Aerospace medicine and human performance最新文献

{"title":"Cold Protection and Manual Performance Assessment of Aircrew Gloves.","authors":"Andrew S Weller, Jonathan W R Boyd","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6701.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6701.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Military aircrew of rotary-wing aircraft often report cold and dysfunctional hands during cold-weather flying. Therefore, the cold protection and manual performance of in-service gloves was quantified in a laboratory study to support cold-weather advice to aircrew and glove procurement activities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>There were 8 civilian men who undertook a 60-min thermal test simulating the metabolic cost of rear crew physical tasks and wearing representative clothing on 15 occasions, where 3 main glove types (Cape leather, C; Cape + silk liner, C + S; Gunner, G) and 5 air temperatures (TA; +20, +10, 0, -10, -20°C) were assessed. Physiological (including mean finger skin temperature, TFSK), subjective thermal, and manual performance (including bare-hand and gloved finger/hand dexterity) measures were obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At a TA of 0°C, mean TSKF was 15.2 (C), 17.9 (C + S), and 22.4°C (G). Finger cold discomfort occurred at a TA of 0°C in C, and at -10°C in C + S and G. Gloved finger/hand dexterity was impaired relative to bare hands by 46/4 (C), 56/14 (C + S), and 73/44% (G). There was no relationship between TSKF and dexterity performance.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The performance of aircrew gloves has been baselined for male aircrew. Cape leather gloves are limited to a TA of +10°C. Adding silk liners and wearing the Gunner glove extended exposure down to a TA of 0°C but imposed considerable impairment on dexterity performance. Solutions are required to enhance cold protection at a lower cost to manual performance, which must demonstrate applicability to both male and female aircrew. Weller AS, Boyd JWR. Cold protection and manual performance assessment of aircrew gloves. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):160-168.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"160-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Wing of AsMA and UHMS.","authors":"Warren S Silberman","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.9703PP.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.9703PP.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"135-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Intercapillary Distance as a Regulator of Tissue Denitrogenation Rate.","authors":"Todd Dart, Jeffrey Mock, Jeremy Beer","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6810.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6810.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Removing nitrogen gas from body tissue by breathing 100% oxygen (denitrogenation) before exposure to a low-pressure environment reduces risk of decompression sickness (DCS) caused by nitrogen bubble formation. This is a priority in activities that include DCS risk such as unpressurized flight or astronaut extravehicular activity. Tissue denitrogenation is determined by perfusion, so modeling intercapillary distance (ICD) as a perfusion characteristic could be exploited to predict denitrogenation efficiency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five inert gas exchange models were developed that combine a cylindrical conceptualization of tissue surrounding a single capillary (Krogh model) in which denitrogenation can occur, with estimates of ICD from 10-50 µm used to represent capillary density. Rate of nitrogen washout (dPN2 · dt-1) was estimated using ICD and initial tissue nitrogen pressure as predictor variables. Regressions were performed to compare model output to fractional washout volumes obtained using Behnke's whole-body washout functions as a benchmark.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean denitrogenation fractions generated by these mixed-venous models correlated strongly with fractional Behnke washout curves (Pearson's r = 1). Emergent tissue nitrogen washout half-time rates ranged from 5.5-90 min. Differences in lean and adipose tissue ICD and nitrogen solubility impact tissue nitrogen concentration but not pressure.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The use of a \"leaky nitrogen reservoir\" multicylinder ICD perfusion model offers a theoretical framework on which to base denitrogenation rates within and across tissue types. This modeling approach may permit the development of improved perfusion-enhancing denitrogenation strategies and DCS risk models. Dart T, Mock J, Beer J. Modeling intercapillary distance as a regulator of tissue denitrogenation rate. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):137-144.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Proposed Framework for the Application of Physiological Monitoring in Fast-Jet Aviation.","authors":"Aiden Coffey, Pete Marston, Thomas G Smith, Lance Annicelli, Camille Bilger, Ross D Pollock, Peter D Hodkinson","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6470.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6470.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The occurrence of physiological episodes in flight has led to an interest in developing pilot physiological monitoring (PhysMon) systems. There is a lack of consensus among engineering, physiology, and aircrew disciplines in the use-cases of highest importance and the sequence of events required to assess these technologies. This paper proposes structured analytical techniques to consider and assess potential PhysMon systems, using tools from across aerospace professions, to create a framework for considering applications of PhysMon. This approach provides a logical structure to critically assess potential systems, consider how a PhysMon system may be positioned within a system-of-systems architecture, identify the challenges in bringing them to the operational setting, and select those concepts with the highest chance of success. By providing a common understanding, this applied framework is intended to improve future development, testing, application, and use of PhysMon systems. Coffey A, Marston P, Smith TG, Annicelli L, Bilger C, Pollock RD, Hodkinson PD. A proposed framework for the application of physiological monitoring in fast-jet aviation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):218-223.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"218-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Lung Cancer Management and Return-to-Duty Considerations for Military Aircrew.","authors":"Jason Weizheng Low","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6734.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6734.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and among Singaporean males. While incidence in Singapore has declined due to reductions in smoking, patient outcomes have also improved because of advances in our understanding of cancer biology, lung cancer screening, and refinements in treatment. In the Republic of Singapore Air Force, its first diagnosed case of aircrew lung cancer was presented and deliberated at its Aeromedical Board in October 2024.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A narrative review was conducted to summarize aeromedically relevant updates on the current assessment and management of lung cancer, with a focus on return-to-flying considerations as well as future implications for military aircrew.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Developments in immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies has driven the requirement for molecular and immunohistochemical diagnosis in lung cancer management. Together with advances in radiation therapy and minimally invasive surgery techniques, lung cancer screening and smoking cessation have significantly improved disease mortality and morbidity. Despite this, a safe return to aviation duties may remain limited by treatment side effects and the possibility of late disease recurrence.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>While there is an opportunity to update current waiver policies for resectable early-stage lung cancer, additional considerations are still required to individualize aeromedical decision-making based on underlying cancer histology, treatment response, side effects of newer therapies, and risk of cancer recurrence after remission. In preserving their fitness for duty, emerging evidence and the continuously evolving treatment landscape will continue to challenge flight surgeons to keep aircrew well-informed of their management options. Low JW. Current lung cancer management and return-to-duty considerations for military aircrew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):185-193.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"185-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High +Gz Flight Reduces Cervical 3D Kinematics and Increases Neck Pain in Fighter Pilots.","authors":"Rene Lingscheid, Roland Nuesse, Robert Rein, Fabian Goell, Kirsten Albracht, Bjoern Braunstein","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6762.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6762.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Military jet pilots are exposed to extreme +Gz, imposing strain on the cervical musculoskeletal system. Neck pain prevalence is well documented, but the acute effects of real flight on cervical muscles and kinematics remain unclear. This study assessed acute effects in Eurofighter pilots vs. non-pilot controls. It was hypothesized that acute high +Gz exposure during a real flight affects cervical 3D kinematics, muscle mechanical properties, and pilot-reported pain scores compared to a nonexposed control group and effects of acute high +Gz exposure persist 24 h postflight, resulting in altered cervical 3D kinematics, modified muscle mechanical properties, and increased subjective pain compared to the nonexposed control group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A controlled, longitudinal study compared 20 Eurofighter pilots with 20 matched controls. Cervical 3D kinematics, subjective neck pain, and cervical muscle stiffness were assessed preflight, immediately postflight, and 24 h postflight. Pilots executed high +Gz maneuvers during real flight following a scripted mission. Primary outcomes were group-by-time differences. Statistics included repeated-measures of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In pilots, cervical extension range of motion decreased postflight from 56.4 ± 6.5° to 52.4 ± 7.8°, and at 24 h to 53.3 ± 6.4°. Subjective neck pain increased postflight and persisted at 24 h [pain 0.0-10.0; medians from 0.0 (0.0)-2.1 (3.0), then 1.8 (2.9)]. Right trapezius muscle stiffness decreased postflight (241.0 ± 20.3-227.8 ± 20.7 N · m-1) and after 24 h at 234.1 ± 20.1 N · m-1.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>High +Gz exposure and extreme head postures reduce range of motion and increase neck pain in fighter pilots. The stiffness decrease suggests a muscular mechanical overload. Findings support the need for targeted neck conditioning and real-time monitoring to mitigate injury risk to sustain operational readiness. Lingscheid R, Nuesse R, Rein R, Goell F, Albracht K, Braunstein B. High +Gz flight reduces cervical 3D kinematics and increases neck pain in fighter pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):151-159.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 3","pages":"151-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Spatial Disorientation in Flight Simulation Through Electroencephalogram Trends.","authors":"Brock P Rouser, Logan D Rock, Ryan C Paul, Katherina A Jurewicz","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6793.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6793.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Spatial disorientation (SD) remains a persistent threat to aviation safety, particularly during transitions from visual to instrument meteorological conditions. This study investigated the physiological and cognitive effects of an induced SD illusion during simulated flight using multimodal sensor data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five instrument-rated fixed-wing pilots each completed two simulator flights, one containing decoupled motion cues designed to elicit SD. Physiological data were collected using electroencephalogram (EEG) and cardiorespiratory monitoring, while subjective cognitive load and situational awareness were measured with the NASA Task Load Index and Situational Awareness Rating Technique surveys. Data were analyzed using general linear models within a Bayesian framework, incorporating EEG power metrics and cardiorespiratory signals such as heart rate and respiratory rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Posterior inference identified increases of normalized heart rate by 0.87 and normalized respiratory rate by 0.46 during SD events, indicating sympathetic activation. F3 and F4 EEG channels exhibited asymmetrical signal changes during disorientation, with a normalized power difference of up to 0.86 compared to Fz. Comparative models showed the importance of residual covariance estimation for EEG data, with a difference in standard error of up to 71.3 between models. Performance metrics alone were insufficient to infer disorientation, as pilot performance varied independently of reported SD.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Findings demonstrate that physiological data capture state changes during disorientation and support development of adaptive, low-intervention SD countermeasures. Results underscore the value of human-centered, data-driven analysis in aviation safety and provide a scalable framework for SD detection and mitigation. Rouser BP, Rock LD, Paul RC, Jurewicz KA. Characterizing spatial disorientation in flight simulation through electroencephalogram trends. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):84-92.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"84-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOSAIC and AsMA Council's November Meeting.","authors":"Warren S Silberman","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.9702PP.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.9702PP.2026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"67-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Heart Disease in Aircrew.","authors":"Joanna D'Arcy, Thomas Syburra, Lysette Broekhuizen, David Holdsworth, Norbert Guettler, Denis Bron, Olivier Manen, Eddie Davenport","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6676.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6676.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Heart muscle diseases are challenging for the aeromedical examiner due to their heterogeneous nature and widely varying natural history. The diagnosis of heart muscle disease is likely to have a significant impact on flying privileges, with the risk assessment requiring careful testing and careful follow up. Consideration must also be given to the treatments used in each individual, as these may also pose an aeromedical risk. In athletic aircrew, differentiating athletic adaptation from a cardiomyopathy is essential to decide if flying restrictions are necessary.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>This article provides insights into the appropriate investigation of aircrew with suspected or proven heart muscle disease, to assist with licensing decisions. Four case vignettes are presented (myocarditis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and athletic heart) to give a broad overview of the commonest areas of heart muscle disease seen in aircrew. The relevant features of evaluation, treatment, and aeromedical relevance are provided in a brief discussion of each case.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This paper presents the most current recommendations for assessing aircrew with heart muscle disease and cardiomyopathy with data derived from current aeromedical and clinical literature, as well as the expert consensus of the NATO Working Groups on Occupational Cardiology (HFM WG 251, 316) D'Arcy J, Syburra T, Broekhuizen L, Holdsworth D, Guettler N, Bron D, Manen O, Davenport E. Structural heart disease in aircrew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(2):116-122.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 2","pages":"116-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146058508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for 1-Propanol.","authors":"Valerie E Ryder, Dianne A Yap","doi":"10.3357/AMHP.6741.2026","DOIUrl":"10.3357/AMHP.6741.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>1-Propanol is a volatile organic compound commonly used as a solvent for industrial and pharmaceutical products. It has been consistently detected at low concentrations in the International Space Station. Although there are published spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for its less toxic isomer 2-propanol, no SMACs were previously established for 1-propanol. This document reviews existing literature on 1-propanol inhalation toxicity to derive acute and long-term SMACs applicable to off-nominal and nominal scenarios, respectively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Electronic databases and published literature were searched for relevant toxicity data on 1-propanol inhalation. Keywords \"1-propanol\" and \"n-propanol\" were used, and hits were further screened by the key phrase \"inhalation toxicity.\"</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most studies identified were acute inhalation toxicity using animal models. Mice exposed to 3250 ppm of 1-propanol for 1.5-2 h experienced central nervous system depression mimicking alcohol intoxication. No adverse effects were reported in mice or rats exposed to 1600 ppm for 120 h, but exposure to 7000 ppm for 294 h resulted in reduced male fertility.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>To preclude central nervous system depression, 1-h and 24-h SMACs for 1-propanol were set at 205 and 100 ppm, respectively. A limit of 60 ppm for 7 d was based on lack of effects at 1600 ppm for 120 h. SMACs for 30, 180, and 1000 d were set at 35 ppm to preserve male fertility. Resulting values are approximately half of the recently updated SMAC values for 2-propanol, which is consistent with the trend between the other published exposure limits of these two isomers. Ryder VE, Yap DA. Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for 1-propanol. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(1):60-63.</p>","PeriodicalId":7463,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace medicine and human performance","volume":"97 1","pages":"60-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145853073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}