarios, respectively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Electronic databases and published literature were searched for relevant toxicity data on 1-propanol inhalation. Keywords \"1-propanol\" and \"n-propanol\" were used, and hits were further screened by the key phrase \"inhalation toxicity.\"</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most studies identified were acute inhalation toxicity using animal models. Mice exposed to 3250 ppm of 1-propanol for 1.5-2 h experienced central nervous system depression mimicking alcohol intoxication. No adverse effects were reported in mice or rats exposed to 1600 ppm for 120 h, but exposure to 7000 ppm for 294 h resulted in reduced male fertility.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>To preclude central nervous system depression, 1-h and 24-h SMACs for 1-propanol were set at 205 and 100 ppm, respectively. A limit of 60 ppm for 7 d was based on lack of effects at 1600 ppm for 120 h. SMACs for 30, 180, and 1000 d were set at 35 ppm to preserve male fertility. Resulting values are approximately half of the recently updated SMAC values for 2-propanol, which is consistent with the trend between the other published exposure limits of these two isomers. Ryder VE, Yap DA. Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for 1-propanol. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):60-63.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"60-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Air Force Personnel with Higher Body Mass Indexes by Monitoring Ambulatory Blood Pressure.","authors":"N K Tripathy, V V Joshi, V Raghunandan","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.5960.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.5960.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>It is possible that a single clinical blood pressure (BP) reading, as currently practiced in the Indian Air Force, may not be able to establish hypertensive status. This study examined whether at higher body mass indexes (BMI), 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) would be a better tool for detecting latent hypertension vis-à-vis clinical BP recording.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 230 healthy, male, clinically normotensive (BP <140/90 mm of Hg) subjects between 20-40 yr of age were included: 50 with normal BMI (<25 kg · m-2), 120 overweight (BMI 25-29.99 kg · m-2), and 60 obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg · m-2). Each subject underwent BMI measurement, clinical BP recording, and 24-h ABPM. Correlation analysis, analysis of variance, and Chi-squared tests were used for statistical analysis of the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between mean arterial pressure and BMI. The 24-hour ABPM revealed a significant effect of BMI on mean arterial pressure, which was not observed in clinical BP measurement. The hypertensive response shown by ABPM was statistically significant between obese and normal BMI as well as obese and overweight groups. This was not statistically significant between normal BMI and overweight groups. ABPM also revealed a consistent statistically significant blunting of nocturnal dip response with increasing BMI.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Among the obese, 24-h ABPM was found to be useful for hypertension screening and is recommended as an assessment tool for hypertension screening in medical evaluation of obese personnel. Tripathy NK, Joshi VV, Raghunandan V. Evaluating air force personnel with higher body mass indexes by monitoring ambulatory blood pressure. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):42-46.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"42-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hearing Assessments and Tympanometry in NASA Astronauts on the International Space Station.","authors":"David B Wexler, Martin B Robinette, Christopher W Coble, Azalea Coste, Thomas Hoffman, Richard Danielson","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6697.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6697.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Exposure to prolonged microgravity is associated with cephalad fluid shifts that potentially could affect tympanomastoid ventilation and auditory mechanisms. We conducted a retrospective review of NASA astronaut on-orbit hearing assessments (OOHAs) and middle-ear pressure measurements obtained during International Space Station missions to search for evidence of spaceflight-related hearing changes and disturbances of middle-ear aeration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine NASA astronauts conducted on-orbit hearing assessments and tympanometry at least twice while on space station missions. Kuduwave audiometric instrumentation was used for self-administered air-conduction hearing tests and pressure measurements. Pre- and postflight conventional audiometric data were also reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>OOHAs showed low-frequency mean hearing threshold increases up to 10 dB compared to the preflight Kuduwave baseline. The magnitude of these changes did not correlate with length of time on the space station. Tympanometry was normal in each of 29 measurements that were technically adequate. Postflight audiograms revealed mild residual differences from preflight testing at low frequencies.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results suggest relative resilience of auditory function overall and maintenance of tympanomastoid aeration through prolonged orbital spaceflight, but with evidence of generally small low-frequency hearing threshold increases in some astronauts. Our audiometric findings warrant confirmation and further study of outliers with the larger cohort of NASA astronauts for whom hearing data were obtained with earlier OOHA instrumentation. Wexler DB, Robinette MB, Coble CW, Coste A, Hoffman T, Danielson R. Hearing assessments and tympanometry in NASA astronauts on the International Space Station. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):26-35.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"26-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Aeromedical Evacuation for Orbital Emphysema After Zygoma and Orbital Floor Fractures.","authors":"Anna Crambert, Stanislas Ballivet de Regloix, Pierre Haen, Jean-Baptiste Morvan, Jean-Baptiste Caruhel","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6546.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6546.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Aeromedical evacuation of patients with post-traumatic orbital emphysema following zygoma and orbital floor fractures has often been viewed with considerable concern. The expansion of intra-orbital air with increasing altitude can theoretically result in orbital tension, which can lead to blindness. This concern is mainly based on extremely rare case reports and theoretical models rather than significant clinical experience. The purpose of this work is to evaluate hazards and complications associated with aeromedical evacuation of combat casualties with post-traumatic orbital emphysema following zygoma and orbital floor fractures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We report the results of a series of 12 patients with post-traumatic orbital emphysema who were evacuated from a combat theater by military aircraft over a long distance. All military patients referred to a military hospital in France with CT-identified zygoma and/or orbital floor fracture repatriated via tactical aeromedical intervention from January 2020 to January 2022 were analyzed. An ophthalmological examination with visual acuity measurement and a new CT scan of the facial mass without injection were performed after evacuation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 12 patients referred. None of the patients had any complications. Only one soldier, who blew his nose during the trip, had an increase in subcutaneous emphysema without any impact on his vision. There was one minimal displacement of the fracture secondary to a nose blowing without significant impact.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Orbital emphysema in facial injuries is not likely in itself to be a contraindication to immediate air evacuation in the case of zygoma and orbital floor fracture. Crambert A, Ballivet de Regloix S, Haen P, Morvan J-B, Caruhel J-B. Early aeromedical evacuation for orbital emphysema after zygoma and orbital floor fractures. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):55-59.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"55-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}