Development of the Brazilian Drug Market Toward Africa: Myths, Evidence and Theoretical Questions

Q3 Social Sciences
C. Cohen
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

Using existing research and original data, I discuss the development of a transatlantic drug market between Brazil and West Africa and its implications on Brazil’s development and drug trafficking value chain. After establishing milestones of the history of this traffic I show how a global market of protection and transatlantic networks emerged from the alliances between Latin American criminal actors and high level elites in West Africa. The second part of the article focuses on the high concentration of capital created by exportations of cocaine. I show how these global markets affect the actions of drug traffickers, namely their strategies and use of violence by analyzing the development of maritime trade and the centrality of ports in this economy. The last part of the article analyzes the market for drug mules in Sao Paulo and how the strategy networks adapt to balance their risks of failure with low cost Nigerians migrant mules. Finally, the articles shows how this market attracted cultists groups from Nigeria and connects Brazil with other illegal markets. Por meio pesquisa original e analise da literatura, discuto neste artigo o desenvolvimento de um mercado transatlântico de drogas entre o Brasil e a Africa Ocidental, bem como suas implicacoes para a cadeia de valorizacao do trafico e o desenvolvimento brasileiro. Depois de detalhar os principais momentos da historia dessa rota do trafico, demonstro o surgimento de um mercado global de protecao, em redes transatlânticas, a partir de aliancas entre agentes criminais latino-americanos e grupos de elite da Africa Ocidental. A segunda parte do artigo foca na alta concentracao de capital criada pelas exportacoes de cocaina. Analisando o desenvolvimento do comercio maritimo e a centralidade dos portos nessa economia, demonstro como esses mercados globais afetam as praticas e as estrategias dos atores do trafico, bem como o seu uso da violencia. A ultima parte do artigo analisa o mercado de ‘mulas’ [transportadores individuais] do trafico em Sao Paulo, e as estrategias das redes para minimizar suas perdas contratando nigerianos de baixo custo. Finalmente, o artigo demonstra como esse mercado atraiu grupos cultistas da Nigeria e conectou o Brasil com outros mercados ilegais. Publisher's Note: This article has been published in both Portuguese and English. To download the Portuguese version, click the "Download" link and select "PDF (PT)". Este artigo foi publicado tanto em Ingles, como em Portugues. Para baixar a versao em Portugues, clique "Download" e depois selecione "PDF (PT)".
巴西药品市场向非洲的发展:神话、证据和理论问题
利用现有研究和原始数据,我讨论了巴西和西非之间跨大西洋毒品市场的发展及其对巴西发展和毒品贩运价值链的影响。在确立了这种贩运历史的里程碑之后,我展示了拉丁美洲犯罪行为者和西非高层精英之间的联盟是如何形成全球保护市场和跨大西洋网络的。文章的第二部分侧重于可卡因出口创造的资本高度集中。我通过分析海上贸易的发展和港口在经济中的中心地位,展示了这些全球市场如何影响毒贩的行动,即他们的战略和暴力使用。文章的最后一部分分析了圣保罗的毒骡子市场,以及战略网络如何适应,以平衡其失败风险与低成本的尼日利亚移民骡子。最后,文章展示了这个市场如何吸引来自尼日利亚的邪教组织,并将巴西与其他非法市场联系起来。通过原始研究和文献分析,我在本文中讨论了巴西和西非之间跨大西洋毒品市场的发展,以及它对贩运价值链和巴西发展的影响。在详细介绍了这条交通路线历史上的主要时刻后,我展示了拉丁美洲犯罪分子和西非精英团体之间的联盟在跨大西洋网络中出现的全球保护市场。文章的第二部分侧重于可卡因出口创造的资本高度集中。通过分析海上贸易的发展和港口在经济中的中心地位,我展示了这些全球市场如何影响贩运者的做法和战略,以及他们对暴力的使用。文章的最后一部分分析了圣保罗流量“骡子”(个体运营商)的市场,以及网络通过雇佣低成本尼日利亚人来最大限度地减少损失的策略。最后,文章展示了这个市场如何吸引来自尼日利亚的邪教组织,并将巴西与其他非法市场联系起来。出版商注意:本文已用葡萄牙语和英语发表。要下载葡萄牙语版本,请单击“下载”链接并选择“PDF(PT)”。这篇文章以英语和葡萄牙语发表。要下载英文版,请单击“下载”,然后选择“PDF(EN)”。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.40
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
审稿时长
38 weeks
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