Aerospace medicine and human performance最新文献

{"title":"Screening and Interpretation Rules for Resting Electrocardiograms in Polish Air Force Aircrew.","authors":"Michal Andrzej Kurek, Magdalena Rola","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6463.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6463.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the basic screening tests used in assessing fitness for military service and in periodic examinations of professional soldiers. Its purpose is to reduce the risk of death from cardiovascular disease by early detection of cardiac pathologies predisposing to sudden cardiac arrest. Commonly used electrocardiographic standards do not perform well in screening, accounting for the recognition of a large number of abnormalities unrelated to structural heart disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature review was performed using electronic databases such as PubMed®, Google Scholar, and relevant aerospace medical journals. The search focused on keywords, including \"screening ECG,\" \"electrocardiographic criteria,\" \"military aircrew,\" and \"aviation medicine.\" Articles that discussed ECG interpretation rules and the implementation of screening protocols in military aircrew were included. The review also involved an examination of guidelines and policies from major aviation regulatory bodies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This review includes information on topics relevant to the application of 12-lead ECG in screening diagnostics, such as general ECG interpretation criteria, limitations of ECG as a screening tool, objectives of ECG-based screening, and past experiences with the use of screening ECG in athletes within the context of military medicine.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We discuss various criteria for the interpretation of screening ECG in athletes and soldiers to increase the specificity of this test. We also present a proposal for a system of criteria for interpreting ECGs in aircrew of the Polish Air Force, which may help improve the detection of cardiac pathologies in this professional group. Kurek MA, Rola M. Screening and interpretation rules for resting electrocardiograms in Polish Air Force aircrew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(2):135-142.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 2","pages":"135-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Extremity Electromyography During Submaximal Squats with Varying Moments of Inertia.","authors":"Clara J Mitchinson, John Caruso, Stuart Best, Lance Bollinger","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6373.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6373.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Spaceflight impairs muscle size, strength, recruitment, and aerobic capacity. Flywheel-based inertial training (FIT) has been used as a countermeasure to preserve muscle strength and size. The objective of this study was to determine how submaximal FIT squats with varying moments of inertia (MOI) affects lower extremity muscle recruitment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Subjects (7 men, 7 women) completed FIT squats with various MOI: 0.000, 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, and 0.020 kg · m-2 (stages 1-5, respectively) at a pace of 50 squats/min for 3 min each. Electromyography (EMG) of the vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris, and soleus (SOL) were measured and normalized to maximal effort. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Peak EMG amplitude [effect size (ES): 0.75-1.43] and integrated EMG activity (ES: 0.73-1.24) for all muscles increased linearly across MOI. Mean eccentric EMG amplitude was greater than concentric for the vastus lateralis (19-63% greater; ES: 1.58). A significant phase × MOI interaction was noted for the GM and SOL (ES: 1.27 and 2.08, respectively) where greater MOI preferentially increased eccentric EMG amplitude.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Increasing MOI increases EMG amplitude of hip extensors, knee extensors, and plantarflexors during submaximal FIT squats in the concentric and eccentric phases. At higher MOI, EMG amplitude is preferentially increased in GM and SOL, especially in the eccentric phase. Submaximal FIT squats can be performed for up to 3 min continuously with active concentric and eccentric phases. This training modality may concomitantly preserve muscle and cardiorespiratory fitness during unloading but this remains to be tested. Mitchinson CJ, Caruso J, Best S, Bollinger L. Lower extremity electromyography during submaximal squats with varying moments of inertia. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(2):93-100.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 2","pages":"93-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational Outcomes of Photorefractive Keratectomy in Young Asian Military Aviators.","authors":"Sze Chuan Ong, Isaac Chay, Jason Low, Dominic Tan, Brian See","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6544.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6544.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Republic of Singapore Air Force started its corneal refractive surgery (CRS) Program in 2005 through the introduction of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) to expand its recruitment pool of aviators. This study evaluates short- and long-term occupational outcomes of PRK on young Asian eyes with low-moderate myopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective cohort study of aircrew who underwent PRK under the CRS program over 12 yr. Data collected included demographic characteristics, preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) refraction, pachymetry, keratometry, pre- and postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), best-corrected distance visual acuity, and SE refraction. Outcome measures included long-term survival rates (i.e., achieving UDVA of 20/20 and flying without optical aids), short-term SE refractive accuracy/UDVA, and postoperative complications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Included for analysis were 274 eyes of 141 patients. Of these, 82.1% of eyes had UDVA of 20/20 at last follow-up. Cumulative survival rates were 99.8%, 96.5%, 92.9%, 84.7%, and 62.2% at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 yr of follow-up, respectively. At the 3-mo mark, 98.2% and 70.4% of eyes had SE refraction within ±0.50 D and ±0.13 D of intended correction, respectively, and 95.2% of eyes met standards for returning to flying duties. Postoperative complications included corneal haze (1.5%), steroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation (0.7%), and PRK-enhancement (0.7%). Higher preoperative myopia was the only risk factor for failure from multivariate analysis.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>PRK as a structured CRS program is effective both short- and long-term to enable flying without optical aids among young Asian aviators with low-moderate myopia. Ong SC, Chay I, Low J, Tan D, See B. Occupational outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy in young Asian military aviators. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(2):121-127.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 2","pages":"121-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aircrew Life Support Equipment Experiences in Canadian Military Operational Women Pilots.","authors":"Joelle Thorgrimson, Karen Breeck","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6526.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6526.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Women continue to remain a minority among Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) operational pilots, equaling <2% in 2000 and <6% in 2022. Limited sex- and gender-specific research on aeromedical support needs has been completed on this population. This initial manuscript examines aircrew life support equipment (ALSE) and musculoskeletal issues within a larger data set.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This hypothesis-generating, mixed-methods, epidemiological study used a community-based participatory research approach, involving semi-structured interviews with women who were current CAF members and had ever served as operational pilots. Interviews included aviation occupational interest and medical questionnaires, as well as medical record reviews, which were analyzed descriptively and thematically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Demographics included 51 of 88 (58%) of CAF operational women pilots from 15 different platforms, with a mean service time of 20 yr (range from 8-41 yr) and mean total flying hour estimation of 2400 h (range of 500-8500 h). At least one piece of ALSE did not fit properly in 82% of subjects, and 52% of this group reported prolonged health impacts. Almost all subjects had musculoskeletal issues, with 35% resulting in a flying impairment.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This snapshot looks at sex- and gender-specific aeromedical experiences of operationally trained CAF women pilots, which can be used to guide research, policy, training, and education to improve their aeromedical experiences specifically with ALSE. Sex- and gender-based analysis and optimization could help improve equipment procurement and prevent unnecessary injury and illness in female pilots due to their ALSE. Thorgrimson J, Breeck K. Aircrew life support equipment experiences in Canadian military operational women pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(2):116-120.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 2","pages":"116-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AsMA's New Executive Director and Preparations for our 2025 AsMA/UHMS Atlanta Meeting.","authors":"Robert Orford","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.PP9602.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.PP9602.2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 2","pages":"83-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Inert Gas Exchange Model for Improved Hypobaric Decompression Sickness Risk Estimation.","authors":"Sven De Ridder, Xavier Neyt, Peter Germonpré","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6554.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6554.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Future high-altitude military operations and spaceflight will require new procedures to protect crews from decompression sickness while limiting the operational impact. It is hypothesized that the current prediction models do not accurately reflect actual inert gas dynamics, making them unsuitable for the risk estimation of new hypobaric exposure profiles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A biophysical gas exchange model was created, allowing modification of various physiological parameters. Predicted nitrogen (N2) volume flows were compared with an experimental study by the Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre. Bubble growth predictions, made using the Tissue Bubble Dynamics Model, were compared with measured venous gas emboli (VGE).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While the simulated washout curves captured the general trends, some important discrepancies were observed when using the nominal model parameters. The new biophysical gas exchange model, incorporating changes in cardiac output and individual anthropometric variations, improved the predictions and approximated the experimentally observed N2 washout. The standard bubble growth predictions did not match measured VGE. Using weighing factors based on the N2 gas flow components predicted by the new biophysical model, the bubble growth pattern agrees much better with the measured VGE scores.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Traditional decompression models do not account for variations in physiological and environmental factors, leading to incorrect estimates of N2 washout and bubble growth predictions. Using an adaptive biophysical gas exchange model significantly improves the predictions for various altitude exposure profiles. We therefore strongly recommend incorporating adaptive physiological parameters in any model to be used for estimating decompression sickness risk and designing mitigation procedures. De Ridder S, Neyt X, Germonpré P. Adaptive inert gas exchange model for improved hypobaric decompression sickness risk estimation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(2):85-92.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 2","pages":"85-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Select Medical Emergencies During Long-Duration Space Missions.","authors":"Kim-Anh Tran, Neal W Pollock, Pierre-Marc Dion, Marjorie Lapierre, Sophie Tremblay, William Witteman, Caroline Rhéaume, Daniel Lafond, Félix-Antoine Fortier, Andréanne Marion, Lara Dutil-Fafard, Camille Morin, Geneviève LePabic, David P M Monnot, Patrick M Archambault","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6510.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6510.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Space agencies and private industries worldwide are planning long-duration missions, which come with complex medical challenges. Crews must be prepared for medical emergencies due to longer mission durations, increased travel distance, communication delays, and higher levels of isolation. This study aimed to systematically review the existing literature and knowledge gaps that could be related to the management of medical emergencies during long-duration space missions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. Electronic databases, including ARC, Embase, IEEE Xplore, Medline Ovid, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, were searched from inception to June 1, 2023. Empirical study designs published in English or French were eligible for inclusion provided they described the management of at least 1 of 10 prioritized potentially mission-critical medical conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 484 full-text studies were assessed for eligibility, with 99 included in this review. Conditions with the highest representation were spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (N = 23), herniated disk (N = 22), and nephrolithiasis (N = 22). Conditions with the least representation were cerebrovascular accidents (N = 4), eye penetration (N = 3), and retinal detachment (N = 2). The duration of missions varied between 5 and 438 d for studies conducted in space. The data reflected the scarcity of evidence concerning prolonged deep-space exposure beyond the Earth's magnetosphere.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Substantial medical autonomy is essential for the success of long-duration space missions, when medical support and even communication will be limited. Future research should prioritize knowledge gaps to improve preparedness and medical autonomy for space exploration activities. Tran K-A, Pollock NW, Dion P-M, Lapierre M, Tremblay S, Witteman W, Rhéaume C, Lafond D, Fortier F-A, Marion A, Dutil-Fafard L, Morin C, LePabic G, Monnot DPM, Archambault PM. Managing select medical emergencies during long-duration space missions. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(2):143-154.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 2","pages":"143-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerospace Medicine Clinic.","authors":"Preston S Moore","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6618.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6618.2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 2","pages":"183-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatal Pulmonary Barotrauma from a Commercial Flight.","authors":"Graham Stevens","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6577.2025","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6577.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a paucity of cases of fatal pulmonary barotrauma in the literature unless the patient is mechanically ventilated. Here we report a presumed pulmonary barotrauma caused by pulmonary cyst rupture as barometric pressure reduced during a commercial flight, with tragic consequences.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 71-yr-old woman with a history of a large pulmonary cyst lost consciousness on a commercial domestic flight (1.15-h flight time). This period of reduced level of consciousness was undetected and may have caused hypoxic brain injury. Subsequent hospital investigations revealed a large cavitating lesion in the left lung and free gas in the brain, suggestive of pulmonary barotrauma and cerebral arterial gas embolism. Progression of the hypoxic brain injury caused death.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The likely cause of death was speculated to be caused by the preexisting pulmonary cyst, which was ruptured by either Valsalva, cough suppression, change in barometric pressure, or a combination of all three, causing fatal air emboli. Stevens G. Fatal pulmonary barotrauma from a commercial flight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(2):180-182.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 2","pages":"180-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive and Emotional Impacts of Face Pareidolia Application Among Pilot Students.","authors":"Gülsüm Akdeniz, Halil Eren Yilmaz, Husi Geza","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6428.2024","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6428.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Metaphoric signs, which refer to a resemblance to something absent, are, like pareidolia, strong cognitive tools that help us understand abstract concepts by relating them to concrete, sensory experiences, and these have not been studied in student pilots. Evaluating the characteristics of students in aviation, including sensory experiences such as stress, decision-making, and pattern recognition, is important for safe flight. This study aims to investigate the cognitive and emotional impacts of face pareidolia among pilot students by using the digital Pareidolia Test (PT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Subjects were 86 students from the Professional Pilot B.Sc.</p><p><strong>Program: </strong>PT includes 10 face and 10 pareidolia images. The number of European Aviation Safety Agency flight and simulator training hours, stress levels, and perceiving emotion in the pareidolia and face images were assessed using a self-report questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to test normality, and the Chi-squared test was used to analyze differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated significant differences in perceiving emotion in facial images based on stress levels from flight training from faculty courses (N = 42/86, 49.9%), and perceiving faces in pareidolia images related to flight simulator training hours. Perceiving emotions in pareidolia images varied significantly based on the number of European Aviation Safety Agency tests, but perceiving faces on pareidolia images did not show significant differences.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We claim that incorporating pareidolia in aviation training enhances pilots' pattern recognition abilities, facilitating more accurate decision-making. The research recommends using the new digital PT in professions that require attention, such as pilots, to evaluate these parameters. Akdeniz G, Yilmaz HE, Geza H. Cognitive and emotional impacts of face pareidolia application among pilot students. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(1):18-22.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 1","pages":"18-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143031771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}