Aerospace medicine and human performance最新文献

{"title":"Cochlear Implants in Aviators.","authors":"David G Schall","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6468.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6468.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cochlear implants (CIs) have revolutionized the management of deafness. Combined with newborn screening, children are being identified earlier and rehabilitated with CIs, allowing them to be mainstreamed in the education system. The aviation community has begun to see a new generation of pilots who are now seeking careers in aviation with the use of CI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review using the Ovid Medline database was conducted. A search for airmen within the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airman Medical Certification System with a diagnostic code for CIs was reviewed up to the year 2021.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There are no studies to date documenting airmen with CIs. The FAA has certified 42 airmen with Cis, including 10 with First Class Medical Certificates. Airmen with CIs have been able to successfully pursue careers in aviation from general aviation to commercial airline pilot in the United States.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>CIs are used for both bilateral and single-sided deafness and are becoming more prevalent within the general population. Applicants with CIs are now seeking careers in aviation in increasing numbers. The FAA has successfully certified airmen from Class III to Class I airline pilots. It requires appropriate evaluation and screening, including a medical flight test to document adequate communication, recognition of alarms within the cockpit, and the ability to communicate with air traffic control. Schall DG. Cochlear implants in aviators. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):260-263.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"260-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rodent Model for High Altitude and Ebullism Exposure Studies.","authors":"Alejandro Garbino, Derek Nusbaum, Shawn Goughnour, Sawan Dalal, Maria-Vittoria G Carminati, Jonathan Clark","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6509.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6509.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ebullism is the pathophysiological process that occurs as a result of exposures to extremely low ambient pressures, traditionally below 47 mmHg (<0.9 psi, ∼63,000 ft/19,202 m equivalent). However, this field of research has made minimal progress since the 1940s-1960s, when the physiology of high altitude/space operations was being explored. This lack of progress is in part because it is thought of as invariably lethal and also because it requires unique facilities to simulate these environments. As a result, no standardized time/pressure profiles or animal models have been established.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A rodent animal model (N = 20) was exposed to rapid depressurization as low as 0.3 mmHg for up to 2 min; controls were placed in the chamber but not exposed to a pressure change. Autopsies were performed to characterize the pathophysiology of ebullism at extreme altitudes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A three-tiered pressure approach was developed that allows for varying degrees of exposure (pressure and time). Although previous studies focused on exposures above or below the Armstrong Line (∼63 kft), we noted significant thermal impacts due to exceeding the water triple point (∼120 kft).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This initial study highlights the different pathophysiological regimes that exist beyond Armstrong's line and subdivides ebullism exposures into two different classes, which can be operationally associated with cabin vs. suit depressurization events. These are now presented as Type A Complex Ebullism and Type B Simple Ebullism. The former is characterized by a combination of barotrauma, hypoxia, ebullism, and decompression sickness, while the latter presents as only ebullism. Garbino A, Nusbaum D, Goughnour S, Dalal S, Carminati M-VG, Clark J. Rodent model for high altitude and ebullism exposure studies. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):198-205.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"198-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voluntary Incident Feedback in French Private Aviation.","authors":"Raphaël Demoulin, Christophe Stalars","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6574.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6574.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In private aviation, procedures for collecting feedback have been established to gather information about unsafe situations related to aircraft use. The REX FFA system, which stands for \"Feedback from the French Aeronautical Federation,\" allows French private pilots to report accidents, incidents, and hazardous events to increase flight safety.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study explores feedback from the REX FFA system to understand the human factors influencing flight safety. We retrospectively analyzed, using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System, 150 reports submitted between September 2023 and February 2024. Key lessons were also extracted from each report.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most incidents (64%) involved human factors. Using the HFACS model, we identified 99 unsafe acts, 150 preconditions for unsafe acts, 21 instances of unsafe supervision, and 24 organizational failures. Skill-based errors were the most common unsafe act. Key lessons emphasized the importance of proactive visual scanning, thorough flight preparation, and strict adherence to checklists.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study highlights the predominance of human error in general aviation incidents. The data collected through the REX FFA system suggest it could be an effective educational tool, enabling pilots to share and learn from their experiences and providing valuable data for proactive corrective measures. Promoting similar systems dedicated to recreational private aviation could further benefit general aviation safety worldwide. Demoulin R, Stalars C. Voluntary incident feedback in French private aviation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):228-233.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"228-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enlarged Foramen Ovale-Caused Meningeal Bulge in a Pilot.","authors":"Jia Zhai, Shulin Liu, Di Gao, Yongjie Yao","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6565.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6565.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Meningocele results from a defect in the skull base bone, causing meningeal prolapse. Clinical manifestations of meningocele are often nonspecific and prone to misdiagnosis. Inadequate treatment may lead to severe complications, including cerebrospinal fluid leakage, meningitis, or, in rare cases, epilepsy, thereby posing significant risks to patients involved in aerospace operations. Historically, meningocele cases have predominantly been reported in fetuses and infants, with limited analysis and documentation focused on adults, particularly aviation pilots.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>During a routine annual physical examination, a male student pilot was found to have an enlarged right foramen ovale accompanied by meningocele. Imaging via 3T magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans revealed a tubular, beaded cystic formation in the right parapharyngeal space, indicating meningocele with an enlarged right foramen ovale and confirming its location at the right middle cranial base. Given the structural abnormality, it was assessed that the pilot is unsuitable for exposure to high acceleration forces. Consequently, he was restricted to operating non-high-performance aircraft, such as bombers, helicopters, and carrier-based aircraft.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Treatment and flight duty determinations for affected pilots must consider individual case specifics. In this instance, the absence of pre-examination symptoms suggested minimal clinical severity, negating the need for surgical intervention. To ensure both flight safety and pilot health, thorough pre-enlistment physical screenings and ongoing assessments throughout a pilot's career are crucial for accurately evaluating physical readiness. Zhai J, Liu S, Gao D, Yao Y. Enlarged foramen ovale-caused meningeal bulge in a pilot. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):251-254.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"251-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building a Stronger AsMA - Best Practices for Committee Chairs, Deputies, and Members.","authors":"Robert Orford","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.963PP.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.963PP.2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"189-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidental Findings on MRI Brain Imaging in Pilots from the Canadian White Matter Hyperintensity Study.","authors":"Sharef Danho, Joan Saary","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6388.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6388.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Incidental neuroanatomical findings are commonly identified during brain MRI completed clinically, for research, or for other purposes, including aircrew screening. Such findings range from benign to pathological and some may be disqualifying for flight duties. We present a series of cases with incidental neuroanatomical findings identified in Royal Canadian Armed Forces (RCAF) aircrew during the Canadian White Matter Hyperintensity research study, and the subsequent aeromedical evaluation undertaken to manage them. Our study group performed 48 brain MRI scans on 42 RCAF pilots and 6 aviation physiology technicians and parajumpers. Participants were men ages 25-70 with a mean age of 39.</p><p><strong>Case series: </strong>Incidental neuroanatomical findings were detected in four pilots, with six distinct findings (four vascular abnormalities, one arachnoid cyst, and one nonspecific nodule). All cases were asymptomatic. After evaluation of the findings of each case by a medical consortium, including an aeromedical neurologist, all pilots were cleared for ongoing duties with no restrictions.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The rate and nature of incidental findings in RCAF members in the White Matter Hyperintensity Study is consistent with that found in both the general population and in other military pilot populations. There is no international standard for screening or management of incidental findings; therefore, we recommend an approach that involves a case-by-case evaluation of the findings by a multidisciplinary medical team, with careful identification and consideration for high-risk features. Danho S, Saary J. Incidental findings on MRI brain imaging in pilots from the Canadian White Matter Hyperintensity Study. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):255-259.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"255-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Actigraphy-Driven Biomathematical Fatigue Modeling in British Military Rotary-Wing Pilots.","authors":"Andrew Pelham, Martie Van Tongeren, Heidi Arnold, Pierluigi Cocco","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6532.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6532.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A study of fatigue in British military rotary-wing pilots was conducted to determine the utility of actigraphy-driven fatigue modeling in the military rotary-wing environment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 48 pilots were recruited across the 3 military services of the United Kingdom. Objective fatigue was predicted using wearable actigraphy and the Sleep Activity Fatigue Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) fatigue model. Subjective data were collected from daily questionnaires completed by the study subjects, including an assessment of their own fatigue level using Samn-Perelli Scale scores. The relationship between these two data sets was then assessed with correlation and linear regression modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 38 men and 2 women recruited. The mean age was 36.4 yr (standard deviation ± 6.5, range 26-52 yr). In total, 200 flights were undertaken, with a mean flight time of 156 min (± 77.1, range 15-480); the mean landing time of these flights was 18:45 (range 11:00-02:30). The data included 37 d of pilots deployed on exercise. SAFTE scores were shown to decline for night flying, especially if landing after 22:00. With increasing subjective levels of fatigue, the relationship between SAFTE and Samn-Perelli Scale scores in subjects weakened.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Actigraphy-driven modeling has a role in specific aspects of military rotary-wing aviation. Consideration should be given to its use in specific scenarios, including night-flying and flights undertaken when deployed on exercise. Pelham A, Van Tongeren M, Arnold H, Cocco P. Actigraphy-driven biomathematical fatigue modeling in British military rotary-wing pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):206-211.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"206-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational Physical Requirements for Astronauts.","authors":"Philippe St-Martin, François Lalonde, Félix Bouchard-Lévesque, Isabelle J Dionne","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6560.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6560.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Through the Artemis program, space agencies and astronauts are preparing for extended durations in space and on planetary surfaces, expanding their occupational tasks. Although standardized laboratory tests are effective in assessing health and mitigating deconditioning, their reliability in forecasting occupational performance is uncertain. Consequently, a recent shift in exercise testing has emerged, shifting focus from health-oriented criteria to operational performance. This involves identifying the physical demands associated with components of an astronaut's tasks and determining a minimum level of performance, referred to as Physical Employment Standards. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an updated overview of the scientific literature on astronaut occupational tasks and physiological requirements.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search was conducted spanning from 1970 to October 2023. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria underwent screening using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for an evidence-based systematic review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 10 studies selected for inclusion in the current review and pertinent information was extracted. There were 14 tasks physiologically assessed: ambulation on various terrains, physical abilities field, device operations/activity board, re-entry and landing, hatch opening, capsule egress, recovery from fall, jump down, ladder climb, material transfer, emergency crewmember drag, hand drilling, construction wrenching, and upper-limb weighted tasks.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Physical Employment Standards for astronauts have yet to be established; however, certain tasks have been identified, enabling tailored occupational assessments for astronauts, increasingly recognized as tactical athletes. The results of this literature review lay the foundations for scientific task analysis and the development of operational physical tests for astronauts. St-Martin P, Lalonde F, Bouchard-Lévesque F, Dionne IJ. Occupational physical requirements for astronauts. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):234-250.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"234-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Altitude Acute Hypoxia Endurance and Comprehensive Lung Function in Pilots.","authors":"Bowen Li, Yue Xu, Dong Wang, Baodi Wei, Huijing Zhu, Mengdi Wu, Xiaohua Lan, Qiaoxiang Yin, Yanjie Cao","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6551.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6551.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>High-altitude hypoxia remains one of the primary causes endangering flight safety to this day. This study explores the correlation between pilots' acute hypoxia endurance at high altitude and their comprehensive pulmonary function to help with pilot selection, training, and operations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We selected 175 pilots (all men) at the Air Force Medical Center from January 2022 to March 2023. They underwent comprehensive pulmonary function tests and a simulated 22,965-ft (7000-m) hypoxia tests which were categorized into long-time (>360 s) or short-time (180 -360 s) groups based on endurance time. A multivariate Cox proportional risk model analyzed the link between lung function and hypoxia endurance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All pilots completed the tests with a median hypoxia endurance time of 260 s. The long-time group consisted of 50.3% of the pilots and the short-time group consisted of 49.7%. The Cox model indicated that higher alveolar volume as a percentage of predicted and lower residual volume to total lung capacity ratio as a percentage of predicted significantly influenced hypoxia endurance time, while other variables showed no significant impact.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Pilots with higher alveolar volume as a percentage of predicted and lower residual volume to total lung capacity ratio as a percentage of predicted in comprehensive lung function are likely to have better gas exchange efficiency and lung function, leading to longer acute high-altitude hypoxia endurance time. Li B, Xu Y, Wang D, Wei B, Zhu H, Wu M, Lan X, Yin Q, Cao Y. High-altitude acute hypoxia endurance and comprehensive lung function in pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):191-197.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"191-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mediating Roles of Resilience and Stress in Emotion Regulation Strategies and Pilot Job Burnout.","authors":"Yanzeng Zhao, Keyong Zhu, Hongmin Cai, Ziyu Liu, Rui Xiong, Lijing Wang","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6581.2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6581.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pilot burnout significantly affects flight safety. Despite research on related factors, the intrinsic links between pilots' emotion regulation and burnout are not thoroughly analyzed. The distinctive work environment necessitates advanced emotional regulation skills. Exploring these mechanisms is crucial for understanding and addressing pilot burnout effectively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study performed a path analysis on survey data from 106 Chinese civil aviation pilots to explore the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and job burnout.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings indicate that cognitive reappraisal affects job burnout through perceived stress and psychological resilience while expressive suppression impacts it via perceived stress. Family-work conflict and organizational stress significantly contribute to burnout, with the model showing a high fit (Comparative Fit Index = 0.99) and an R2 exceeding 0.5.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This research pioneers an emotion regulation perspective in pilot job burnout analysis, suggesting innovative interventions. It emphasizes the need for holistic strategies, addressing psychological resilience enhancement and organizational culture issues to mitigate job burnout effectively. By enriching the theoretical and practical foundations in pilot job burnout management, this study offers crucial insights for the field's development. Zhao Y, Zhu K, Cai H, Liu Z, Xiong R, Wang L. Mediating roles of resilience and stress in emotion regulation strategies and pilot job burnout. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2025; 96(3):219-227.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"96 3","pages":"219-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}