Physical activity and nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Variations in energy and nutrient intake across competitive-season phases in relation to athletes' competitive schedule: the case of university male track and field jumpers by competitive level.","authors":"Taketo Yamaguchi, Ryoma Fujii, Rikako Yoshitake, Yuki Aikawa, Naomi Omi","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0018","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Appropriate dietary intake across different training phases is crucial for improving the performance of track and field jumpers. However, few studies have investigated dietary intake based on the training phase and competitive level. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary intake in track and field jumpers across different training phases and competitive levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 28 male collegiate jumpers participated. A food frequency questionnaire assessing 1-month dietary intake was administered four times: transition phase (TP), preparatory phase (PP), early competitive phase (ECP), and late competitive phase (LCP). Participants were divided into the Exceeded Group (EG) and the Nonexceeded Group (NEG) based on competition standards.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 28 participants, 20 were included in the final analysis. Energy, protein, fat, vitamin B1, and vitamin B6 intake decreased during the ECP and LCP compared with intake during the TP. Intake of these nutrients was higher in the EG than in the NEG, with the EG significantly showing higher intake during the TP. However, these group differences were not observed during the LCP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicate the necessity of appropriate dietary strategies for each training phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"38-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of 8-week Pilates or yoga intervention on body composition, flexibility, balance, autonomic nervous system function, and mental health in adults with stress.","authors":"Jun-Hyeok Song, Jae-Ho Choi, Hyoung Jean Beak, Hun-Young Park","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0019","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In this study, we aimed to verify the effects of an 8-week Pilates or yoga intervention on body composition, flexibility, balance, autonomic nervous system function, and mental health in adults aged 30-39 years experiencing moderate stress.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-three adults with moderate stress corresponding to perceived stress scale scores of 14-26 were enrolled in this study. Study participants were assigned to the Pilates (n = 12) or yoga (n = 11) groups. The Pilates group performed Pilates consisting of 21 movements twice a week for 60 min at an intensity equivalent to a rating of perceived exertion of 12 using the Borg scale (6-20). The yoga group performed yoga comprising 17 movements twice a week for 60 min at the same intensity as Pilates. Body composition, flexibility, balance, autonomic nervous system function, and mental health were assessed before and after the 8-week intervention in both groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neither Pilates nor yoga induced significant changes in body composition, owing to the relatively low total exercise volume. Both groups showed significant improvements in flexibility, balance, autonomic nervous system function, and mental health; similar effects were observed between the two interventions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pilates and yoga interventions were associated with improvements in flexibility, balance, autonomic nervous system function, and mental health in adults aged 30-39 years with moderate stress, and similar benefits were observed between the two interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"43-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358594/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of heart rate measurement accuracy among commercially available photoplethysmography-based wearable devices across exercise intensities.","authors":"Yoonyoung Jeong, Sehwa Yoon, Jaehee Lee, Woo-Min Jeong, Min-Seong Ha","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0032","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We compared the heart rate (HR) measurement accuracy of commercially available PPG-based wearable devices against an ECG-based reference device across different exercise intensities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty healthy young adults were recruited, and data from 37 participants were analyzed. HR was simultaneously measured using Polar H10 as the ECG-based reference and four PPG-based devices: Polar Verity Sense, Polar Pacer Pro, Apple Watch SE, and Galaxy Watch 6. Participants completed low-, moderate-, and high-intensity treadmill exercise. Accuracy was assessed using mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MAE and MAPE generally decreased as intensity increased. Significant differences in MAE were observed among the devices across intensities (p = 0.002). The Polar Verity Sense and Apple Watch SE showed significantly lower MAE than the Polar Pacer Pro and Galaxy Watch 6. During low-intensity exercise, the Apple Watch SE showed lower MAE than the Polar Pacer Pro and Galaxy Watch 6, whereas during high-intensity exercise, the Polar Verity Sense showed lower MAE than the Galaxy Watch 6. CCC values increased with exercise intensity and were consistently higher for the Polar Verity Sense and Apple Watch SE. Bland-Altman analysis showed narrower limits of agreement for the Apple Watch SE and Polar Verity Sense.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HR measurement accuracy differed substantially among the PPG-based wearable devices. The Apple Watch SE and Polar Verity Sense showed the highest agreement with the ECG-based reference, suggesting that wearable HR data should be interpreted based on device-specific validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"142-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body mass index and vital lung capacity as determinants of maximum oxygen volume (VO2 max): assessing fitness in a sedentary population.","authors":"Mulyati Sri Rahayu, Nora Maulina, Cut Sidrah Nadira, Siti Syifa, Oktaduta Muhammad","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0024","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The increasing prevalence of sedentary lifestyles in modern society has become a significant public health concern, correlating with a rise in obesity rates and various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. A critical metric often assessed in health evaluations is maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max), which is instrumental in gauging an individual's aerobic fitness level. University staff members who engage in limited physical activity are at risk of reduced vital lung capacity (VLC) due to elevated Body Mass Index (BMI). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between BMI and VLC as predictors of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) in a sedentary population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 75 male staff members, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected by measuring BMI and waist circumference, performing spirometry to assess VLC, and performing the Harvard Step Test to assess VO2 max. Multivariate analysis was performed using linear regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean of BMI, VLC, and VO2 max were 26.02 ± 3.70, 60.13 ± 15.45, and 40.40 ± 3.71. BMI (p = 0.002) and VLC (p = 0.05) were statistically significant independent predictors of VO2 max in the sedentary population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study concluded that VO2 max was negatively associated with BMI and positively associated with VLC.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"72-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358591/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of probiotics and synbiotics on body weight management in individuals with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Joungbo Ko, Jisun Chun, Choongsung Yoo, Drew E Gonzalez, Youngil Lee","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0025","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This meta-analysis examined whether short-term probiotic/synbiotic supplementation reduces body weight, BMI, fat mass, body fat percentage, and lean body mass in adults with overweight or obesity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Electronic databases were searched for RCTs of probiotic or synbiotic interventions versus placebo. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool. Standardized mean differences (Hedges' g; RevMan 5.4) were pooled using a random-effects model on post-intervention endpoint values.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten RCTs (633 participants) were included. No significant differences were observed in body weight (9 studies, n = 592; SMD = -0.44; 95% CI: -0.92 to 0.04; I2 = 87%) or lean body mass (5 studies, n = 342; SMD = -0.14; 95% CI: -0.53 to 0.25; I2 = 69%). A significant reduction in BMI was identified (10 studies, n = 633; SMD = -0.50; 95% CI: -0.91 to -0.09; I2 = 84%), and a small but significant effect on fat mass/body fat percentage was observed (8 studies, n = 479; SMD = -0.34; 95% CI: -0.62 to -0.06; I2 = 57%). In sensitivity analyses excluding a study with pre-randomization baseline imbalance, the BMI effect attenuated to borderline significance (SMD = -0.45; p = 0.048) and the fat mass/body fat percentage effect lost statistical significance (SMD = -0.26; p = 0.060).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Short-term (8-12 weeks) probiotic/synbiotic supplementation may yield modest benefits on BMI and adiposity-related outcomes; however, sensitivity analyses indicated these effects were not robust to single-study exclusion. Body weight and lean body mass were not significantly affected. Use of post-intervention endpoint values (change-from-baseline scores were not consistently available) may have biased pooled estimates. Findings should be interpreted as preliminary.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"78-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening for insulin resistance in children with abdominal obesity: sex-specific performance of TyG index, FGIR, and VAI.","authors":"Youngyun Jin, Donghyun Kim","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0026","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio (FGIR), and visceral adiposity index (VAI) for detecting insulin resistance (IR) and to establish sex-specific IR cutoffs in Korean schoolchildren with abdominal obesity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 728 fourth- to sixth-grade students (398 boys and 330 girls; mean age, 11.5 ± 1.1 years) from P City, Gyeonggi-do (June 2018-August 2019). Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio ≥ 90th percentile (high-risk subgroup, n = 192). IR was classified using sex-specific homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance cutoffs (boys ≥ 3.54, girls ≥ 3.69). Receiver operating characteristic analysis with the Youden index was performed to compare TyG index, FGIR, and VAI in the high-risk subgroup.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FGIR demonstrated superior performance in both sexes. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.939 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.903-0.976) for boys and 0.894 (95% CI, 0.835-0.954) for girls. Corresponding cutoff values were 8.435 and 7.473, with sensitivities of 94.9% and 91.2% and specificities of 79.6% and 81.2%, respectively. TyG and VAI exhibited lower AUCs (0.726‒0.768 and 0.679‒0.740, respectively). High-risk abdominal obesity was strongly associated with IR (adjusted odds ratio 6.175, 95% CI, 3.958-9.633).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among Korean school-aged children with abdominal obesity, FGIR outperformed TyG and VAI as surrogate markers of IR. Accounting for pubertal insulin dynamics with sex-specific cutoff values supports the use of FGIR as a practical, low-cost tool for early screening and intervention in high-risk groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"90-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domain-specific physical activity and its association with depression severity in older Korean adults: insights from the 2022 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey.","authors":"Zhao Fan, Wonil Park, Kwangseok Hong","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0021","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Depression is a growing mental health issue among older adults in South Korea, where rapid population aging has intensified the need for effective preventive strategies. Although physical activity is recognized as a protective factor against depression, limited research has examined how specific physical activity domains relate to depression among older Korean adults. This study investigated the associations between occupational, recreational, and commuting-related physical activity and depression severity and evaluated the effects of activity intensity and sociodemographic factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were drawn from the 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and included 1,331 adults aged 65 or older. Depression severity was assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Physical activity levels were quantified using metabolic equivalent (MET-minute) thresholds. Data were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and ordinal logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the participants, 85.27% reported no depression, while 14.73% experienced mild to severe symptoms. Chi-square analysis showed that vigorous-intensity occupational activity and moderate-intensity recreational activity were significantly associated with depression severity (p &lt; 0.05). However, in the ordinal logistic regression model adjusting for covariates, only vigorous occupational activity remained statistically significant (β = 1.651, OR = 5.21, p = 0.013). Gender, household income, and education were significant predictors, whereas self-rated health and commuting activity were not. The positive regression coefficient indicated that the participants engaging in vigorous-intensity occupational activity had higher odds of belonging to more severe depression categories.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the importance of designing tailored interventions for vulnerable subgroups, including older women individuals with a low socioeconomic status.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"63-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358593/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effects of aerobic exercise intensity strategies on cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.","authors":"Do-Hyun Kim, Seung-Hee Lee, Ji-Young Ahn, Saejong Park","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0030","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study compared the effects of moderate-intensity exercise (MIE), vigorous-intensity exercise (VIE), and combined moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise (CIE) on cardiorespiratory fitness, anthropometric variables, cardiometabolic risk factors, and adipokine levels in overweight and obese postmenopausal women under matched exercise energy expenditure conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy-four postmenopausal women completed the study: MIE (n = 19), CIE (n = 20), VIE (n = 17), and control (CON; n = 18). Participants in the exercise groups performed supervised aerobic training for 12 weeks with matched energy expenditure (approximately 1,700 kcal/week). Outcomes were assessed pre- and post-intervention using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VO2peak increased significantly in all exercise groups compared to CON, with no significant differences between the groups. Body weight and body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly in all exercise groups compared with those in the CON group. Decreases in waist circumference were greater in the CIE and VIE groups than in the CON group, whereas changes in body fat percentage were less consistent. Fasting insulin and Framingham Risk Score-related indices improved in some groups, whereas blood pressure, triglyceride, and glucose levels showed no consistent between-group differences. Leptin levels decreased significantly in all the exercise groups, with greater reductions observed in the CIE and VIE groups than in the CON group. Only adiponectin demonstrated a significant change over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Energy-matched aerobic exercise improved cardiorespiratory fitness and several anthropometric outcomes regardless of intensity. However, exercise programs incorporating vigorous-intensity components yielded greater reductions in waist circumference, indicating additional benefits for abdominal obesity-related outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"126-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain markers of cognitive-motor control of gait function in Parkinson's disease: links with physical activity and aerobic fitness.","authors":"Heehyun Shin, Hunyoung Ha, Kiwon Park, Ryul Kim, Kyeongho Byun","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0014","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This narrative review synthesizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of (i) the associations between physical activity and/or aerobic fitness and brain markers related to cognitive function in Parkinson's disease (PD); and (ii) MRI-derived brain markers linked to gait impairment in PD. We also propose a conceptual framework describing how physical activity or fitness may support the cognitive-motor networks associated with gait.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed and Web of Science were searched for MRI studies examining the relationships between physical activity/fitness and cognition-relevant brain markers as well as MRI studies linking brain markers to gait outcomes (including cognition-related gait measures and freezing of gait).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fourteen observational studies met our inclusion criteria. Higher physical activity and/or fitness were seen to be generally associated with better cognitive performance and MRI features suggestive of preserved brain integrity and connectivity within the cognitive-motor networks. Regarding gait, the reviewed evidence suggests a shift toward greater reliance on cognitive-motor control to compensate for impaired automatic motor control, which may occur when this compensatory cognitive control becomes insufficient under increased task demands.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Physical activity and fitness may contribute to gait function in patients with Parkinson's disease by supporting the cognitive-motor integration required for walking. Longitudinal and interventional studies using ecologically valid paradigms that approximate real-world (including dual-task) walking, ideally combined with wearable neuroimaging approaches, are needed to clarify how changes in physical activity or fitness are related to neural markers of gait.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"7-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148430945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of exercise intensity on circadian rhythm and glucose regulation in adults with obesity: a randomized crossover trial.","authors":"Young-Im Kim, Jaesung Lee, Seokjun Cho, Jooyeol In, Minjae Seo, Jungmin Lee, Youngju Choi, Jonghoon Park","doi":"10.20463/pan.2026.0029","DOIUrl":"10.20463/pan.2026.0029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Circadian rhythm disruption is associated with metabolic dysfunction and obesity. While exercise can serve as a non-photic zeitgeber, the optimal intensity for evening exercise sessions in adults with obesity remains unclear. This pilot crossover trial compared the acute effects of evening high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) on circadian core body temperature rhythm, 24-hour glucose regulation, and sleep quality in adults with obesity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine adult males with obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m², Asia-Pacific criterion) completed a randomised crossover trial of HIIT (~30 min at 90% heart rate reserve [HRR]) and MIIT (~50 min at 60% HRR) on a cycle ergometer between 19:00 and 21:00, separated by a 7-14-day washout. Twenty-four-hour core body temperature (ingestible telemetric capsule), interstitial glucose (FreeStyle Libre 1), and wrist actigraphy were recorded for 24 h before and 24 h after each exercise session under standardised dietary intake. The primary outcome was the change in circadian temperature amplitude (Δ amplitude) derived from a 24-hour fixed-period cosine fit with non-negative amplitude bound; mesor and acrophase were co-primary. Effect sizes (Cohen's d_z) are reported throughout.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Δ amplitude differed in direction between conditions (MIIT -0.01 ± 0.19 °C; HIIT +0.12 ± 0.24 °C) but did not reach conventional statistical significance (paired t(8) = -2.19, p = 0.060, d_z = 0.73). Mesor (Δ contrast p = 0.49, d_z = 0.24) and circular acrophase (Δ contrast p = 0.67, d_z = 0.15) did not differ between conditions, with both protocols producing approximately one-hour phase advances. Twenty-four-hour mean glucose post-exercise trended lower following MIIT (95.9 ± 6.1 mg/dL) than HIIT (98.7 ± 5.5 mg/dL; p = 0.081, d_z = -0.72); coefficient of variation, time in range, and mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions did not differ. Post-exercise sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and wake after sleep onset did not differ between conditions (all p &gt; 0.50; |d_z| ≤ 0.24).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this single-session pilot crossover trial in nine adult males with obesity, evening HIIT and MIIT produced acute changes of similar magnitude in mesor and phase, with a borderline non-significant between-condition difference in amplitude change. Twenty-four-hour mean glucose showed a comparable non-significant trend toward lower values following MIIT, whereas glucose variability and sleep markers did not differ between conditions. Larger work-matched trials are required to determine whether evening exercise intensity produces clinically meaningful differences in circadian or metabolic outcomes in adults with obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"30 2","pages":"118-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13358608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148431638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}