iRadiology最新文献

{"title":"Advanced neuroimaging in the fetal brain: An update on technical advances and clinical findings","authors":"Jingya Ren,&nbsp;Suzhen Dong","doi":"10.1002/ird3.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used to provide detailed information regarding fetal brain development in utero. Conventional T1-and T2-weighted sequences provide anatomical details of the normal brain and demonstrate brain lesions. In addition to providing highly detailed qualitative assessments of fetal brain development, advanced MRI methods such as three-dimensional high-resolution MRI, diffusion MRI, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional MRI can provide quantitative morphologic assessments of tissue microstructure and functional activity. This review aims to describe normal fetal brain development and highlight current state-of-the-art MRI sequences for fetal neuroimaging. We focus on current clinical applications which can provide a better understanding of in utero impairments in fetal brain development.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"1 2","pages":"141-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50134314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extranodal involvement of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder detected on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography","authors":"Bojun Wang,&nbsp;Tianbin Song,&nbsp;Chun Zhang,&nbsp;Jie Lu,&nbsp;Zhigang Liang","doi":"10.1002/ird3.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 69-year-old man with a history of kidney transplantation presented with ring-enhancing lesions in the left frontal lobe, thalamus, and right insula (Figure 1a) on magnetic resonance imaging. He was hospitalized with a diagnosis of cytomegalovirus encephalitis and had taken anti-inflammatory therapy. Follow up imaging showed a decrease in lesion size in the left frontal lobe and thalamus; however, the right insular lesion increased in size and new ones were identified in the corpus callosum and periventricular white matter (Figure 1a). The tumor markers CA125, CYFRA21-1, CEA, PSA, and fPSA were all positive on blood testing. Because anti-inflammatory therapy was ineffective and malignant tumor could not be excluded on imaging alone, whole-body ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) was performed (Figure 1b). Body imaging showed multiple hypermetabolic nodular lesions in the thoracic and abdominal superficial soft tissue (maximum standardized uptake value, 13.06), which suggested malignancy. Head imaging showed decreased activity in the brain lesions. A diagnosis of lymphoma was suspected. Punch biopsy of a superficial soft tissue nodule was consistent with B cell-derived posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) (Figure 1c,d).</p><p>PTLD is a rare group of heterogeneous lymphoproliferative conditions that occur after solid organ or hematopoietic transplantation [<span>1, 2</span>]. With allograft transplantation, the anatomic site of PTLD involvement usually depends on the type of transplant [<span>3</span>]. Reported incidence rates of involvement of the central nervous system range between 10% and 15% [<span>4</span>, <span>5</span>]. However, simultaneous involvement of the central nervous system [<span>6</span>] and superficial soft tissue [<span>7</span>] are rare. To date, only two cases of PTLD soft tissue nodules have been reported [<span>4</span>]. Characteristics of PTLD on magnetic resonance imaging are not specific; however, PTLD can be detected on ¹⁸F-FDG-PET with an overall sensitivity and specificity of approximately 90% [<span>8, 9</span>]. PTLD should be considered when multiple hypermetabolic superficial soft tissue nodules and central nervous system lesions are encountered in transplantation patients. Whole-body¹⁸F-FDG-PET/CT is more effective than single-site imaging for diagnosing or staging PTLD.</p><p><b>Bojun Wang</b>: Data curation (lead); Writing – original draft (lead). <b>Tianbin Song</b>: Conceptualization (equal); Writing – review &amp; editing (equal). <b>Chun Zhang</b>: Conceptualization (equal); Supervision (equal). <b>Jie Lu</b>: Supervision (equal). <b>Zhigang Liang</b>: Supervision (equal); Writing – review &amp; editing (equal).</p><p>All the authors declare that they have no conflict or potential conflict of interest.</p><p>This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. All ","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"1 2","pages":"195-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50116045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular imaging for cancer immunotherapy","authors":"Jing Yu,&nbsp;Bo Gao","doi":"10.1002/ird3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The success of immune checkpoint blockade has reaffirmed the importance of the immune system in cancer treatment. Immunotherapy enables the body's own immune system to fight tumor cells. However, the complex tumor microenvironment and its interaction with the immune system remain a mystery. The efficacy of immunotherapy is often affected by tumor heterogeneity. Molecular imaging techniques, such as single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography, enable noninvasive whole-body imaging of tumor and immune cell signatures. Noninvasive molecular imaging can also be used to monitor the treatment response of tumors, thereby achieving personalized response assessment, which may ultimately lead to improved clinical management, development of individualized treatments, and reliable prognosis. This article reviews recent research in immunotherapy response assessment, immune T-cell imaging, immune checkpoint imaging, and radiomics/radiogenomics in immunotherapy. To date, these studies have primarily comprised exploratory preclinical imaging with preliminary results indicating that biomarker molecular imaging may have a role to play in the assessment of immunotherapy. Therefore, the principle of selecting patients for immunotherapy based on imaging results is feasible.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"3-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50145581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the quality and safety of radiology reporting: A prospective audit of discrepancies among consultant radiologists","authors":"Jenny Connor,&nbsp;Yitka Graham,&nbsp;Ken McGarry,&nbsp;Catherine Hayes,&nbsp;Pallavi Mehrotra,&nbsp;Julie Cox","doi":"10.1002/ird3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.9","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To examine discrepancy rates over multiple annual cycles in reporting by consultant radiologists for the interpretation of acute Computerized Tomography (CT) examinations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A prospective audit with peer review and second reading of acute CT scans was implemented in one radiology department in the UK. A longitudinal audit over 5 years was performed to determine the discrepancy rate of acute and emergency CT scans conducted on weekends. The examinations comprised CT head, thorax, abdomen and pelvis, CT Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder (CT KUB), and CT angiography scans. Discrepancies were scored as no discrepancy (zero), minor discrepancy (one), moderate discrepancy (two), or significant discrepancy (three). Seventeen consultants took part in the audit as primary reporters and second readers. All consultants were on-call radiologists, and the allocation of cases was randomized depending on the on-call rota. Results were reported annually to one consultant radiologist.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A significant discrepancy rate of 1.2% (<i>p</i> = 0.026) was found for consultant radiologists, interpreting acute CT examinations based on 2951 s read CT scans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to establish significant discrepancy rates among consultant radiologists, interpreting acute CT examinations over time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"103-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50145583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlations behind macrotrabecular-massive and vessels encapsulating tumor cluster patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Yong-Wen Sun,&nbsp;Yu-Peng Chen,&nbsp;Shi-Ji Kan,&nbsp;Ya-Dong Liu,&nbsp;Zhi-bing Ruan,&nbsp;Bo Gao","doi":"10.1002/ird3.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Macrotrabecular-massive hepatocellular carcinoma (MTM-HCC) is a subtype of HCC with a very poor prognosis and exhibits biological behaviors and clinical presentations that distinguish it from conventional HCC. Vessels encapsulating tumor clusters (VETC) is a unique pattern of vascular growth that is more common in patients with MTM-HCC. This unique interaction between the angiogenic system and tumor cells is of general interest. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of HCC with MTM and VETC patterns help prevent early recurrence and improve prognosis. This review summarizes the existing findings for HCC with MTM and VETC patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"91-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50145584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput screening and biological display technology: Applications in molecular imaging","authors":"Renli Luo,&nbsp;Hongguang Liu,&nbsp;Zhen Cheng","doi":"10.1002/ird3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Molecular imaging plays important roles in many fields, including disease diagnosis, therapeutic efficacy evaluation, intraoperative imaging guidance, drug metabolism monitoring, and patient selection for appropriate treatment. As a key component, the targeting ligand determines the specificity, affinity, and in vivo performance of molecular imaging probes. In this review, high-throughput screening and biological display platforms for the discovery of ligands applicable to molecular imaging are briefly reviewed. Basic information on ligand development for molecular imaging is first introduced, followed by a presentation of various selection platforms and typical or iterative cases. The features, advantages, limitations, and application scope of screening and display platforms are compared and discussed. Last, a basic selection strategy and a perspective for protein-based ligands are provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"18-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50145582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioresponsive fluorescent probes active in the second near-infrared window","authors":"Yuqin Chen,&nbsp;Jie Chen,&nbsp;Baisong Chang","doi":"10.1002/ird3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Emerging stimuli-responsive composite probes active in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) hold vast potential for improving in vivo imaging performance with minimized noise interference. The interactions among external irradiation, shell species, and the emissive core are key factors in the design of smart structures. The external irradiation provides energy for shell species and the emissive core to generate intense NIR-II fluorescence signals, while the energy transfer process hinders NIR-II emission in the inner structure of smart composite probes. However, if pathophysiological stimuli interrupt the above processes, then NIR-II fluorescence signals are recovered. This review covers NIR-II imaging based on diverse smart composite NIR-II fluorescent probes responding to various biological stimuli, including ONOO⁻, overexpressed reactive sulfur species, abnormally expressed enzymes, and abnormal levels of physiological metabolites. Finally, to appreciate these advances, the challenges and perspectives of stimuli-responsive composite NIR-II probes are highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"36-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50153671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of high-speed optical imaging technology for the analysis of ultrasound contrast agents in an acoustic field","authors":"Adriano Bellotti","doi":"10.1002/ird3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stabilized microbubbles were commercialized over 30 years ago for use as contrast agents in ultrasound imaging. In recent years, interest in microbubble–acoustic interactions has expanded to applications not only in ultrasound imaging but also in drug and gene delivery. To understand the interaction of a microbubble and ultrasonic field, scientists optically observe the behavior of microbubbles during acoustic excitation. Because of the fast oscillations of microbubbles in ultrasound fields, the application of ultra-high-speed photography is required to capture bubble behavior. This manuscript reviews the approaches, challenges, and progress in high-speed imaging systems utilized for microbubble analysis, focusing on innovations in camera technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"78-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50140876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in intravital imaging of liver immunity using optical microscopy and labeling methods","authors":"Xuenan Yuan,&nbsp;Xiang Yu,&nbsp;Bolei Dai,&nbsp;Zhihong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ird3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of optical microscopy and labeling methods in intravital imaging allows for direct tracking of cell behavior and dynamic changes at the molecular level in the physiological or pathological microenvironment of living animals, revealing the spatiotemporal information of individual cells in the immune response. The liver is an immunological organ that contains unique innate and adaptive immune cells, including Kupffer cells (KCs) and different types of T cells, and is involved in coordinating multiple immune responses in the body. Using intravital imaging to visualize the movement behaviors and functions of immune cells during the reaction processes of the liver under physiological and pathological conditions has shed new light on the understanding of liver immunity, which is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases. This review introduces various window models and labeling methods for the liver in intravital optical imaging and describes how it provides movement behavior and functional information about different types of immune cells, such as KCs and T cells, in the liver. Additionally, we highlight recent advances in intravital optical imaging of liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, infections, and tumors. This review aims to be a useful resource for comprehending the developments and achievements in intravital imaging of the liver and uncovering spatiotemporal information of immune response in a living microenvironment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"61-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50153123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"11C-MET PET and 18F-FDG PET characteristics of chordoid meningioma","authors":"Leilei Yuan,&nbsp;Mengyan Zhang,&nbsp;Li Xu,&nbsp;Xin Wang,&nbsp;Qian Chen,&nbsp;Lin Ai","doi":"10.1002/ird3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 17-year-old female patient presented to the neurology department with a 3-month history of left limb numbness and spasm with transient loss of consciousness 3 weeks earlier. A brain MRI revealed a right temporal lobe mass (Figure 1a, arrow) with hypointensity on T1WI, hyperintensity on T2WI, and no diffusion restriction on DWI and ADC mapping. The lesion showed minimal tracer uptake on ¹⁸F-FDG PET (Figure 1b, solid arrowhead) but avid uptake on ¹¹C-MET PET with an SUVmax of 5.7 (Figure 1c, hollow arrowhead) with the contralateral normal tissue as a reference, suggesting a benign tumor other than inflammatory granuloma or malignant tumor. After conservative treatment with hormone and antiepileptic drugs, the patient's symptoms significantly improved. At the 3-month follow-up, the patient presented again with seizures of the left upper limb and transient loss of consciousness. She underwent mass excision in the neurosurgery department. Histopathology (Figure 1d) revealed a neoplasm with cords or trabeculae of small epithelioid to vacuolated cells embedded in a mucin-rich matrix, characteristic of chordoid meningioma (WHO grade 2), a rare type of meningioma [<span>1-3</span>. Immunostaining for SSTR-2 (Figure 1e), EMA, and PR showed strong reactivity in the tumor cells, and the MIB-1 labeling index was about 1%. Postoperative recovery was good, and no positive symptoms were found during a 5-year follow-up period [<span>4</span>]. This case report highlights the need to consider intracranial chordoid meningioma as a differential diagnosis when there is a discrepancy in the extent of tracer uptake on ¹¹C-MET and ¹⁸F-FDG PET [<span>5, 6</span>].</p><p><b>Leilei Yuan</b>: Writing – original draft (Lead). <b>Mengyan Zhang</b>: Writing – original draft (Equal). <b>Li Xu</b>: Resources (Supporting). <b>Xin Wang</b>: Writing – original draft (Supporting). <b>Qian Chen</b>: Writing – review &amp; editing (Supporting). <b>Lin Ai</b>: Writing – review &amp; editing (Lead).</p><p>The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p><p>None.</p><p>None.</p>","PeriodicalId":73508,"journal":{"name":"iRadiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"101-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ird3.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50137879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}