Journal of illicit economies and development最新文献

{"title":"Pioneers: The PCC and Specialization in the Market of Major\u0000 Robberies","authors":"Jania Perla Diógenes de Aquino","doi":"10.31389/JIED.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.34","url":null,"abstract":"Having studied sociality among robbers, mainly the pioneers of the PCC [Primeiro Comando da Capital, or First Command of the Capital], in Brazil, I argue individual entrepreneurship, contrary to popular belief, provides the foundation for major robberies of banks and other financial institutions in Brazil. Based on 18 years of research on robberies and robbers in Brazil, this paper explores the specialization of an illegal market, thus breaking, on the one hand, with the idea of “urban violence” as a lack of rules, civility and modernity, and, on the other hand, with pure economism. By establishing a dialogue with the Brazilian ethnographic literature on the crime universe, it examines how the PCC is strengthened even though its members are fiercely independent and work on the basis of short-term projects.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47781792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Movement and Death: Illicit Drug Markets in the Cities of São Paulo and Rio De Janeiro","authors":"D. Hirata, C. Grillo","doi":"10.31389/JIED.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.26","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the relationship between violence and the illicit drug market by comparing retail drug trade in the favelas and peripheral neighborhoods of the cities of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. To do so, we carried out ethnographical field work in both cities and a literature review on the topic. Considering illegal markets and forces of order in charge of suppressing them as part of one single object of study, this article explores the mechanics of the relationship between drug trafficking and the police and how it governs the lives and deaths of the poor population in those cities. Rio and Sao Paulo showcase different scenarios in terms of how the drug trade is structured and practiced: Whereas Rio de Janeiro lives in a state of ‘war’ due to the disputes among rival drug factions and with the police (who is thus more lethal), Sao Paulo is believed to live ‘at peace’, as trafficking is controlled by one single comando and the city showcases higher incarceration rates. We shall argue that such differences also influence the way the retail drug market operates in each city. This comparison focuses on the intersection of three dimensions: The marketplaces of drug retail sales; the dynamics of criminal collectives; and the different power dynamics among drug dealers and forces of order. O presente artigo reflete sobre a relacao entre mercado ilegal de drogas e violencia, a partir da comparacao do mercado varejista de drogas em favelas e bairros de periferias das cidades de Sao Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. As reflexoes aqui apresentadas baseiam-se no trabalho de campo etnografico realizado nas duas cidades, bem como a revisao de estudos sobre o tema. Tomando os mercados ilegais e as forcas da ordem encarregadas de combate-los como parte do mesmo objeto de pesquisa, o presente artigo explora a mecânica das relacoes entre trafico de drogas e policia, envolvida na gestao da vida e morte da populacao pobre. Em face as guerras concorrenciais entre faccoes cariocas e a ideia de paz associada a hegemonia de um unico comando em Sao Paulo, bem como a maior letalidade da acao policial no Rio de Janeiro e o maior encarceramento em Sao Paulo, sera argumentado que essas diferencas se relacionam tambem ao modo como e operada a venda varejista de drogas em cada cidade. A comparacao concentra-se no cruzamento de tres dimensoes: os lugares de mercado do varejo de drogas; as dinâmicas dos coletivos criminais; e os distintos arranjos de poder estabelecidos entre os traficantes e os agentes das forcas da ordem.  Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the \"Download\" link and select \"PDF (PT)\". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique \"Download\" e depois selecione \"PDF (PT)\".","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43106209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"#FavelaLivesMatter: Youth from Urban Peripheries, Political Engagement\u0000 and Alternatives to the War on Drugs","authors":"Movimentos CESeC","doi":"10.31389/JIED.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.38","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to share the experience of Movimentos (Movements), a collective of young activists from Brazilian favelas and peripheral neighborhoods whose goal is to discuss alternatives to the current drug policy from the peripheral youth’s standpoint. The population’s role in the formulation, application, and enforcement of public safety and drug policies is rudimentary, and the opportunities available to youngsters who live in Brazilian favelas and the outskirts are even smaller. The purpose of Movimentos is to have youngsters from the outskirts take center stage in the debate over public safety and drug policies, because they are the war on drugs greatest victims. The collective follows a hybrid organizational model that combines collective, horizontal governance with the institutional support of an academic research center. Not only does it seek to broaden youngsters’ agency around public safety and drug policies, but it also devises and experiments with methodologies to enable their active participation. O presente artigo tem como objetivo compartilhar a experiencia de construcao do Movimentos, um coletivo de jovens ativistas de favelas e periferias do Brasil que tem como proposito discutir alternativas a atual politica de drogas a partir da perspectiva da juventude periferica. A capacidade de incidencia popular na formulacao, execucao e supervisao das politicas publicas de seguranca e de drogas e incipiente e, nesse quadro, menores ainda sao as oportunidades disponiveis para a participacao a juventude que vive nas favelas e periferias brasileiras. O Movimentos nasce com o proposito de colocar no centro do debate sobre seguranca publica e politica de drogas os atores que sao mais impactados pela chamada “guerra as drogas”: os jovens perifericos. Apostando em um modelo hibrido de organizacao, que combina a governanca coletiva e horizontal ao apoio institucional de um centro de pesquisa vinculado a uma universidade, o Movimentos busca nao apenas ampliar a capacidade de incidencia politica da juventude periferica nas areas de seguranca publica e politica de drogas, mas tambem elaborar e experimentar metodologias que possibilitem sua participacao ativa e engajada. Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the \"Download\" link and select \"PDF (PT)\".  Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique \"Download\" e depois selecione \"PDF (PT)\".","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41996603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creating (Il)legal Markets: An Ethnography of the Insurance Market in\u0000 Brazil","authors":"Deborah Fromm","doi":"10.31389/JIED.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.29","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the role of the insurance market in the conformation of state regulations, responsible for the creation of frontiers between legal and illegal practices in Brazil, with a focus on car insurance as well as the industry agents’ commitment to the creation of laws and the competition for new market niches. The aim of this study is to explore how the collaboration between public and private players constitute the governing rules of illegal and informal markets by analyzing two empirical cases: The approval of the Dismantling Act, whose goal is to regulate car parts trade and curb car theft, and the attempts to criminalize vehicle protection products, known as pirated or parallel insurance (seguro pirata or seguro paralelo). The article showcases partial findings from ongoing research based on three different methodologies, namely: i) Multi-sited ethnography carried out in insurance-related events, entities, and companies; ii) Compilation and analysis of ancillary materials, such as news articles, official documents, and industry-specific documentation; iii) Interviews with insurance brokers and insurers’ representatives, directors, and employees. Este artigo parte do contexto brasileiro para iluminar o papel do mercado de seguros na conformacao da regulacao estatal que produz fronteiras entre o legal e o ilegal. Mais especificamente, o foco estara no ramo de automoveis e no empenho de agentes do setor de seguros na criacao de leis e na disputa por novos nichos de mercado. A partir de dois casos empiricos, a saber, a regulamentacao da Lei do Desmonte - voltada para regular o comercio de autopecas e coibir o roubo de carros – e as tentativas de criminalizacao da protecao veicular, chamada de seguro pirata ou seguro paralelo, este texto pretende explorar os arranjos publico-privados que constituem formas de governo de mercados ilegais e informais. O texto apresenta resultados parciais de uma pesquisa em desenvolvimento, baseada no uso de diferentes recursos metodologicos: i) etnografia multilocal desenvolvida em diferentes eventos, entidades e empresas do mercado de seguros brasileiro; ii) compilacao e analise de materiais secundarios, tais como reportagens jornalisticas, documentos oficiais e materiais produzidos pelo setor; iii) entrevistas realizadas com corretores de seguros, representantes do setor, diretores e funcionarios de empresas seguradoras. Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the \"Download\" link and select \"PDF (PT)\". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique \"Download\" e depois selecione \"PDF (PT)\".","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49483789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban Public Works, Drug Trafficking and Militias: What Are the\u0000 Consequences of the Interactions Between Community Work and Illicit\u0000 Markets?","authors":"Marcella Araujo","doi":"10.31389/JIED.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.30","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores some of the interactions between community workers, drug traffickers and militiamen in the city of Rio de Janeiro and in the Baixada Fluminense region. It is mainly intended to examine and compare the tensions created by the territorialization of social housing policies into drug gang-controlled favelas and militia-controlled areas. To conduct this examination, I specifically sought to grasp how the interactions between public policy agents and illicit market actors can be framed (in the goffmanian sense) to avoid the use of force and how different interactional framings impact drug and illegal security markets. My fieldwork and interviews with community workers allowed me to identify two lines of argument successful in maintaining social interactions and pushing away the use of force: the good of the community and the good of the business. I argue that the negotiations between community workers, drug traffickers and militiamen eventually fuel illicit markets in unexpected manners. Este artigo analisa algumas interacoes entre agentes comunitarias, traficantes de drogas e milicianos que atuam nas periferias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e da Baixada Fluminense. O objetivo geral do texto e analisar e comparar as tensoes criadas pela territorializacao de politicas de habitacao social em favelas de trafico e areas de milicia. Para o desenvolvimento da analise, procuro compreender especificamente a) quais sao os enquadramentos (no sentido goffmaniano) possiveis das interacoes entre as agentes das politicas publicas e os atores de mercados ilicitos; e b) os desdobramentos que os diferentes enquadramentos tem para os mercados de drogas e seguranca. A partir de trabalho de campo e entrevistas com agentes comunitarias, identifiquei duas linhas de argumentacao eficazes no afastamento do uso da forca nessas interacoes: o bem da comunidade e o bom para o negocio. Procuro argumentar entao que as negociacoes e os ajustamentos entre agentes comunitarias, traficantes de drogas e milicianos para a realizacao das obras urbanas acabam, de modo nao previsto, alimentando mercados ilicitos.  Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the \"Download\" link and select \"PDF (PT)\". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique \"Download\" e depois selecione \"PDF (PT)\".","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44564983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unexploited Potential? What Role Can International Financial Institutions Play in Drugs and Development?","authors":"W. Byrd","doi":"10.31389/JIED.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.13","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the potential for and obstacles to engagement on drugs issues from a development perspective by the World Bank and other International Financial Institutions, based on a review of the World Bank’s experience in Afghanistan as well as more general institutional aspects. Afghanistan demonstrates both the possibilities and benefits as well as the limitations of World Bank/IFI engagement on drugs and development. Prospects for duplicating, let alone exceeding, the level of Bank engagement on drugs seen in Afghanistan would not appear to be good. With pro-active encouragement and support by member countries of the World Bank/IFIs, however, there may be some entry points in major drug-producing countries and relating to global themes such as money-laundering or illicit-economic activities.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46397220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Searching for Significance among Drug Lords and Death Squads: The Covert Netherworld as Invisible Incubator for Illicit Commerce","authors":"A. Mccoy","doi":"10.31389/JIED.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.8","url":null,"abstract":"In a search for appropriate theory, this essay inserts drug trafficking, the world’s largest illicit economic activity, within a wider analytical frame called the ‘covert netherworld.’ Through the convergence of three factors—covert operations, illicit commerce, and social milieu—such netherworlds can form at regional, national, and international levels, thereby transforming social margins of crime and illicit commerce into potent sources of political change. By deftly playing upon this netherworld’s politics and illicit commerce along the Burma-Thai borderlands, a regional ‘drug lord’ amassed sufficient local power to dominate the global heroin trade for over a decade and simultaneously sustain an ethnic revolt for nearly 15 years. In the Philippines, the illicit traffic in synthetic drugs developed a parallel power to influence the character of national politics, compromising three presidential administrations and shaping the moral economy of political life. For the past 40 years in Afghanistan, an illicit commodity, opium, has shaped the fate of military intervention by the world’s sole superpower, allowing it an initial success and later contributing to its ongoing failure. Through the sum of these cases, the essay concludes that the covert netherworld can serve as invisible incubator for a range of extralegal activities and has thereby attained sufficient autonomy to be treated as a significant factor in international politics.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47211831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development Not Drug Control: The Evolution of Counter Narcotic Efforts in Thailand","authors":"M. L. D. Diskul, Ramrada Ninnad, A. Skinner, Visit-orn Rajatanarvin","doi":"10.31389/jied.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/jied.16","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1960s, Thailand was the biggest opium producing country in the world. This article presents Thailand’s evolving strategy in solving the problem of illicit poppy cultivation through poverty alleviation and long-term national development. It argues that the root causes of drug crop cultivation and proliferation are poverty, insecurity, and the lack of livelihood opportuni- ties for marginalized communities. Thus, the problem is more a ‘development problem’ rather than a ‘drug problem,’ requiring the addressing of multi-dimensional human development facets in response to the geo-socio-economic conditions of the area. The “Thai approach” is focused on improving the overall well-being of communities, before rule of law can be strengthened, and is very importantly part of long-term broader national development plans. A brief close-up is provided of an example of Thailand’s long-term development project, the Doi Tung Develop- ment Project, to explain more concretely how Thailand’s approach to solve drug crop production translated into practice. Some of these lessons learned from Thailand can and have been shared with the international community in shaping attitudes and policies to drugs and development that are more people-centered, balanced, and sustainable.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42830505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing the Development Implications of Illicit Economies: The Rise of a Policy and Research Agenda","authors":"A. Gillies, J. Collins, A. Soderholm","doi":"10.31389/JIED.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.17","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue of the Journal of Illicit Economies and Development builds on a growing, multifaceted research and policy agenda that advances development perspectives of illicit economies in the Global South. Conventional policy discourses have typically framed this issue as a security problem, drawing direct and often simplistic causalities with underdevelopment. Illicit economies frequently drive violence, corruption, exploitation and failures in governance, for example. However, for many communities living in poverty and conflict-affected areas across the globe, involvement in illicit economic activity can also ameliorate the immediate problems they face. Illicit economies may provide vital sources of livelihood and underpin stable political orders and socio-economic development at the margins of the state. Broad, securitised policy responses may cause more harm than good in such contexts. Scoping the complex relationship between illicit economies and development, this introductory article outlines key themes of the special issue.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44497696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Agenda in-the-making: The Linking of Drugs and Development Discourses","authors":"Deborah Alimi","doi":"10.31389/JIED.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31389/JIED.14","url":null,"abstract":"The UNGASS process and the SDGs discussions renewed thinking on illicit drug economy and sustainable development linkages, and opened windows for enhanced policy coherence in that sense. Yet, the fragmentation of the drug policy arena and the complex SDGs task still question whether this will be the way negotiated forward. Drawing on concepts of policy entrepreneurship and idea diffusion, this paper takes stock of the recent dynamics through which the idea of drug and development policy coherence has developed and gained traction. Recognizing the role of knowledge in the construction of alternative policy ideas’ acceptability, this paper focuses on knowledge activities and existing platforms where a development-oriented framework for illicit drug-related challenges is promoted and defined. It asks whether the conditions are gathered for that idea to be translated into concrete categories of policy interventions beyond the UNGASS and SDGs moments of opportunity.","PeriodicalId":73784,"journal":{"name":"Journal of illicit economies and development","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45138843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}