Hygiene and environmental health advances最新文献

{"title":"Wipe sampling of antineoplastic drugs from workplace surfaces: A review of analytical methods and recommendations","authors":"Melissa L. Vermette ,&nbsp;Mason R. Hicks ,&nbsp;Keyvan Khoroush ,&nbsp;Mark Y. Teo ,&nbsp;Byron D. Gates","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heha.2024.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Antineoplastic drugs (ADs) are primarily used to manage cancer and are becoming more prevalent as cancer cases increase globally. A primary route of exposure for workers administering these hazardous drugs is <em>via</em> dermal absorption from contact with contaminated surfaces. To assess the risk in a workplace, wipe sampling is used to inspect and assess suspect workplace surfaces (i.e., as a form of worker exposure and environmental monitoring). Despite widespread use of ADs, there are no standards or proficiency testing programs (at this time) for surface wipe sampling protocols specifically for residues that contain ADs. Current literature provides many different analytical methods developed by research groups for detecting one or more ADs in residue found in the workplace. These studies contain significant variability in the techniques and materials used and, therefore, also vary in their outcomes. This review highlights the variability observed in the results obtained from current methods and points to opportunities that might assist in addressing these inconsistencies towards preparing standard methodologies for wipe sampling of ADs. This review also discusses critical factors to consider when optimizing the steps performed for surface wipe sampling. The inter-dependent steps discussed in this review for surface wipe sampling are: (i) adsorption of analyte onto a wipe; (ii) desorption of the analyte from the wipe; and (iii) detection of the sampled analyte. The first two steps require optimization of both chemical and physical factors to create a successful sampling method. The detection step has largely been optimized due in part to the sensitivity of analytical instrumentation, but there remain opportunities to develop more effective methodologies for timely feedback and an increased sensitivity to platinum-based ADs. This review also provides additional recommendations to improve reporting of results from the wipe sampling of ADs and highlights the need for additional research on the occupational and surface exposure limits for ADs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049224000023/pdfft?md5=04c1448545d432d4e198c003ded2eb39&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049224000023-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139743771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congenital anomalies in Baghdad children born near US military burn-pits: A case-control study showing tungsten and chromium association with increased odds of disease","authors":"M. Savabieasfahani ,&nbsp;F．Basher Ahamadani ,&nbsp;Ban Talib Fadhel","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heha.2024.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Increases in congenital anomalies were reported from Iraq post-2003. We investigated associations of residential proximity to two US military bases – Camp Victory and Base Falcon – and metal levels in hair samples of children with congenital anomalies (22 cases and 9 controls). We developed mixed effects logistic regression models with village as the random effect, congenital anomalies as the outcome and distance to the closest US base and hair metal levels (one at a time) as the exposure, controlling for child's age, sex, and paternal education. We explored the mediation of the association between proximity to the base and congenital anomalies by hair metal levels. Children with higher tungsten (W) in hair had marginally higher odds of congenital anomalies (OR=1.32, 95 %CI = (1.01,2.02), <em>P</em>=.10). One µg/kg increase in W was associated with 41 % higher odds of a congenital abnormality (95 %CI=(1.08,2.33), <em>P</em>=.04). But proximity to military bases didn't have any effect on congenital anomalies. Higher hair chromium (Cr) marginally increased the odds of congenital anomalies (OR=1.02, 95 %CI=(1.00,.05), <em>P</em>=.09). Children with one µg/kg higher concentration of Cr in hair had 3 % higher odds of having congenital anomalies (95 %CI=(1.01,1.07), <em>P</em>=.04). Analyses were conducted by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049224000035/pdfft?md5=c04a701ff6d76ddc9009ace6400e739b&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049224000035-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139700287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residential indoor air during interior finish period: Sources, variations, and health risks","authors":"Jin-Long Mai ,&nbsp;Wei-Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Yuan Zeng ,&nbsp;Yu-Feng Guan ,&nbsp;She-Jun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Building and furniture materials are significant sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and determine their long-time indoor levels. However, the variations of indoor VOCs and associated health risks of interior finishers during the construction stages are poorly understood. In this study, VOCs in the indoor microenvironments were measured at different interior finishing stages at two renovated residences using thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations of the Σ15 VOCs were 118.2 μg/m³ in Home A and 232.5 μg/m³ in Home B. The simultaneous outdoor levels were approximately three times lower than indoors. The VOC concentrations were obviously lower than previous measurements in newly renovated residences, reflecting reduced use of these VOCs in interior materials. Temporal variations in the VOC concentrations during the interior finish period were compound- or room-dependent at each residence The remarkable rise in the VOC concentrations was largely affected by furniture installation at both residences. The non-cancer risks of VOC exposure were lower for both interior finishers and occupants. However, the cumulative cancer risks for interior finishers (1.2 × 10⁻⁴) exceed the acceptable threshold limit. The occupational exposure at the wall painting stage was the highest, and formaldehyde is the most significant contributor to both cancer and noncancer risks. This study also highlights the importance of detecting novel VOCs that may be present in interior finish materials as indicated by the TVOC measurements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049223000430/pdfft?md5=0a90a13d749306b6bad4ff55d9247d1a&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049223000430-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138614024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic products of Guangzhou city, South China: Accumulation, distribution and health risk","authors":"Min Zhang ,&nbsp;Dan Cai ,&nbsp;Lijuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Qian Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping Ding ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Chen ,&nbsp;Chushan Huang ,&nbsp;Guocheng Hu ,&nbsp;Tingzhen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Studies have shown that consuming aquatic products is the primary pathway for human uptake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This study collected seven types of aquatic products eaten in Guangzhou City. Gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to investigate eight PBDE congeners to analyze their concentration, distribution, and potential risk. The concentration of PBDEs in aquatic products ranged from 1.92 to 91.11 ng/g lw, with BDE–209, BDE–99, and BDE–154 as the predominant PBDE congeners. Moreover, the concentrations and congener profiles of these contaminants vary in aquatic products. The highest accumulation level was found in shrimp and clams, primarily attributed to dietary habits, metabolic capacity, and accumulation of xenobiotics. According to the dietary questionnaire, the total consumption of aquatic animals was 82.64 g/day, with a significant non-carcinogenic risk to consumers in Guangzhou at higher levels of consumption (HI ≥ 1). Therefore, the maximum allowable daily consumption of grass carp, crucian carp, tilapia, Japanese seaperch, shrimp, clam and crab is 33.33, 55.00, 67.50, 44.44, 41.67, and 51.67 g/day, corresponding to daily intake frequencies of 5, 8, 10, 6, 6, 7, and 5 times/month, respectively. Our results could provide reasonable dietary advice for humans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100085"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049223000417/pdfft?md5=e1e8cae69a5cf9d437902d3d6be1d983&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049223000417-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138609411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying hair exposome for linking environmental exposure to reproductive health: A comprehensive review and research perspective","authors":"Mengyuan Ren ,&nbsp;Mingliang Fang ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Qun Lu ,&nbsp;Hongchu Bao ,&nbsp;Lili Zhuang ,&nbsp;Fangang Meng ,&nbsp;Bo Pan ,&nbsp;Lailai Yan ,&nbsp;Zhiwen Li ,&nbsp;Jia Xu ,&nbsp;Bin Han ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Bai ,&nbsp;Chan Tian ,&nbsp;Ying Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Increasing evidences have revealed a close relationship between various environmental exposures and reproductive health. The real-world complex exposure scenario along with intricate interactions effects of these exposures has high demands of exposome-wide association studies for human risk assessment. With the development of exposomic studies, applying hair exposome to link environmental factors and reproductive health outcomes has obvious potential advantages. However, the reliability of utilizing hair to characterize exposome is always of high concern for researchers. In this review, we briefly summarized studies about the effects of environmental exposures on several typical reproductive health outcomes, described state-of-the-art situation of applying hair exposome for reproductive health risk assessment, elucidated the advantages (e.g., containing abundant exposure factors, low expenses for sampling, and tracing exposure history), and proposed the unsolved issues in this area. We also conducted a comprehensive discussion about the reliability of various hair biomarkers and primarily established the biomarker databases. Finally, a standardized framework on using hair exposome for reproductive health study was proposed to provide fundamental approach for future studies. We concluded that it is promising to apply hair exposome to evaluate the effects of the environmental factors on human reproductive health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049223000429/pdfft?md5=ac091d74bccc4a0b12af9120214b4092&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049223000429-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138626926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The CHECH study: A prospective pregnancy cohort study on CHemical exposure and children's health in Tianjin, China","authors":"Yuxuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Gongshu Liu ,&nbsp;Yeganeh Ataei ,&nbsp;Carl-Gustaf Bornehag ,&nbsp;Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Qinghao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianjun Huang ,&nbsp;Peizhe Sun ,&nbsp;Yuexia Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heha.2023.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The CHemical Exposure and Children's Health (CHECH) study is an ongoing pregnancy cohort study in Tianjin, China. This paper describes the background, aim and the study design, which can be followed by future researchers to design and conduct similar studies. The abundance and the potential adverse health outcomes of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is concerning. More notably, developing fetuses and infants are more vulnerable to EDCs exposure. The CHECH study aims to investigate the importance of early life exposure to multiple EDCs (phthalates and their metabolites, bisphenol A and their substitutes, perfluorinated compounds and poly brominated diphenyl ethers) for multiple health outcomes in Chinese children, namely sexual development, neurodevelopment, metabolism and growth, as well as asthma and allergy. A total of 2238 pregnant women were recruited in Tianjin from May 2017 to April 2021 with a response rate of 90 %. Among these women, 2255 children were born with available information, including 47 pairs of twins. Urine samples were collected from pregnant women and children, while air and dust samples were obtained from the home environment during pregnancy and infancy periods. Information on children's health was gathered through physical examinations and questionnaires. The CHECH study, which collected exposure information and health outcomes at multiple time points, will contribute to the understanding of prenatal exposure to EDCs and their impact on children's health, thereby facilitating the development of risk assessments aimed at reducing exposure and associated health risks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049223000405/pdfft?md5=46a5699788d9c492a359cce94921c2e3&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049223000405-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138558634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison study of environmental health related issues and policies between private and public U.S. schools using multi-level data","authors":"Yi Lu ,&nbsp;Christine Bozlak ,&nbsp;Erin Bell ,&nbsp;Haider A. Khwaja ,&nbsp;Shao Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Little is known about school environmental health (EH) problems in private schools. This study identified and compared the school EH related issues and policies between private and public schools in the U.S.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>School EH information was collected from school administrators on two levels – in New York State (NYS) and nationwide. In NYS, questionnaires were developed and distributed to administrators from both public and private schools via conferences (2015–2016). Nationwide survey data were obtained from the 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study. We compared the perceived school environment as well as policies related to identification and training on EH issues between private and public schools both in NYS and nationwide.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In NYS, both private and public schools reported limited use of proactive approaches in identifying EH issues. Compared to public schools, more private school respondents reported poorer perceived indoor air quality (IAQ) (30% vs. 0%), along with less routine training and lower use of policies that help improve air quality in school. Nationwide, fewer private schools implemented indoor air quality management programs (18% vs. 58%) and were able to always meet ventilation standards (44% vs. 64%) than public schools. Staff members in private schools received less required training on a wide range of EH issues than staff members in public schools.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>U.S. private schools reported worse perceived indoor air quality than public schools and a lack of awareness and protective policies. Future environmental research and implementation of policies are needed in private schools.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049223000351/pdfft?md5=93dabc13a3c9148e6d3737c335a69b98&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049223000351-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42927410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possible hazardous components in dental alginates: Physicochemical properties by a mineralogical and spectroscopic investigation","authors":"Matteo Ardit ,&nbsp;Tommaso Baroni ,&nbsp;Fabio Capacci ,&nbsp;Giulio Arcangeli ,&nbsp;Maurizio Romanelli ,&nbsp;Alfonso Zoleo ,&nbsp;Silvana Capella ,&nbsp;Elena Belluso ,&nbsp;Pietro Gabellini ,&nbsp;Raffaello Cioni ,&nbsp;Francesco Di Benedetto","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alginates are products used as impression materials in dentistry and prosthetics. They consist of polymers, calcium alginates mixed with diatomite and additives. Recently, the occurrence of severe silicosis associated with exposure to respirable dust of such materials has increased the scientific interest in understanding how these materials may pose a toxicological problem to workers. The primary objective of this study is to improve the understanding of both the existence and the characteristics of the toxicant(s) contained in these materials, with the goal of better defining the risk assessment for this occupational setting.</p><p>Two commercial dental alginates were subjected to a mineralogical, microchemical and spectroscopic investigation. The results indicate the presence of a significant amount of diatomite, clearly identified by micromorphology and formed mainly by cristobalite. The respirable fraction of the dust represents at least 30  % of the total number of particles, and this fraction contains a relevant amount of crystalline silica particles. Conversely, the investigated alginate materials do not exhibit the presence of radical species.</p><p>The results obtained confirm that the cristobalite detected originates from the high-temperature transformation of amorphous silica during the calcination process of diatomite, prior to mixing with the other components. The same process also produces wollastonite (CaSiO₃), which, like cristobalite, is a crystalline phase known for its toxicological effects. The present findings call for a rethinking of dental alginates with regard to the definition of their health risks for technical operators.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100083"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049223000399/pdfft?md5=50894293228e154b1fe3583c48795e26&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049223000399-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135714983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum regarding missing declaration of competing interest statements and ethical statements in previously published articles","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heha.2023.100082","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100082"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049223000387/pdfft?md5=d23238212462f43f62f029ebe4c53afe&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049223000387-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92108562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening for elevated blood lead levels using single hair strands: Accounting for external contamination","authors":"Jennie R. Christensen ,&nbsp;Geriene O. LaBine ,&nbsp;Joyce McBeth","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2023.100081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hair has long been explored as a potential biomarker of lead exposure since lead is readily adsorbed into hair's keratinous matrix; however, the utility of hair as a biomarker for lead exposure is hampered by its susceptibility to external contamination: lead particles attach to the exposed hair surface, confounding estimates of endogenous concentrations. This study describes the development of a hair screening tool, in which the confounding influence of external contamination are mitigated by focusing on the unexposed hair root, to predict elevated blood lead levels (BLLs). This tool requires a single strand of scalp hair, which is analyzed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Forty-four (44) workers with high potential for lead exposure, and 63 reference individuals (with no known lead exposure) volunteered for the study. Hair lead level (HLL) thresholds were developed using methods from clinical assessment to screen exceedances of BLL thresholds at 10 and 15 µg/dL. Hair from both groups showed significantly lower lead concentrations in below-scalp portions compared to above the scalp (above-scalp was 11.2 times higher in workers, and 3.7 times higher in reference group). Hair lead concentrations below the scalp in workers significantly predicted BLLs. HLL thresholds for screening BLLs were 0.60 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg for BLLs of 10 µg/dL and 15 µg/dL, respectively. These HLL thresholds yielded high sensitivity (&gt;85%), and slightly lower specificity (67% and 33%, for BLL thresholds of 10 µg/dL and 15 µg/dL, respectively). This study provides reference HLLs in non-contaminated portions of hair (&lt;0.097 mg/kg), shows the significance of external contamination on exposed portions of hair even in a reference population, and assesses the effectiveness of below-scalp hair as a biomarker of elevated lead exposure. This hair screening tool effectively predicted BLL exceedances and could be considered as a non-invasive alternative to blood sampling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100081"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48693017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}