iRadiology最新文献

{"title":"Clinical applications, safety profiles, and future developments of contrast agents in modern radiology: A comprehensive review","authors":"Reabal Najjar","doi":"10.1002/ird3.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.95","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Contrast agents have transformed the field of medical imaging, significantly enhancing the visualisation of internal structures and improving diagnostic accuracy across X-rays, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound. This review explores the historical development, physicochemical properties, and mechanisms of action of iodinated, gadolinium-based, barium sulfate, microbubble, and nanoparticle contrast agents. It highlights key advancements, including the transition from high-osmolar to low- and iso-osmolar iodinated agents, the integration of gadolinium in MRI, and the innovative use of microbubbles and nanoparticles. The review critically examines the safety profiles and adverse reactions of these contrast agents, categorising them into hypersensitivity and physiological reactions. It outlines risk factors, common misconceptions, and management strategies for adverse reactions, emphasising the importance of personalised approaches in clinical practice. Additionally, it delves into broader implications, including ethical considerations, environmental impact, and global accessibility of contrast media. The review also discusses technological advancements such as targeted contrast agents and the integration of artificial intelligence to optimise contrast dosage. By synthesising current knowledge and emerging trends, this review underscores the pivotal role of contrast agents in advancing medical imaging. It aims to equip clinicians, researchers, and policymakers with a thorough understanding to enhance diagnostic efficacy, ensure patient safety, and address ethical and environmental challenges, thereby informing future innovations and regulatory frameworks to promote equitable access to advanced imaging technologies globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"2 5","pages":"430-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.95","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction of universal transvaginal cervical length measurement does not decrease spontaneous preterm delivery rate compared to universal transabdominal screening with reflex cut-off: A pre-post study","authors":"Emily Holthaus,&nbsp;Layan Alrahmani,&nbsp;Nicole Sprawka,&nbsp;Jean Ricci Goodman,&nbsp;Ann Lal","doi":"10.1002/ird3.96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.96","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of our study is to examine cervical length measurements, identification of short cervix, vaginal progesterone use, and rate of spontaneous preterm delivery before and after departmental transition to a universal transvaginal ultrasound screening protocol from a universal transabdominal screening protocol.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is a retrospective observational pre–post study examining the year prior to and year following a transition to a universal transvaginal ultrasound screening protocol to assess cervical length at the time of the anatomy survey. Prior to this transition, universal transabdominal cervical length screening was performed, with reflex transvaginal ultrasound measurement if transabdominal measurement was &lt;35 mm or was unable to be obtained.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 1760 charts were reviewed; 962 charts were from the pre-transition/transabdominal year and 798 charts were from the post-transition/transvaginal year. In the post-transition/transvaginal year, cervical length less than 20 mm was identified in 1.5% of cases, compared to 0.7% of cases in the pre-transition/transabdominal year (<i>p</i> = 0.114). There was no difference in the rate of spontaneous preterm delivery between the two groups (5.1% in the pre-transition/transabdominal year vs. 6.9% in the post-transition/transvaginal year; <i>p</i> = 0.111).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this pre-post study, introduction of a universal transvaginal cervical length screening did not decrease spontaneous preterm delivery rates or detection of short cervix &lt;20 mm, compared to a protocol of universal transabdominal cervical length screening with reflex to transvaginal for measurement &lt;35 mm.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"2 5","pages":"482-490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.96","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142560404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial for special issue on ultra-high field MRI","authors":"Danny J. J. Wang","doi":"10.1002/ird3.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.94","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Ultra-high field (UHF) MRI has become a main trend of MR research in the past few decades, which is driven by the human ambition to explore the frontier of in vivo imaging of human body with ever greater spatial and temporal resolutions. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) has a superlinear relationship with the main magnetic field strength characterized as SNR ∝ B0&lt;sup&gt;1.65&lt;/sup&gt; [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. In addition, the increased sensitivity to susceptibility effects and other contrasts at UHF makes it appealing to perform functional MRI as well as other MRI modalities to reveal mesoscopic structures and functions of human brain and body organs. Traditionally, UHF refers to a main magnetic field equal to or greater than 7T. Currently, there are approximately 130 7T MRI systems in the world, some of them have received US FDA and EU regulatory approval since 2017 and are being used clinically for neuroimaging and musculoskeletal imaging. There are several research UHF MR systems beyond 7T such as the 9.4T system at Max Planck Institute, 10.5T at the Center for MR Research, University of Minnesota, 11.7T at Neurospin (CEA Paris-Saclay), and the 14T whole body system being developed in the Netherlands. A second 10.5T whole body MR system is slated to be installed in Hefei, China. This global booming trend of UHF systems echoes the slogan for the Olympic Games—“Faster, Higher, Stronger—Together”.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, with increasing field strength the frequency of radiofrequency (RF) pulses or B1 field also increases proportionally, resulting in shortened RF wavelength (52 cm at 1.5T, 26 cm at 3T, and 11 cm at 7T) [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. This will lead to image inhomogeneities when the size of the imaged object is comparable to or greater than the wavelength (e.g., abdominal imaging at 3T and above, brain imaging at 7T, and beyond). In addition, the specific absorption rate (SAR) of RF power also increases with higher RF frequencies or shortened RF wavelengths at UHF. Furthermore, local SAR need to be estimated based on the accurate geometry of imaged object at UHF, which remains challenging especially with parallel RF transmission (pTx) to improve the B1 field homogeneity. To date, 7T MR systems were only approved for clinical neuro and musculoskeletal imaging, while imaging of other body organs remains for research purpose.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During the past 5 years, the 5T whole body MR system has been introduced and received US FDA approval for clinical use in 2024. 5T fills in the gap between the clinical field strength of 3T and UHF of 7T. It is equipped with a parallel RF transmission body coil that allows whole body clinical MRI with adequate image homogeneity and quality within the SAR limit of RF power. A few clinical evaluation studies have shown comparable MRA and MRI image quality and clinical value between 5 and 7T [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;]. It is expected that 5T and UHF of 7T and beyond will continue to grow worldwide in the coming decade (Figure 1).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This special issue","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"2 4","pages":"365-367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.94","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142099972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Current progress and future perspectives in total-body PET imaging, part I: Data processing and analysis”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ird3.93","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ird3.93","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sun T, Chen R, Liu J, Zhou Y. Current progress and future perspectives in total-body PET imaging, part I: data processing and analysis. iRADIOLOGY. 2024; 2(2): 173–90.</p><p>On page 178, Section 3.2, the text reads:</p><p>“Muller et al. [49] used deep learning to denoise dynamic PET data from a Quadra scanner and investigated…”</p><p>This should be corrected to:</p><p>“Muller et al. [49] used deep learning to denoise dynamic PET data from a PennPET Explorer scanner and investigated…”</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"2 4","pages":"426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.93","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in 7T magnetic resonance diffusion imaging: Technological innovations and applications in neuroimaging","authors":"Lisha Nie,&nbsp;Siyi Li,&nbsp;Bing Wu,&nbsp;Yuhui Xiong,&nbsp;Jeffrey McGovern,&nbsp;Yunling Wang,&nbsp;Huilou Liang","doi":"10.1002/ird3.92","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ird3.92","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of 7-Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging systems has opened new avenues for exploring the advantages of diffusion imaging at higher field strengths, especially in neuroscience research. This review investigates whether 7T diffusion imaging offers significant benefits over lower field strengths by addressing the following: Technical challenges and corresponding strategies: Challenges include achieving shorter transverse relaxation/effective transverse relaxation times and greater B0 and B1 inhomogeneities. Advanced techniques including high-performance gradient systems, parallel imaging, multi-shot acquisition, and parallel transmission can mitigate these issues. Comparison of 3-Tesla and 7T diffusion imaging: Technologies such as multiplexed sensitivity encoding and deep learning reconstruction (DLR) have been developed to mitigate artifacts and improve image quality. This comparative analysis demonstrates significant improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution at 7T with a powerful gradient system, facilitating enhanced visualization of microstructural changes. Despite greater geometric distortions and signal inhomogeneity at 7T, the system shows clear advantages in high b-value imaging and high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging. Additionally, multiplexed sensitivity encoding significantly reduces image blurring and distortion, and DLR substantially improves the signal-to-noise ratio and image sharpness. 7T diffusion applications in structural analysis and disease characterization: This review discusses the potential applications of 7T diffusion imaging in structural analysis and disease characterization.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"2 4","pages":"377-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.92","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical manifestations and imaging analysis of hepatitis C complicated with cerebral toxoplasmosis","authors":"Yuanyang Xie,&nbsp;Fanshi Zhang,&nbsp;Zhong Luo,&nbsp;Jun Zhang,&nbsp;Zucai Xu","doi":"10.1002/ird3.91","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ird3.91","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cerebral toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infectious disease in immunocompromised patients that usually involves the central nervous system. The clinical features and neuroimaging findings of cerebral toxoplasmosis are often similar to brain abscess and tuberculoma. We report a case of hepatitis C with cerebral toxoplasmosis, with the aim of enhancing understanding of the imaging manifestations of cerebral toxoplasmosis and thereby improving the differential diagnosis of brain space-occupying lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"2 4","pages":"417-421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.91","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141660946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subspecialized medical team mode facilitates radiology resident training","authors":"Youjin Zhao,&nbsp;Yidi Chen,&nbsp;Jin Yao,&nbsp;Weixia Chen,&nbsp;Qiang Yue,&nbsp;Bin Wu,&nbsp;Na Hu,&nbsp;Su Lui","doi":"10.1002/ird3.90","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ird3.90","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our institution developed the subspecialized medical team (SMT) mode in radiology reporting workflows in July 2022 to strengthen professionalism in radiology residency training. This study aimed to investigate whether adopting the SMT mode facilitated radiology resident training.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This observational study was conducted in October 2022. An online questionnaire was distributed among first-to third-year radiology residents to determine their levels of perceived stress, anxiety, competency in image interpretation, and learning effectiveness in using the SMT mode and other approaches. Responses were on 4 or 5 point Likert scales, and multiple-choice responses were used for semi-open questions. The turnaround time for radiology reports was measured for both residents and senior radiologists. Statistical significance (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) was determined using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, one-way analysis of variance, pairwise <i>t</i>-tests, and the Kruskal‒Wallis <i>H</i> test.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In total, 71 residents completed the questionnaire survey. The turnaround times for radiology reports were collected for these residents and 23 senior radiologists. Residents' stress and anxiety scores, perceived levels of competency in image interpretation, and time spent writing reports were significantly increased in the SMT mode. In contrast, the time senior radiologists spent reviewing a single report was decreased for the majority of report types after 1 year of implementing the SMT mode.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings suggest adopting the SMT mode could facilitate the training of radiology residents. However, residents' mental health and well-being should also be considered.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"2 5","pages":"469-481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.90","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141674453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualitative and quantitative imaging of alpha-emitting radiopharmaceuticals","authors":"Lan Wang,&nbsp;Jingjing Lou,&nbsp;Xuecen Cao,&nbsp;Lina Jia,&nbsp;Shuai Xue,&nbsp;Xingdang Liu,&nbsp;Lan Zhang,&nbsp;Xiao Li","doi":"10.1002/ird3.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.89","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Targeted alpha (<i>α</i>) therapy (TAT) is an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of targeted <i>α</i>-therapy, the biodistribution and internal radiation dose of <i>α</i>-emitting radionuclides should be determined. In vivo imaging of these radionuclides often involves the detection of gamma rays, X-rays, and positrons generated during their complex decay processes. This review aims to classify the <i>α</i>-emitting radionuclides (astatine-211, actinium-225, radium-223, bismuth-212, bismuth-213, thorium-227, and terbium-149) according to their imageable signals. Additionally, this study summarizes various imaging modalities, including gamma camera imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, Compton imaging, bremsstrahlung imaging, and Cerenkov luminescence imaging, which hold potential for imaging <i>α</i>-emitting radionuclides, to explore their biomedical applications in qualitative nuclide tracing and diagnosis, quantifying pharmacokinetics, and assessing prognosis and response to therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"2 4","pages":"396-411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.89","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142099893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of non-calcified predominant plaque using deep learning and radiomics analyses of coronary computed tomography angiography images","authors":"Xin Jin,&nbsp;Yuze Li,&nbsp;Fei Yan,&nbsp;Tao Li,&nbsp;Xinghua Zhang,&nbsp;Ye Liu,&nbsp;Li Yang,&nbsp;Huijun Chen","doi":"10.1002/ird3.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.86","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To use an automated system exploiting the advantages of both a neural network and radiomics for analysis of non-calcified predominant plaque (NCPP).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study retrospectively included 234 patients. Using the workflow of the previous study, the coronary artery was first segmented, images containing plaques were then extracted, and a classifier was built to identify non-calcified predominant plaques. Radiomics feature analysis and a visualization tool were used to better distinguish NCPP from other plaques.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-six representative radiomics features were selected. DenseNet achieved an area under the curve of 0.889, which was significantly larger (<i>p</i> = 0.001) than that obtained using a gradient-boosted decision tree (0.859). The feature <i>variances and</i> e<i>nergy</i> features in calcified predominant plaque were both different from those in NCPP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our automated system provided high-accuracy analysis of vulnerable plaques using a deep learning approach and predicted useful features of NCPP using a radiomics-based approach.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"2 3","pages":"260-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.86","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precise diagnosis of cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases with magnetic resonance imaging-based nanoprobes","authors":"Wenyue Li,&nbsp;Ruru Zhang,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhang,&nbsp;Shuai Wu,&nbsp;Tiancong Ma,&nbsp;Yi Hou,&nbsp;Jianfeng Zeng,&nbsp;Mingyuan Gao","doi":"10.1002/ird3.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.87","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases (CCVDs) are acknowledged as a major threat to public health, leading to more than one-third of all deaths worldwide. The complex anatomical structure and immune features of blood vessels significantly affect the development of CCVDs, and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is one of the main diagnostic approaches for the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of CCVDs. However, MRA suffers from intrinsic problems derived from its blood flow-dependency, and the clinical Gd-chelating contrast agents are limited by their rapid vascular extravasation. Over the past decade, spurred on by nanoscience and nanotechnology, numerous contrast agents based on magnetic nanomaterials have been developed to enhance the contrast of MRA, with these including iron oxide nanoparticles, rare earth-doped nanoparticles, and metal-organic coordination polymers. The molecular MR imaging of vasculopathy using specific nanoprobes has been explored to obtain a better understanding of the molecular aspects of CCVDs. In this review, the state of the art in MRA nanoprobes is introduced, and recent achievements in the diagnosis of CCVDs using MR imaging are summarized. Additionally, the future prospects and limitations of MRA based on nanoprobes are discussed. The current review provides methodological designs and ideas for subsequent MRA nanoprobes.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"2 3","pages":"264-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.87","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}