Aerospace medicine and human performance最新文献

{"title":"Physiological Factors and Subjective Fatigue Monitoring in Helicopter Pilots During UH-60 Missions.","authors":"Ismail Gevrek, Nazim Ata, Mebrure Itir Gevrek, Cem Eroglu","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6749.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6749.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fatigue poses a serious risk to safety and performance in military aviation. Rotary-wing pilots operating in mountainous regions face unique physiological and cognitive demands, yet few studies evaluate both objective factors and subjective fatigue during real-world missions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study assessed fatigue in 25 UH-60 Black Hawk pilots and copilots during daytime visual flights in Tunceli, Türkiye. Measurements were taken at three phases: pre-, in, and postflight. Physiological factors (heart rate, oxygen saturation) and subjective fatigue (Samn-Perelli scale) were recorded. Paired-sample and Welch's independent t-tests were used for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oxygen saturation significantly declined from preflight (M = 96.2%) to in flight (M = 94.3%) and partially recovered postflight (M = 95.2%). Heart rate changes across phases were not statistically significant, although preflight heart rate was higher in copilots (M = 105.2 bpm) than in pilots (M = 87.8 bpm). Samn-Perelli scores rose significantly from pre- (M = 1.8) to postflight (M = 3.8), indicating perceptual fatigue accumulation. Copilots also reported greater preflight fatigue.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Even moderate helicopter missions at altitude can cause measurable fatigue. The divergence between physiological recovery and subjective fatigue highlights the need to combine biometric and perceptual tools in fatigue monitoring and mission planning. Gevrek I, Ata N, Gevrek MI, Eroglu C. Physiological factors and subjective fatigue monitoring in helicopter pilots during UH-60 missions. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):20-25.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"20-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Defence of Science.","authors":"David G Newman","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.971Editorial.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.971Editorial.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerospace Medicine Clinic.","authors":"Joshua E Lane, Leandro Minuet, Bettina Watkins","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6770.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6770.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"64-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular Matrix Metalloproteinases in Spaceflight.","authors":"Brooke Stephanian, Joshua Ong, Ryung Lee, Robert Gibson, John Berdahl, Ethan Waisberg, Thomas H Mader, Andrew G Lee","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6730.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6730.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Spaceflight presents unique challenges to ocular health, as visual disturbances such as dry eye symptoms have been frequently reported by astronauts. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, are known mediators of ocular surface inflammation and tissue remodeling on Earth, particularly in dry eye disease. This review explores the potential role of MMPs in spaceflight-associated ocular conditions, including spaceflight-associated dry eye syndrome and spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched literature on topics relating to metallomatrix proteins and spaceflight using databases PubMed, MedLine, Embase, and Central from inception to April 2025.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although there are limited studies on direct measurements of tear MMPs during spaceflight, indirect clinical evidence and analog studies suggest that microgravity, radiation, and systemic inflammation may upregulate MMP expression. This contributes to epithelial barrier disruption and impaired wound healing. Rodent models and simulated microgravity experiments further support the mechanosensitive regulation of MMPs across various tissues.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Given the safety and accessibility of tear collection, MMPs may be useful biomarkers for assessing ocular and systemic changes in astronauts. Understanding MMP expression and regulation in space may inform preventive strategies to preserve vision during long-duration missions. Stephanian B, Ong J, Lee R, Gibson R, Berdahl J, Waisberg E, Mader TH, Lee AG. Ocular matrix metalloproteinases in spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):47-54.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"47-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Hypercapnia During Lower Body Negative Pressure and Head-Up Tilt.","authors":"Karolina Twardowska, Mara Bortnowschi, Rocco Skert, Yi-Hsin Lee, Gerrard Rafferty, Ross Pollock","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6715.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6715.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Exposure to head-to-toe acceleration (Gz) may lead to G-induced loss of consciousness due to reduced head-level blood pressure and flow. Despite various countermeasures, G-induced loss of consciousness remains a safety concern, causing accidents and fatalities. Inhalation of 5% carbon dioxide (CO2) and higher concentrations can improve G-tolerance but lead to adverse symptoms. This study investigated the impact of 5% and lower concentrations of CO2 on the cardiovascular system during orthostatic stress.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To simulate +Gz cardiovascular effects, 20 healthy subjects (11 males, 9 females) were exposed to 5 gas mixtures (room air, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% CO2) while undergoing lower body negative pressure of -60 mmHg combined with an 80° head-up tilt. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were continuously monitored and subjective symptoms were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to room air, breathing 5% CO2 significantly increased systolic (+18.4 ± 16.4 mmHg), diastolic (+30.0 ± 9.5 mmHg), and mean arterial (+26.1 ± 11.0 mmHg) blood pressure during orthostatic stress. However, this was also associated with a perceived increase in breathlessness (median 2.5, interquartile range 1.25-3) and difficulty breathing (median 2, interquartile range 1-3). Lower concentrations of CO2 were better tolerated but did not significantly affect physiological response during orthostatic challenge.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings suggest breathing higher concentrations of CO2 (5%) can elicit significant cardiovascular changes which potentially could increase G-tolerance, although they are also associated with respiratory discomfort in some individuals. However, as this is an exploratory study, further research that more accurately replicates the complex physiological changes that occur during Gz exposure is still required. Twardowska K, Bortnowschi M, Skert R, Lee Y-H, Rafferty G, Pollock R. Cardiovascular effects of hypercapnia during lower body negative pressure and head-up tilt. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):3-10.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spaceflight Noise Effects on Human Performance in a Microgravity Environment.","authors":"Jiangyong Li, Yu Gan, Yangyu Sima, Jiawei Hu","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6785.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6785.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>During nonpowered flight in the orbital phase, the primary sources of spacecraft noise are the life support systems, electronic equipment, and attitude control devices within the cabin. The noise intensity fluctuates based on the cabin's configuration and structure and can persist for prolonged durations. The effects of noise intensity in a microgravity environment on the cognitive load and operational performance of onboard personnel are not yet fully understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Experiments were conducted involving simulated space station warning interface alarm tasks and manual rendezvous and docking tasks in a virtual reality condition, with 30 volunteers who had normal hearing and were positioned in a head-down posture. The noise from the spacecraft was recorded from the Tiangong space station to create four distinct noise intensity levels. These levels were designed to simulate typical noise scenarios across various functional modules.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study demonstrates a significant main effect of steady state noise intensity on average pupil diameter, indicating a substantial impact on cognitive load. Specifically, high-intensity noise levels exceeding 65 dB(A) markedly intensified interference with cognitive load and operational efficiency. The complexity of alarm events also significantly influenced task completion time, with the longest duration observed under third-level alarm events. Furthermore, the accuracy of task execution declined progressively with increasing noise levels.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study presents novel empirical evidence regarding the impact of varying noise levels on human performance in microgravity conditions. The findings offer significant insights for enhancing habitability design and optimizing astronaut task performance in future spacecraft environments. Li J, Gan Y, Sima Y, Hu J. Spaceflight noise effects on human performance in a microgravity environment. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):36-41.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"36-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The International Academy of Aviation and Space Medicine.","authors":"Warren S Silberman","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.9701PP.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.9701PP.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Carbon Dioxide and Temperature Effects on Sleep Quality During Space Analogs.","authors":"Scott E Van Hoy","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6410.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6410.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Symptoms related to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations on the International Space Station are widely stated and researched. While microgravity contributes to the observed CO2 related symptoms, an additional factor that may contribute to symptoms associated with hypercapnia is the impact of environmental CO2 on sleep. Studies evaluating how the sleep environment impacts sleep quality in terrestrial environments have shown that slightly elevated CO2 concentrations can negatively impact deep sleep quantity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CO2 concentrations in the crewmembers' sleep quarters and crew sleep quality were recorded during two simulated space missions at the Integrated Lunar/Mars Analog Habitat. Both objective sleep stage data and perceived sleep quality were collected and correlated with environmental CO2 concentrations, temperatures, and reported health symptoms using sleep actigraphy, a perceived sleep questionnaire, and daily health surveys.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a space analog environment with CO2 concentrations from 450-2000 ppm, higher nightly CO2 concentrations correlated with reduced deep sleep times. However, intersubject linear regression showed varying results. Habitat temperatures had significant influence on the crew's sleep and reported health symptoms.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>During the 2-wk analog missions, the reductions in deep sleep when nightly CO2 concentrations increased were consistent with other terrestrial sleep studies. Due to the small sample size and variations between subjects, the evidence is not sufficient to draw definitive conclusions. This study can inform the risk analysis of environmental CO2 concentration requirements for future space habitats and provide recommendations for further research. Van Hoy SE. Environmental carbon dioxide and temperature effects on sleep quality during space analogs. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):11-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Cases of Incidental Pulmonary Nodules and Rare Lung Neoplasms.","authors":"Jason W Low","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6773.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6773.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Growing access to and use of chest CT has increased the incidental detection of solitary pulmonary nodules. In the Republic of Singapore Air Force, three such cases of its servicemen with solitary pulmonary nodules were recently deliberated at its Aeromedical Board between July and November 2024. While one proved to be the first case of lung adenocarcinoma diagnosed among Republic of Singapore Air Force aircrew, the histological diagnoses obtained in the remaining two servicemen were of a much less common nature. This article discusses their clinical presentation, management, and eventual aeromedical disposition.</p><p><strong>Case series: </strong>The first case is of an Air Traffic Controller diagnosed with a pulmonary carcinoid following detection of an incidental nodule on chest CT. The second case describes an unmanned aerial vehicle pilot who was found to have pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue after an abnormal routine chest x-ray.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>With greater use of chest CT, flight surgeons are more likely to encounter and manage the incidental detection of solitary pulmonary nodules among aircrew. Apart from a greater familiarity with current management guidelines for pulmonary nodules, it may be timely for aeromedical professionals to have an increased awareness of their differential diagnoses and how their possible histological outcomes may impact a return to aviation-related duties. Low JW. Two cases of incidental pulmonary nodules and rare lung neoplasms. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(12):1090-1093.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 12","pages":"1090-1093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145707001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Military Rotary-Wing Pilots at Increased Risk of Fatigue Using Biomathematical Modeling.","authors":"Andrew Pelham, Martie Van Tongeren, Heidi Arnold, Pierluigi Cocco","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6666.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6666.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A study of British military rotary-wing pilots was conducted using actigraphy-driven fatigue modeling to identify groups of pilots at increased risk of fatigue.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pilots were recruited across the three military services of the United Kingdom. Objective fatigue was predicted using wearable actigraphy and the Sleep Activity Fatigue Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) fatigue model. Subjective data were collected from daily questionnaires, including descriptions of workplace activities and subjective assessments of the subjects' fatigue levels, using Samn-Perelli scores. An assessment was then made of the relationship between their workplace activities and their subjective and objective fatigue levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 38 men and 2 women recruited. The mean age was 36.4 yr (SD ± 6.5, range 26-52 yr). A total of 200 flights were undertaken, with a mean flight time of 156 min (±77.1, range 15-480). SAFTE scores were shown to decline for night-flying, declining strongly after 22:00. Pilots deployed on exercise were more likely to be subjectively and objectively fatigued, regardless of the timing of their flights. Pilots cohabiting with infants under 1 yr of age were more likely to suffer fatigue decrements than those who did not. The data suggest that inexperienced pilots find their flights more subjectively fatiguing than their instructors, but more work is needed in this domain.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Biomathematical fatigue modeling such as SAFTE has a role in military rotary-wing aviation. Consideration should be given to its use in night-flying, flights undertaken when deployed, and for those cohabiting with infants. Pelham A, Van Tongeren M, Arnold H, Cocco P. Identifying military rotary-wing pilots at increased risk of fatigue using biomathematical modeling. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(12):1043-1049.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 12","pages":"1043-1049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145706903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}