Journal of illicit economies and development最新文献

{"title":"The Last Harvest? From the US Fentanyl Boom to the Mexican Opium Crisis","authors":"R. Grandmaison, Nathaniel Morris, B. Smith","doi":"10.31389/jied.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/jied.45","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, farmers in the most marginalised regions of Mexico have depended for survival on the illicit cultivation of opium poppy for the US heroin market. In 2017 they could earn up to 20,000 pesos ($950–$1,050 dollars) per kilo of opium, which channelled around 19 billion pesos ($1 billion dollars) into the country’s poorest communities, sustaining regional economies, religious ceremonies, and intra-community relations while stemming out-migration to Mexican cities and the US. With the recent upsurge in fentanyl use in the US, however, the demand for Mexican heroin has fallen sharply, meaning that farmers are now being paid around 6000 to 8000 pesos ($315–415 dollars) per kilo of raw opium. Thus the total money being paid to opium producing villages has dropped to an unprecedented low of 7 billion pesos ($370 million dollars). Drawing on fieldwork conducted in two poppy-producing regions of Mexico – one in the State of Nayarit, one in the State of Guerrero – this article shows that today, farmers cannot make a profit from opium once fertilizers and other capital inputs have been taken into account; village economies are starting to dry up; and out-migration is on the up. But this economic emergency opens the possibility of wrestling Mexico’s opium-growing regions from the control of Mexico’s Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs). This article concludes by addressing several possible solutions to what we term ‘the Mexican Opium Crisis’ – including crop substitution or opium legalization for medicinal use – and evaluates how realistic they are in the Mexican context.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41726953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problem and Power: Informal Commerce Between Repression and\u0000 Enterprisation","authors":"Felipe Rangel","doi":"10.31389/JIED.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.33","url":null,"abstract":"More often than not, the idea of ‘informal commerce’ is associated with precariousness, informality, illegality, and poor product quality. This is the common representation of this market historically and systematically built based on everyday conversation, official discourse, and the media, which also tends to reinforce the aspects of insecurity and disorder of the spaces and marginality of those involved to describe it. Based on interviews, media coverage, and ethnographical observation of business practices carried out by a group of traders, the objective of this paper is to analyze the transformations this market has gone through in recent years and reflect upon the reasons for, and the effect of, new regulatory strategies that were put in place. I shall discuss this transformation in light of the concept of enterprisation of informal commerce (i.e., the application of enterprise models to such business activities), which have been transforming spaces, regulations, and even workers’ conducts, perceptions, and expectations. I hereby argument that regulatory strategies have been set forth based on a double narrative that responds to both economical exploitation interests and the discourse against certain illegal activities, and that this resulted in a process of labor gentrification.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47823790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presentation of the Special Issue","authors":"Luiz Guilherme Mendes de Paiva, Gabriel de Santis Feltran, Juliana de Oliveira Carlos","doi":"10.31389/JIED.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.25","url":null,"abstract":"The special issue of the Journal of Illicit Economies and Development presents various aspects of illicit markets in Brazil, their connections with legal activities and the institutional responses. It focuses on the characters, moral standards and operating rules of those economies, and explores the prevalence of non-state regulation, as well as the connection between illegal trade and economic development. This introductory article offers a brief introduction on Brazilian current debates and outlines key aspects of the papers comprising the special issue. A edicao especial do Journal of Illicit Economies and Development explora diferentes aspectos do funcionamento dos mercados ilegais no Brasil, suas conexoes com atividades legais e as respostas institucionais. Os trabalhos jogam luz nos personagens, padroes morais e regras de operacao das economias ilegais, explorando a prevalencia da regulacao nao-estatal, as conexoes entre o comercio ilegal e o desenvolvimento economico. Este artigo oferece uma breve introducao a respeito das pesquisas realizadas sobre o tema no Brasil, sublinhando os elementos centrais dos artigos que compoem a edicao especial. Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the \"Download\" link and select \"PDF (PT)\". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique \"Download\" e depois selecione \"PDF (PT)\".","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47688250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Brazilian Drug Market Toward Africa: Myths, Evidence\u0000 and Theoretical Questions","authors":"C. Cohen","doi":"10.31389/JIED.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.27","url":null,"abstract":"Using existing research and original data, I discuss the development of a transatlantic drug market between Brazil and West Africa and its implications on Brazil’s development and drug trafficking value chain. After establishing milestones of the history of this traffic I show how a global market of protection and transatlantic networks emerged from the alliances between Latin American criminal actors and high level elites in West Africa. The second part of the article focuses on the high concentration of capital created by exportations of cocaine. I show how these global markets affect the actions of drug traffickers, namely their strategies and use of violence by analyzing the development of maritime trade and the centrality of ports in this economy. The last part of the article analyzes the market for drug mules in Sao Paulo and how the strategy networks adapt to balance their risks of failure with low cost Nigerians migrant mules. Finally, the articles shows how this market attracted cultists groups from Nigeria and connects Brazil with other illegal markets. Por meio pesquisa original e analise da literatura, discuto neste artigo o desenvolvimento de um mercado transatlântico de drogas entre o Brasil e a Africa Ocidental, bem como suas implicacoes para a cadeia de valorizacao do trafico e o desenvolvimento brasileiro. Depois de detalhar os principais momentos da historia dessa rota do trafico, demonstro o surgimento de um mercado global de protecao, em redes transatlânticas, a partir de aliancas entre agentes criminais latino-americanos e grupos de elite da Africa Ocidental. A segunda parte do artigo foca na alta concentracao de capital criada pelas exportacoes de cocaina. Analisando o desenvolvimento do comercio maritimo e a centralidade dos portos nessa economia, demonstro como esses mercados globais afetam as praticas e as estrategias dos atores do trafico, bem como o seu uso da violencia. A ultima parte do artigo analisa o mercado de ‘mulas’ [transportadores individuais] do trafico em Sao Paulo, e as estrategias das redes para minimizar suas perdas contratando nigerianos de baixo custo. Finalmente, o artigo demonstra como esse mercado atraiu grupos cultistas da Nigeria e conectou o Brasil com outros mercados ilegais. Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the \"Download\" link and select \"PDF (PT)\". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique \"Download\" e depois selecione \"PDF (PT)\".","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45168383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Puzzle of Social Accumulation of Violence in Brazil: Some\u0000 Remarks","authors":"Michel Misse","doi":"10.31389/JIED.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.32","url":null,"abstract":"The article comments on a new generation of researchers studying the illegal markets in Brazil. In doing so, I summarize the interpretative model of ‘social accumulation of violence’. Initially applied to Rio de Janeiro, several researchers have now expanded it to other Brazilian states as well as to countries with high violence rates, such as Colombia and Mexico. The model is both historical and social. It combines three main factors that have been feeding one another throughout times and expanded across several places: (1) social accumulation of disadvantages; (2) criminal subjection; and (3) expansion of acquisition strategies across networks of informality and illicit markets, for which the offer of political merchandise is decisive. As proposed in previous works, political merchandise means political assets originated from the privatization of segments of the State’s pretension to sovereignty over the monopoly of violence by different agents, who negotiate these assets in exchange for economic assets or other political goods. O artigo comenta trabalhos da nova geracao de pesquisadores dos mercados ilegais no Brasil, e resume o modelo sociologico interpretativo da ‘acumulacao social da violencia’, desenvolvido para o Rio de Janeiro, e utilizado por diferentes pesquisadores em diferentes casos com altas taxas de violencia, como Colombia e Mexico na America Latina. O modelo agrega tres elementos que se retroalimentam na escala do tempo e pela expansao espacial. E preciso que haja i) acumulacao social de desvantagens, ii) sujeicao criminal e iii) expansao de estrategias aquisitivas em redes baseadas na informalidade e em mercados ilegais, entre as quais e decisiva a oferta de mercadorias politicas. Mercadorias politicas sao bens de natureza politica (envolvendo a privatizacao de segmentos da pretensao de soberania do Estado sobre o monopolio da violencia) por diferentes agentes que os negociam por bens economicos ou outros bens politicos.  Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the \"Download\" link and select \"PDF (PT)\". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique \"Download\" e depois selecione \"PDF (PT)\".","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44119412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incarcerating at Any Cost: Drug Trafficking and Imprisonment in Brazilian\u0000 Court Reasoning","authors":"M. Machado, Mariana Celano de Souza Amaral, Matheus de Barros, Ana Clara Klink de Melo","doi":"10.31389/JIED.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.37","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil has the third largest prison population worldwide—over 700,000 people. At least 28% of them are in prison for drug trafficking. Given that situation, this paper explores the conflicts among the law; the Supremo Tribunal Federal, or Brazilian Federal Supreme Court (STF) and lower court precedents. Based on a qualitative and quantitative study of Tribunal de Justica de Sao Paulo, or Sao Paulo State Supreme Court (TJSP) and Superior Tribunal de Justica, or Brazilian Superior Court of Justice (STJ) decisions between 2017 and 2018, this paper focuses on the arguments put forward by those courts to prevent the imposition of non-custodial sanctions on people convicted of drug trafficking even though they may be first-time offenders with no criminal record. Our research shows the main arguments used are related to the amount, type and variety of seized drugs; the convict’s criminal history; the person’s employment status at the time of arrest and the insufficiency of non-custodial sentences in cases of drug trafficking. Our conclusion is that the reasoning behind convictions for drug trafficking favors imprisonment even in situations in which the law and the STF precedents would allow non-custodial sentences. Com mais de 700 mil pessoas presas, o Brasil ocupa o terceiro lugar no ranking dos paises que mais encarceram. Desse total, ao menos 28% estao presas  por trafico de drogas. Diante desse quadro, este texto explora as disputas que se estabelecem entre a lei, o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) e a jurisprudencia dos tribunais inferiores. A partir de estudo qualitativo e quantitativo de decisoes do Tribunal de Justica de Sao Paulo (TJSP) e do Superior Tribunal de Justica (STJ) de 2017 e 2018, este texto revela os argumentos construidos judicialmente para impedir a aplicacao de sancoes nao prisionais a pessoas condenadas por trafico, mesmo quando primarias e consideradas com bons antecedentes. De acordo com a pesquisa, os principais argumentos utilizados dizem respeito a quantidade, qualidade e diversidade de drogas aprendidas, a passagem anterior da pessoa condenada pelo sistema de justica, a situacao laboral da pessoa no momento de sua prisao e, ainda, a insuficiencia da pena nao prisional em caso de trafico. O texto conclui que a fundamentacao das sentencas condenatorias em casos de trafico favorece a aplicacao da pena de prisao, mesmo em situacoes nas quais o arranjo normativo e a jurisprudencia do STF permitiriam decisoes desencarceradoras.  Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the \"Download\" link and select \"PDF (PT)\". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique \"Download\" e depois selecione \"PDF (PT)\".","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46099870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crime, Power, and Authoritarian Capitalism: A Dystopian Realism\u0000 Experiment","authors":"Luiz Eduardo Soares","doi":"10.31389/JIED.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.39","url":null,"abstract":"The article contrasts the richness of academic production on illegal markets in Brazil to the obscurantist context of contemporary Brazilian politics. The text takes up the main topics of the Special Issue and faces a challenging question: considering the knowledge produced by the articles as a whole and the situation opened by the victory of the far- right in Brazil, what can we expect in the near future? Certainly, continuity, if not increase, of mass incarceration with class, racial and territorial bias, as well as strengthening of the most retrograde policies in criminal justice, with official legitimation of police lethality in peripheries and favelas, now consecrated as a State policy. On the one hand the modern edge of capitalism, the most insidiously averse to rights, exclusive and inseparable from crime; on the other, social barbarism.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48714925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Illusions Clouding Decision-Making: How the Justice System Fails to Understand the Illicit Drug Market","authors":"Luiz Guilherme Mendes de Paiva, Juliana de Oliveira Carlos","doi":"10.31389/jied.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/jied.36","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews some of the main research on drug law enforcement in Brazil since the 2006 Drug Law came into force, noting a clear and constant pattern of police and judicial focus directed at retail drug trafficking, decisively impacting current incarceration rates. It then examines the lack of understanding of the actual functioning of illicit drug markets by the criminal justice system, leading to judicial decisions not only ineffective for its declared purposes, but also counterproductive in terms of controlling illicit economies.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43090707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Impact, Wrong Direction: Why São Paulo State Drug Policy Is\u0000 Inefficient and Ineffective","authors":"Leonardo de Carvalho Silva, Bruno Langeani","doi":"10.31389/JIED.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.35","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the result of the study Apreensoes de drogas no estado de Sao Paulo: Um raio-x das apreensoes de drogas segundo ocorrencias e massa [Drug Seizures in the State of Sao Paulo: An In-Depth View of Drug Seizures Broken Down by Number of Incidents and Drug Amounts], conducted by Instituto Sou da Paz to encourage a discussion about Brazil’s drug policy. The study focuses on drug incidents in the state of Sao Paulo, the richest and most populous in Brazil, which accounts for 28% of all drug incidents in the country. Sao Paulo is also the state with the largest police force—about 100,000 policiais militares [ostensible police officers] and 30,000 policiais civis [investigative police officers]. Sao Paulo law enforcement seized over 100 MT [metric tons] of drugs in the state in 2015. In 2016, drug seizures totaled over 160 MT.1 Data on drug seizures in Brazil are still scarce. It is crucial to have those data to assess the performance of the institutions comprising the criminal justice system as far as drugs are concerned. Based on statistical resources, we found that a large number of drug incidents involve small amounts of drugs, whereas large seizures account for a significant share of the total amount of drugs seized. By comparing those data, we show police resources are largely used in incidents that have no impact on the drug trafficking chain and in which only drug users and small drug dealers are charged. Este artigo deriva da pesquisa “Apreensoes de drogas no estado de Sao Paulo: Um raio-x das apreensoes de drogas segundo ocorrencias e massa”, realizada pelo Instituto Sou da Paz para fomentar a discussao sobre a politica de drogas no Brasil. O trabalho se debruca sobre as ocorrencias de drogas do Estado de Sao Paulo, o mais rico e populoso da federacao, que responde por 28% de todas as ocorrencias do pais. Sao Paulo e tambem a unidade federativa com o maior efetivo policial, com aproximadamente 100 mil policiais militares e 30 mil policiais civis. Em 2015, as forcas de seguranca de Sao Paulo ultrapassaram a marca de 100 toneladas de drogas apreendidas em seu territorio. No ano seguinte foram mais de 160 toneladas .Os dados sobre as apreensoes de drogas no Brasil ainda sao escassos. Esses dados sao fundamentais para analisarmos a atuacao das instituicoes do Sistema de Justica Criminal no que concerne a questao das drogas. Utilizando recursos estatisticos, observamos que grande parte das ocorrencias envolve quantidades pequenas de droga, ao passo que as grandes apreensoes tem significativa participacao no total de quantidade de drogas apreendidas. Com esses cruzamentos, demonstramos que boa parte dos recursos policiais sao empregados em ocorrencias que nao impactam na cadeia de trafico de drogas, autuando usuarios e pequenos traficantes.  Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the \"Download\" link and select \"PDF (PT)\". Este artigo foi publicado tanto ","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44405146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"(Il)licit Economies in Brazil: An Ethnographic Perspective","authors":"G. Feltran","doi":"10.31389/JIED.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.28","url":null,"abstract":"Illicit economies are an issue of paramount importance and an opportunity for social mobility for millions in Brazil. The literature about them lacks empirical accuracy and less normative interpretive keys. Based on field research conducted between 2005 and 2018, this paper explores two stories: i) that of a young man working for illegal markets in the outskirts of Sao Paulo; and ii) that of a Toyota Hilux he stole. It adopts an approach centered on a theory of everyday action and focused on the boundary between legal and illegal and its pragmatic social effects. I argue the lack of public regulation of illicit economies has, over the last few decades, prevented their actors from obtaining social rights and started a vicious cycle of violence and reproduction of inequalities on a social level, as well as given rise to criminal populism in the public arena. As economias ilicitas no Brasil sao um problema publico de primeira relevância e uma oportunidade de mobilidade social para milhoes. A literatura a respeito carece de precisao empirica e de chaves menos normativas de interpretacao. Este artigo apresenta duas trajetorias, amparadas em pesquisas de campo realizadas entre 2005 e 2018: i) a de um jovem trabalhador de mercados ilegais das periferias de Sao Paulo; ii) a de uma Toyota Hilux roubada por ele. A abordagem, centrada numa teoria da acao cotidiana, toma como objeto a fronteira legal-ilegal e seus efeitos sociais pragmaticos. Argumenta-se que a ausencia de regulacao publica das economias ilicitas, nas ultimas decadas, impede contrapartidas sociais aos seus operadores e ativa socialmente um ciclo vicioso de violencia e reproducao de desigualdades, bem como o populismo penal na cena publica.   Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the \"Download\" link and select \"PDF (PT)\". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique \"Download\" e depois selecione \"PDF (PT)\".","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41969639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}