Physical activity and nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Rapid weight loss practices and methods among Mongolian judo athletes.","authors":"Enkhzaya Battsengel, Jaesin Sa, Jounghee Lee","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0043","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Rapid weight loss is prevalent and potentially hazardous in combat sports; however, evidence among Mongolian athletes remains limited. This study characterized rapid weight loss practices among Mongolian judo athletes and compared behavioral practices and social influences between Limited-Method-Use and Combined-Method-Use profiles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 100 competitive Mongolian judo athletes. Of the 81 athletes who reported rapid weight loss, hierarchical cluster analysis classified 57 as Limited-Method-Use and 24 as Combined-Method-Use based on 12 weight-cutting modalities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pre-competition rapid weight loss was reported by 81.0% of participants. Compared with the Limited-Method-Use group, the Combined-Method-Use group had greater body mass reduction (6.86% vs. 5.25%, p = 0.001) and post-competition body mass regain (6.62% vs. 5.04%, p = 0.001). The Combined-Method-Use group relied heavily on multifaceted dietary restrictions and thermal dehydration methods [sauna, fluid restriction, and plastic suit training (all p < 0.05)]. Regression analysis identified total body mass reduction percentage as the sole significant predictor of weight regain (β = 0.647, p < 0.001). Coaches and teammates were the primary social influences, whereas healthcare professionals had limited influence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Rapid weight loss is deeply embedded as a normative practice within the Mongolian judo community, with many competitors adopting aggressive, dehydration-driven methodologies. The strong association between weight cuts and severe weight regain highlights the hazardous nature of these practices. These insights underscore the critical need for evidence-based sports nutrition education and preventative screenings targeting athletes and coaching staff.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 3","pages":"81-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of d-allulose intake during exercise training on heart rate response to submaximal exercise in untrained young adults: a pilot study.","authors":"Takamasa Tsuzuki, Takako Yamada, Teruhiko Koike, Takashi Umeda, Takayuki Negishi","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0044","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>d-Allulose has been reported to enhance fat oxidation during acute aerobic exercise; however, its effects during exercise training in humans remain unclear. We investigated the effects of d-allulose intake during exercise training on physiological responses to submaximal exercise in untrained young adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen untrained young adults were randomly assigned to receive a beverage with (ALLU) or without (PLA) 5 g of d-allulose 30 min before exercise. Participants exercised on a cycle ergometer at 50% of their estimated V4O2max for 30 min, 4 days per week, for 4 weeks. Heart rate at the end of each session was recorded as an indicator of physiological responses to submaximal exercise. Body composition and estimated V4O2max were measured before and after the intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant between-group differences were observed in body composition. The relative change in estimated V4O2max tended to be greater in the ALLU group than in the PLA group, although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.09). The temporal pattern of absolute heart rate differed significantly between groups over the 4-week intervention period (treatment × week interaction, p = 0.007), with no significant between-group differences observed at individual weeks. Exploratory analysis showed that relative heart rate was significantly lower at Week 4 in the ALLU group than in the PLA group (p = 0.028).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Repeated d-allulose supplementation before exercise during 4 weeks of training was associated with a different temporal pattern of heart rate responses to submaximal exercise in untrained young adults. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation into the effects of d-allulose supplementation during exercise training.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 3","pages":"89-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-exercise chickpea milk consumption supports glycemic stability during endurance exercise in female runners.","authors":"Parawee Hiruncharoen, Nattiporn Nokkaew","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0041","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the effects of pre-exercise chickpea milk consumption on glycemic stability and physiological responses during endurance exercise in trained female runners.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen eumenorrheic female half-marathon runners (25-35 years) completed a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced crossover trial. Participants consumed 250 mL of chickpea milk or soy milk or a maltodextrin placebo 30 min before exercise, with each trial conducted during the follicular phase and separated by a washout period of at least one week. The exercise protocol consisted of treadmill running at 60% of maximal heart rate for 60 min, followed by running at 80% of maximal heart rate until volitional exhaustion. Blood glucose, blood lactate, free fatty acids, creatine kinase, respiratory exchange ratio, rating of perceived exertion, and time to exhaustion were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Blood glucose concentrations differed significantly between the beverage conditions (p < 0.05). Compared with the placebo, chickpea milk produced a more stable glycemic response during exercise. Blood glucose variability, assessed using the coefficient of variation, differed significantly among beverage conditions (p = 0.031), with lower values following chickpea milk (13.07 ± 4.33%), and soy milk (12.37 ± 4.62%) compared with the placebo (16.07 ± 4.89%). No significant differences were observed among the beverage conditions for blood lactate, free fatty acids, creatine kinase, respiratory exchange ratio, rating of perceived exertion, or time to exhaustion (all p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pre-exercise chickpea milk consumption supported glycemic stability during prolonged endurance exercise in trained female runners, but did not improve exercise performance or other physiological outcomes. Larger, adequately powered studies are warranted to determine whether this metabolic response translates into meaningful improvements in endurance performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 3","pages":"64-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Position-specific differences in match performance of elite U-17 soccer players using GPS-derived external load data: focus on forwards and defenders.","authors":"Chulsoon Choi, Hoseong Lee, Kwangjin Lee","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0039","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objective of this study was to investigate differences in match performance characteristics between forwards and defenders among elite U-17 soccer players using Global Positioning System (GPS)-derived data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 37 elite U-17 soccer players representing Gyeonggi Province. External load data collected during official matches were analyzed. Variables were classified as measures of aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, neuromuscular performance, and agility and change-of-direction ability. Between-group differences were assessed using independent samples t-tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant positional differences were observed in total distance covered, distance per minute, mean speed, or low- to moderate-intensity activity zones (p > 0.05). Compared with defenders, forwards demonstrated significantly higher values for high-speed running distance, a higher proportion of high-intensity activity, maximum speed, and high-intensity acceleration and change-of-direction performance (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that at the elite youth level, fundamental aerobic capacity is similarly developed across playing positions, whereas high-intensity movement and neuromuscular performance capacities vary according to playing roles and tactical demands. Accordingly, training programs and player development strategies should be designed to account for positional characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 3","pages":"48-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149170485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term lactate ingestion and exercise training differentially modulate body composition, resting substrate metabolism, and tissue-specific metabolic remodeling in mice.","authors":"Inkwon Jang, Nayeon Kim, Deunsol Hwang, Sunghwan Kyun, Taeho Kim, Jungyong Lee, Hun-Young Park, Kiwon Lim, Jisu Kim","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0048","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated whether long-term lactate ingestion induces systemic and tissue-specific metabolic adaptations under normal physiological conditions and whether these responses differ from those induced by exercise training.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-two male mice were randomly assigned to saline control, lactate ingestion, exercise training with saline, or exercise training with lactate groups (n = 8/group). Lactate (3 g/kg) or saline was administered by oral gavage five times per week for 16 weeks. Exercise-trained mice performed moderate-intensity treadmill exercise five times per week. Body composition, 24-h resting substrate utilization and energy expenditure, and metabolic protein abundance in the soleus muscle and epididymal white adipose tissue were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lactate ingestion reduced body fat percentage and absolute fat mass in untrained mice. Exercise increased resting carbohydrate oxidation, total energy expenditure, and skeletal muscle HK2, PDHA1, and GLUT4 abundance. Lactate ingestion increased skeletal muscle abundance of FAT/CD36, PDK4, MCT1, and MCT4 under untrained conditions. In epididymal white adipose tissue, molecular responses were limited, with the most robust changes observed for CIDEA, whereas the supplementation effect on GPR81 did not remain significant after false discovery rate correction. The combined intervention did not consistently produce additional adaptations beyond those observed with exercise training alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Long-term lactate ingestion and exercise training produced distinct but partially overlapping systemic and molecular response patterns. Lactate ingestion was associated with lower adiposity and increased abundance of skeletal muscle proteins related to fatty acid handling and lactate transport, whereas exercise training increased carbohydrate oxidation, energy expenditure, and the abundance of proteins associated with glucose metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 3","pages":"139-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of adiposity and physical fitness with hippocampaldependent mnemonic discrimination in postmenopausal women.","authors":"Chanwoo Lee, Subin Park, Cheonok Lee, Dohyeon Lee, Hunyoung Ha, Heehyun Shin, Taeyeon Kim, Chaeeun Cho, Kyeongho Byun, Sewon Lee","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0050","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examined the associations of adiposity indices and physical fitness components with domain-specific cognitive function in postmenopausal women, focusing on hippocampus-dependent mnemonic discrimination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study involved 68 postmenopausal women aged ≥ 40 years who were at least one year postmenopausal. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and adiposity indices comprised body fat mass, body fat percentage, fat mass index, fat-to-lean mass ratio, and android-to-gynoid fat ratio. Cognitive function was assessed using the color-word Stroop task and the object and spatial versions of the Mnemonic Discrimination Task. Physical fitness was evaluated based on grip strength, sit-and-reach flexibility, and peak oxygen uptake. Correlation and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were performed (n = 61).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adiposity indices were not significantly associated with Stroop performance. Body fat mass and fat mass index were negatively associated with object-version recognition score and spatial-version lure discrimination index, and body fat mass was also negatively associated with spatial-version recognition score. Spatial-version lure discrimination index was positively correlated with flexibility and peak oxygen uptake. In hierarchical regression, adding fat mass index and peak oxygen uptake to age significantly improved the model predicting spatial-version lure discrimination index; peak oxygen uptake was significant at this step. However, flexibility provided no significant additional explanatory power, and no predictor remained significant in the final model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hippocampus-dependent mnemonic discrimination in postmenopausal women may be related to adiposity and overall fitness status at the level of simple associations; however, the independent contribution of specific fitness components requires further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 3","pages":"162-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655421/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a low-protein, high-fructose corn syrup diet on skeletal muscle and bone in young adult mice: a pilot study.","authors":"Hyerim Park","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0034","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to examine the effects of chronic consumption of a low-protein diet combined with 10% high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) on skeletal muscle and bone health in mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a normal diet or a low-protein diet supplemented with 10% HFCS for 12 weeks. Gene expression in skeletal muscle was analyzed by real-time PCR, and bone microarchitecture was evaluated using micro-CT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mice fed the low-protein diet supplemented with HFCS exhibited reduced body weight and lower gastrocnemius, heart, and femur weights. In the gastrocnemius muscle, genes related to muscle growth, glucose transport, and mitochondrial regulation were significantly downregulated, whereas no significant changes were observed in the soleus muscle. Additionally, trabecular bone volume fraction and number were significantly reduced, whereas cortical bone thickness remained unchanged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Chronic intake of a low-protein diet supplemented with HFCS was associated with altered skeletal muscle metabolic gene expression, with potential differences between muscle types and changes in trabecular bone microarchitecture, suggesting potential adverse effects of combined nutritional stress on musculoskeletal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 3","pages":"10-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149170679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with health-promoting lifestyles among community-dwelling older adults in Zigong, China: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Siyao Zeng, Vorapoj Promasatayaprot, Sumattana Glangkan, Jianjian Yu","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0037","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aging population in China faces significant challenges in maintaining health-promoting lifestyles, with disparities between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. In this study, we aimed to assess health-promoting lifestyles and identify factors associated with them among community-dwelling older adults in Zigong, China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted with 768 participants aged 60 years and older, selected via multistage stratified random sampling. Standardized instruments, including the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, the Health Literacy Scale-Short Form, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale, were used to assess health-promoting behaviors, health literacy, and self-efficacy. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and stepwise regression analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants demonstrated moderate levels of health-promoting lifestyles, with physical activity scoring the lowest among all domains. Policy awareness, health literacy, self-efficacy, and education level were notably associated with health-promoting lifestyles, collectively explaining 71.6 % of the variance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings underscored the associations of policy awareness and psychological factors with healthy aging. Targeted interventions to enhance health literacy and self-efficacy, particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged older adults, are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 3","pages":"32-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149170415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional brain changes following diverse exercise interventions in Parkinson's disease: an MRI-based narrative review.","authors":"Hunyoung Ha, Heehyun Shin, Kiwon Park, Ryul Kim, Kyeongho Byun","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0015","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This narrative review synthesizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence from exercise intervention studies in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), focusing on structural and functional brain changes associated with motor and cognitive outcomes. We also propose an interpretative framework in which exercise-related neuroplasticity in PD is understood as region- and task-dependent reorganization across cognitive-motor networks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed and Web of Science were searched for interventional studies in patients with PD that examined the effects of exercise-based training on motor and/or cognitive outcomes and included MRI-based assessments of brain structure or function. Studies were eligible if they used a randomized controlled or crossover design and were published in English.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighteen interventional trials met the inclusion criteria. Structural MRI findings were limited but suggested subtle region-specific changes in the cerebellum, putamen, and hippocampus rather than a uniform global structural response. Resting-state fMRI studies indicated distributed reorganization across both motor and extramotor networks, including the sensorimotor, salience, default mode, frontoparietal, attentional, and medial temporal systems. Task-based fMRI studies further suggested that exercise-related neural adaptation in PD is strongly shaped by task demand, with reduced prefrontal recruitment observed during complex gait-related conditions and increased recruitment of control-related regions during motor imagery or internally simulated tasks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exercise interventions in PD may influence motor and cognitive outcomes through neuroplastic changes that are better characterized by circuit-specific structural remodeling, context-dependent resting-state network retuning, and task-dependent functional reallocation rather than by a single uniform neural response.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358609/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy availability as an integrative framework: reinterpreting the energy balance and carbohydrate-insulin models in athletes.","authors":"Nana Chung","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0017","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This review reinterprets the Energy Balance Model (EBM) and the Carbohydrate-Insulin Model (CIM) within athletic contexts and evaluates their explanatory relevance for low energy availability (LEA) and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a structured conceptual review using a narrative synthesis approach. Literature searches were performed through January 2026 in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, using terms related to EA, LEA, RED-S, EBM, CIM, and athlete metabolic, endocrine, and performance responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Reductions in EA consistently induce endocrine, metabolic, and performance disturbances, independent of body mass changes. EBM primarily accounts for long-term regulatory adaptations associated with cumulative energetic strain, whereas CIM provides mechanistic insights into short-term alterations in substrate partitioning and hormonal signaling. Across sports disciplines, LEA has emerged as a coordinated multisystem physiological adaptation rather than an isolated consequence of reduced energy intake.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>LEA and RED-S are most coherently interpreted within an EA-centered framework that integrates long-term energy regulation and short-term metabolic dynamics. This integrative perspective provides a unified physiological basis for understanding the metabolic adaptation, performance regulation, and health outcomes of athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"30-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}