{"title":"Relationships between endurance exercise training-induced muscle fiber-type shifting and autophagy in slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles of mice.","authors":"Insu Kwon, Kyoung Soo Kim, Youngil Lee","doi":"10.20463/pan.2024.0013","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2024.0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Endurance exercise induces muscle fiber-type shifting and autophagy; however, the potential role of autophagy in muscle fiber-type transformation remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between muscle fiber-type shifting and autophagy in the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles, which are metabolically discrete muscles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to sedentary control (CON) and exercise (EXE) groups. After 1 week of acclimation to treadmill running, the mice in the EXE group ran at 12-15 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. All mice were sacrificed 90 min after the last exercise session, and the targeted tissues were rapidly dissected. The right side of the tissues was used for western blot analysis, whereas the left side was subjected to immunohistochemical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Endurance exercise resulted in muscle fiber-type shifting (from type IIa to type I) and autophagy (an increase in LC3-II) in the SOL muscle. However, muscle fiber-type transformation and autophagy were not correlated in the SOL and EDL muscles. Interestingly, in contrast to the canonical autophagy signaling pathways, our study showed that exercise-induced autophagy concurs with enhanced anabolic (increased p-AKTSer473/AKT and p-mTOR/mTORSer2448 ratios) and suppressed catabolic (reduced p-AMPKThr172/AMPK ratio) states.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings demonstrate that chronic endurance exercise-induced muscle fiber-type transformation and autophagy occur in a muscle-specific manner (e.g., SOL). More importantly, our study suggests that endurance training-induced SOL muscle fiber-type transition may underlie metabolic modulations caused by the AMPK and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways rather than autophagy.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"28 2","pages":"23-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11298286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of physical activity on free fatty acids, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in obese older women.","authors":"Woo-Hyeon Son, Min-Seong Ha, Tae-Jin Park","doi":"10.20463/pan.2024.0009","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2024.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Obesity is characterized by a progressive increase in body fat accompanied by insulin resistance (IR) and elevated blood pressure (BP), and presents significant health risks, particularly in aged individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical activity (PA) on free fatty acid (FFA) levels, IR, and BP in obese older women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-three participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (CON, n = 11) or the physical activity group (PA, n = 12). The PA group was provided with a target of achieving >7,000 steps/day for 5 days each week. Body composition, FFA levels, IR, and BP were measured at pre- and post- of the 12-week intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed a statistically significant interaction between FFA (p < 0.01), IR (p < 0.01), and SBP (p < 0.001). FFA (p < 0.5), IR (p < 0.5), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p < 0.01) were significantly decreased in the PA group compared to those in the CON group, which showed no significant changes in FFA, IR, and SBP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PA significantly decreased FFA, IR, and SBP in older women with obesity. Therefore, PA is an effective intervention for the prevention and management of obesity and cardiovascular diseases in obese older women.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"28 2","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11298281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of warm-up with transcranial direct current stimulation on performance factors in collegiate golfers.","authors":"Deuksu Park, Jaekeun Oh, Ilsu Kwon","doi":"10.20463/pan.2024.0011","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2024.0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to determine the effects of warm-up using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on performance factors in collegiate golfers and to provide a scientific basis for the effectiveness and methodology of tDCS. We sought to compare the effects of tDCS as an additional treatment during warm-up. tDCS is generally activated when a small electric current is applied to the motor cortex of the cerebral cortex, which has been reported to be helpful in improving motor function. Therefore, we sought to prove the effectiveness of combined warm-up exercise and tDCS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-two collegiate male golfers were divided into tDC- (tDCS; n=11) and sham-treated (sham; n=11) groups. To examine performance factors, the following were assessed following tDCS application: carry, clubhead speed (CHS), ball speed (BS) for driver performance, countermovement jump (CMJ) for lower extremity muscle power, global rating of change (GRC) for the subjective change in condition of the participants, and test of attentional interpersonal style (TAIS) for concentration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study showed that warm-up with tDCS had positive effects on carry (p=.004), CHS (p=.019), BS (p=.017) of driver performance, CMJ (p=.002), and GRC (p=.005), however, no significant effect on TAIS was found, which suggest that the effects of the warm-up with tDCS were significant for driver performances, CMJ, and GRC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Future studies should independently validate the effectiveness of tDCS and apply it to different situations and timeframes, such as training and competitions, to provide new alternative strategies or performance improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"28 2","pages":"14-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11298282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of electrical stimulation of the lower extremities on postprandial hyperglycemia and arterial stiffness.","authors":"Song-Gyu Ra, Hajime Miura, Takashi Iwata","doi":"10.20463/pan.2024.0010","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2024.0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the acute effects of electrical stimulation (ES) of the lower extremities on postprandial hyperglycemia and arterial stiffness during oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized crossover study, eight healthy young men completed three experimental trials in which they underwent ES for 30 min, starting 60 min before (Before) or 30 min after (After) ingesting 75 g of glucose; ES was not performed in the control trial (Control). The subjects' blood glucose levels and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were measured as an index of arterial stiffness at baseline and 30, 60, and 120 min after glucose ingestion. Serum insulin levels were measured at baseline and 60 min after glucose ingestion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The subjects' glucose intake led to an increase in their blood glucose concentration in all trials, however, in the After trial, ES resulted in significantly lower blood glucose concentrations at 60 min post glucose ingestion compared to the Control and Before trials. The area under the curve (AUC) of serum insulin concentrations during the OGTT in the After trial was significantly lower than that in the other two trials. Moreover, glucose ingestion did not increase the baPWV, however, 30 min of ES during the postprandial state acutely reduced the baPWV.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that ES is most effective in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia when administered after a meal. Thus, lower extremity ES may be an alternative exercise method to activate postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"28 2","pages":"7-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11298285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seung Hak Baek, Suji Baek, Gyoungmin Kim, Andrew Sik Chi, Erin Kim, Dong Hyeok Hwang, Sarah Ko, Hyun Joo Jang, Kang Pa Lee
{"title":"Possible effect of exercise with anti-fatigue nutrition on ROS-induced depression and suicide risk: a review.","authors":"Seung Hak Baek, Suji Baek, Gyoungmin Kim, Andrew Sik Chi, Erin Kim, Dong Hyeok Hwang, Sarah Ko, Hyun Joo Jang, Kang Pa Lee","doi":"10.20463/pan.2024.0016","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2024.0016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Epidemiological evidence shows that physical activity, including continuous stimulus changes and appropriate exercise programs, improves brain degeneration in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Therefore, we investigated the possible synergistic effects of physical activity and nutrition in controlling chronic fatigue and reducing oxidative stress in patients at risk for depression and suicide.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically reviewed the literature on various systemic factors related to the effects of 1) suppressing oxidative stress and 2) improving depression through exercise and nutrition. To conduct this review, we searched the PubMed database for papers published until May 1, 2024, using the terms \"physical activity OR exercise\" and \"fatigue\" OR \"anti-fatigue,\" \"oxidative stress\" and \"depression\" and \"suicide.\" We then reviewed the resulting list of articles related to antioxidant mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Appropriate physical activity and natural product intake can substantially change whole-body homeostasis and provide a way to overcome the threat of depression and suicide by regulating metabolites, scavenging free radicals, and neurotransmitters.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Suicide and depression prevention play crucial roles in improving patients' quality of life. Our review provides evidence supporting the idea that exercise and antioxidant nutrition diminish oxidative stress and fatigue by improving the degeneration of the hippocampus, PFC, and ACC.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"28 2","pages":"52-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11298284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kwangjun Lee, Kwang-Seok Hong, Jonghoon Park, Wonil Park
{"title":"Readjustment of circadian clocks by exercise intervention is a potential therapeutic target for sleep disorders: a narrative review.","authors":"Kwangjun Lee, Kwang-Seok Hong, Jonghoon Park, Wonil Park","doi":"10.20463/pan.2024.0014","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2024.0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Circadian clocks are evolved endogenous biological systems that communicate with environmental cues to optimize physiological processes, such as the sleep-wake cycle, which is nearly related to quality of life. Sleep disorders can be treated using pharmacological strategies targeting melatonin, orexin, or core clock genes. Exercise has been widely explored as a behavioral treatment because it challenges homeostasis in the human body and affects the regulation of core clock genes. Exercise intervention at the appropriate time of the day can induce a phase shift in internal clocks. Although exercise is a strong external time cue for resetting the circadian clock, exercise therapy for sleep disorders remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review focused on exercise as a potential treatment for sleep disorders by tuning the internal circadian clock. We used scientific paper depositories, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library, to identify previous studies that investigated the effects of exercise on circadian clocks and sleep disorders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The exercise-induced adjustment of the circadian clock phase depended on exercise timing and individual chronotypes. Adjustment of circadian clocks through scheduled morning exercises can be appropriately prescribed for individuals with delayed sleep phase disorders. Individuals with advanced sleep phase disorders can synchronize their internal clocks with their living environment by performing evening exercises. Exercise-induced physiological responses are affected by age, sex, and current fitness conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Personalized approaches are necessary when implementing exercise interventions for sleep disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"28 2","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11298283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An academic cooperation between the Japan Sports Nutrition Association (JSNA) and the Korean Society for Exercise Nutrition (KSEN).","authors":"Masaharu Kagawa, Yosuke Nagashima, Satomi Oshima, Akiko Sato, Tatsuya Ishizu, Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata, Motoko Taguchi","doi":"10.20463/pan.2024.0012","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2024.0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The Japan Sports Nutrition Association (JSNA) is an academic society that aims to contribute to people's health and the development of sports in Japan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After numerous communication and academic events, the JSNA and the Korean Society for Exercise Nutrition (KSEN) exchanged a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2018.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the MoU, the JSNA and KSEN organized academic exchange events until the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic and subsequent travel restrictions and lockdowns.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>After four years of the pandemic and the downgrading of Coronavirus Disease 2019 infection risk, it is hoped that academic exchanges between the societies will resume gradually and enhance members' recognition of the cooperation between the JSNA and KSEN for active collaborations in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"28 2","pages":"20-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11298279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of myofascial release and muscle energy technique on patients with chronic neck pain: a scoping review.","authors":"Sneha Mittal, Sunita Sharma","doi":"10.20463/pan.2024.0007","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2024.0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To identify the effects of muscle energy techniques and myofascial release in patients with chronic neck pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To conduct a literature search and identification; PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed. Relevant articles were searched for from the following medical and health sciences electronic databases: PubMed, EBSCOhost, CENTRAL of the Cochrane Library, and the Physiotherapy Evidence-Based Database (PEDro). Patients with chronic neck pain were eligible for the scoping review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven articles were included in this review. This scoping review found that there is heterogeneity in the prescription of MFR and MET and a greater tendency to check three major physical dimensions (pain, range of motion, and disability). Various studies have opted for distinct intervention regimens, resulting in disparities in the frequency of weekly interventions, which can range from biweekly to five times a week. These inconsistencies may lead to perplexity among practitioners, as each intervention modality demonstrates favorable outcomes for individuals with persistent cervical discomfort. Moreover, a significant proportion of research projects have employed the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and visual analog scale (VAS) for data quantification.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to results, majority of the studies were focused on pain and missing components of range of motion and quality of life. Work-related factors can act as risk factors for chronic neck pain. Future investigations should adopt a comprehensive methodology and incorporate QoL assessments of quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"28 1","pages":"45-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11079377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140893079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of exercise in modulating prefrontal cortical activation for improved gait and cognition in Parkinson's disease patients.","authors":"Heehyun Shin, Ryul Kim, Kiwon Park, Kyeongho Byun","doi":"10.20463/pan.2024.0006","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2024.0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This narrative review evaluated the impact of exercise on gait and cognitive functions in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), focusing on prefrontal cortical (PFC) activation assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases using keywords such as \"Parkinson's disease,\" \"gait,\" \"cognitive functions,\" \"exercise,\" and \"NIRS,\" focusing on publications from the last decade. Studies measuring PFC activity using NIRS during gait tasks in patients with PD were selected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review indicated that patients with PD demonstrate increased PFC activity during gait tasks compared to healthy controls, suggesting a greater cognitive demand for movement control. Exercise has been shown to enhance neural efficiency, thus improving gait and cognitive functions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exercise is crucial for improving gait and cognitive functions in patients with PD through increased PFC activation. This emphasizes the importance of incorporating exercise into PD management plans and highlights the need for further studies on its long-term effects and the neurobiological mechanisms underlying its benefits, with the aim of optimizing therapeutic strategies and improving patients' quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"28 1","pages":"37-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11079376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140893097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors affecting weight management in overweight or obese diabetic patients: the 2018-2021 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey.","authors":"Young-Ran Yeun, Yi Sub Kwak, Hye-Young Kim","doi":"10.20463/pan.2024.0004","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2024.0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that affects approximately 422 million people worldwide and leads to the death of 1.5 million people every year. The prevalence of diabetes among the population aged 30 or older in Korea has steadily increased since 2018, reaching 16.7% in 2020, with one in six adults having diabetes. This study was conducted to identify factors affecting weight management in overweight or obese patients with diabetes (OOPD) in Korea using data from the 2018-2022 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Therefore, the goal of this study is to analyze weight perception and factors related to weight perception and to identify factors that influence weight loss efforts among OOPD in Korea.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Socioeconomic characteristics, disease morbidity, weight perception, and weight loss efforts were investigated in 950 participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, and logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the overweight or obese patients with diabetes, 24.4% perceived their weight to be normal, with a higher proportion among men (29.6%) than among women (14.6%). Weight loss efforts were 5.11 times (95% CI: 3.02-8.66) higher in people with overweight perceptions than in those with normal weight perceptions. Additionally, the rate was 1.54 times (95% CI: 1.06 2.25) higher in people with dyslipidemia than in those without dyslipidemia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that weight management approaches for overweight or obese patients with diabetes should be designed individually based on weight perception and disease morbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"28 1","pages":"24-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11079378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140893064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}