Aerospace medicine and human performance最新文献

{"title":"Routine Capillary Hemoglobin Testing in United Kingdom Commercial Pilot Applicants.","authors":"Philip P MacMillan","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6894.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6894.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>United Kingdom regulations mandate hemoglobin (Hb) testing at each commercial (Class 1) pilot medical examination. The utility of point-of-care finger-prick capillary Hb in determining aeromedical certification outcomes remains unquantified.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review was conducted of all initial Class 1 medical examinations recorded in the UK Civil Aviation Authority medical records system from April 2021 to March 2025. Applicants with capillary Hb outside thresholds (male <115 g · L-1, female <105 g · L-1, all >180 g · L-1) were identified. Clinical pathways, confirmatory testing, and fitness outcomes were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 3353 applicants, 48 (1.43%; 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.89) had abnormal capillary Hb (33 high, 15 low). Of those, 35 (73%) were certified fit, 1 (2%) was assessed as unfit due to predeclared sickle cell disease, and 12 (25%) were lost to follow-up prior to fitness determination. Only 3 of 36 applicants receiving a fitness outcome were assessed as unfit or required treatment before certification (positive predictive value 8.3%; 95% confidence interval 2.9-21.8%). Among 13 applicants undergoing confirmatory venous testing, 12 returned normal results. No cases of polycythemia were identified.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Capillary Hb screening did not identify conditions leading to unfit assessment beyond predeclared disease. The sole unfit determination resulted from a disqualifying history before testing. Two applicants (0.06%) required treatment before certification; whether these would have been detected through clinical evaluation alone is uncertain. These findings suggest limited utility for this screening practice in asymptomatic initial pilot applicants, though value in serial assessments of established pilots warrants further investigation. MacMillan PP. Routine capillary hemoglobin testing in United Kingdom commercial pilot applicants. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(8):601-606.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 8","pages":"601-606"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148652958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerospace Medicine Clinic.","authors":"Noel R Colls","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6910.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6910.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 8","pages":"653-655"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148652878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Model of the Eye for Understanding Acute Microgravity-Induced Ocular Changes.","authors":"Danielle J Carroll, Sara A Rothrock, Scott D Phillips, Darin A Knaus, Nicholas T Kattamis, Allison P A Hayman, Abigail M Fellows, Michael E Zegans, Jay C Buckey","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6835.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6835.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Intraocular pressure (IOP) changes with acute microgravity exposure defy easy explanation. IOP increases above supine levels acutely in weightlessness, but studies show both central venous pressure and intracranial pressure (ICP) fall below supine values. These reductions would be expected to reduce IOP in weightlessness. We developed and validated a physiologically relevant numerical model of the eye to investigate how these ocular changes could occur.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A finite element numerical model of the 50th percentile adult human globe, optic nerve, and surrounding tissues was constructed. The model incorporated 4 fluids and 12 different structures/tissues, with physical properties derived from the literature. The model included both hydrostatic gradients and tissue compressive forces, which are eliminated in weightlessness. We demonstrated model function using published clinical data from intravitreal injection and dark room provocation testing and then applied the model to predict acute microgravity-induced changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Elimination of gx hydrostatic pressures increased episcleral venous pressure (EVP) at the eye and ICP at the lamina cribrosa despite overall reductions in central venous pressure and ICP compared to supine. IOP predictions were within 0.7 mmHg and 0.3 mmHg of experimental supine and parabolic flight values, respectively. A sensitivity analysis of factors increasing IOP showed a 0.75 mmHg increase from aqueous humor dynamics. Eliminating hydrostatic gradients produced a 0.55 mmHg increase from ICP and a 2.75 mmHg increase from EVP.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The elevated IOP observed initially in short-duration microgravity may be caused by the loss of hydrostatic gradients and associated effects on EVP and ICP. Carroll DJ, Rothrock SA, Phillips SD, Knaus DA, Kattamis NT, Hayman APA, Fellows AM, Zegans ME, Buckey JC. Numerical model of the eye for understanding acute microgravity-induced ocular changes. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(8):584-591.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 8","pages":"584-591"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148652991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor re: Sealing Properties of Close-Fitting Masks Worn Over Facial Hair.","authors":"Jonathan French, Desmond M Connolly","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6945.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6945.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 7","pages":"561-562"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerospace Medicine Clinic.","authors":"Tiffany A Carlson, Richard T Williamson, Jelaun K Newsome, Joseph J Pavelites","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6925.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6925.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 7","pages":"563-566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Humanitarian Airlifts to Neonatal Intensive Care in the Sky.","authors":"Carlo Bellini, Amanda Davis, Jacqueline C Stocking","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6888.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6888.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Long-distance neonatal air transport did not begin in hospitals, but rather in times of crisis, driven by courage, ingenuity, and humanitarian resolve. Early operations transformed aircraft into lifelines, carrying children across borders and conflict zones under austere and often perilous conditions.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In early humanitarian flights, the 1939 Czech Kindertransport was the first to demonstrate aviation's potential for child rescue. This was followed by postwar efforts such as Operation Magic Carpet and Cold War evacuations such as Operation Peter Pan. Infants and children were transported with limited medical support, relying on improvisation, speed, and human determination. Operations Babylift, Moses, Joshua, and Solomon increased the scale and ambition of these efforts, incorporating newborns into long-range missions under extraordinary logistical and political constraints. Though primitive by today's medical standards, these flights proved that aircraft could be used for more than war; they could also protect and save lives. Modern neonatal aeromedical transport realizes this vision with dedicated aircraft, incubators, and specialized teams capable of sustaining critically ill neonates across continents. Programs such as the Netherlands' helicopter emergency medical service, the European Air Ambulance, and the United Kingdom's Children's Air Ambulance continue the ethical and humanitarian legacy of these pioneering missions. When an infant's life is at risk, flight is imperative.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Each neonatal air mission carries forward a century of courage, innovation, and moral conviction, turning the sky into a corridor of survival for the most vulnerable. Bellini C, Davis A, Stocking JC. From humanitarian airlifts to neonatal intensive care in the sky. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(7):550-560.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 7","pages":"550-560"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are You an Interdisciplinarian?","authors":"Anthony Wagstaff","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.PP9707.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.PP9707.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 7","pages":"477"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Closed-System Lumbar Puncture Design for Microgravity.","authors":"Brandon Adams, Zoey Levinson, Peter Alexandrov, David Mampre","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6853.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6853.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A lumbar puncture (LP) is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for wide-ranging conditions terrestrially with additional applications in the microgravity environment of human spaceflight. LP has been performed on astronauts postflight in an attempt to answer lingering health questions, like the causes of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome. However, an LP has not been performed in space or microgravity before due to the operational constraints of the procedure, including infection risk, air entrance, and fluid management difficulties in microgravity. This has prevented in-flight intracranial pressure measurements and important characterizations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition during spaceflight.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed a closed-system LP design by introducing an injection port between the typical needle-stylet LP device and using an electronic pressure transducer (eliminating gravity-based manometry). An initial proof of concept demonstration of the new device was conducted by performing mock LPs using an LP trainer with known fluid pressures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Closed-system LP was successfully demonstrated with no loss of fluid external to the system and no appreciable entrance of air. The new closed system showed accurate (r = 0.995) and precise (SD = 0.406 mmHg) results when measuring pressures in the typical CSF range of 8-15 mmHg.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This initial demonstration serves as the first step in testing a novel LP system that mitigates risks of conducting the procedure during spaceflight. An in-flight LP would enable the collection of vital data on intracranial pressure and CSF composition under microgravity. Development of custom equipment and in vivo testing are needed for further validation. Adams B, Levinson Z, Alexandrov P, Mampre D. A closed-system lumbar puncture design for microgravity. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(7):534-538.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 7","pages":"534-538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Interpretation of Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Microgravity.","authors":"Melissa Côté, Delaney Smith, Nicolas Orozco, Blake VanBerlo, Ben Huggard, Robert Arntfield, Ross Prager","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6852.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6852.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Long-duration space missions demand reliable, portable, and autonomous medical diagnostic tools. Lung ultrasound (LUS) is ideal for space exploration due to its safety and versatility, but interpreting LUS images requires training. Artificial intelligence (AI) can assist with image interpretation by detecting lung sliding, an ultrasound sign produced by the movement of lung and chest wall during breathing. The presence of lung sliding helps to rule out pneumothorax, or a collapsed lung, which is a condition that may arise from barotrauma or rapid changes in pressurization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>LUS clips were acquired from two healthy volunteers during parabolic flight maneuvers simulating microgravity and lunar gravity, with +1-G clips used as controls. Clips were analyzed using an AI model to classify the presence of lung sliding and model performance and confidence were compared across gravity conditions. All clips were reviewed by an expert to establish whether lung sliding was present, which served as the reference standard for AI model evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 105 LUS clips, the model demonstrated an accuracy of 94%, with similar performance at +1 G (96%), lunar gravity (94%), and microgravity (92%). Prediction confidence varied by gravity, with median values of 93% at +1 G, 83% at lunar gravity, and 67% at microgravity. Confidence was significantly lower in microgravity compared with +1 G.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings demonstrate that AI-assisted LUS can reliably detect lung sliding under reduced gravity, supporting its feasibility as an autonomous diagnostic support tool for spaceflight and highlighting the importance of further validation in microgravity environments. Côté M, Smith D, Orozco N, VanBerlo B, Huggard B, Arntfield R, Prager R. Artificial intelligence interpretation of point-of-care lung ultrasound in microgravity. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(7):505-509.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 7","pages":"505-509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large Language Models as Behavioral Health Teammates in Long-Duration Spaceflight.","authors":"Claire Dvorak, Jay C Buckey","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6892.2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.6892.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Long-duration spaceflight exposes crews to isolated, confined, and extreme environments where chronic stress and limited real-time support heighten interpersonal tensions. Large language models (LLMs) could serve as onboard artificial intelligence teammates for de-escalation, but could also exacerbate tensions by endorsing hostility or exclusion. This study evaluates whether LLMs demonstrate prosocial conflict mediation behaviors vs. failure modes that could elevate interpersonal risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We tested four LLMs (GPT-5, Claude Sonnet 4, Grok 4, Gemini 2.5 Pro) using a Dartmouth PATH Program scenario where one crewmember criticizes an absent teammate and tries to recruit another against him. Models were evaluated across seven test batteries: adversarial framing, backstory manipulation, team role variations, aggressor identity variations, target identity variations, mental health sensitivity, and direct ethics questions. We scored 196 responses using a three-point rubric (defended excluded teammate, neutral, or endorsed exclusion).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Claude Sonnet 4 achieved perfect scores (3.0). GPT-5 averaged 2.97. Gemini 2.5 Pro (2.81) showed vulnerability to narrative capture, shifting from defending the excluded crewmember to endorsing criticism when given unfavorable backstory. Grok 4 (2.85) exhibited significant failure under social proof pressure, explicitly endorsing exclusion. All models showed consistent prosocial responses regardless of demographic factors and correctly identified ethical issues when questioned directly.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>LLMs show promise as behavioral health teammates but have critical vulnerabilities. They can be manipulated into endorsing teammate exclusion through backstory reframing, peer pressure, or authority hierarchies, requiring safety protocols before deployment. Dvorak C, Buckey JC Jr. Large language models as behavioral health teammates in long-duration spaceflight. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(7):516-523.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 7","pages":"516-523"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}