Hygiene and environmental health advances最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying diurnal changes in NO2 due to COVID-19 stay-at-home orders in New York City","authors":"Jenni A. Shearston,&nbsp;Ilan Cerna-Turoff,&nbsp;Markus Hilpert,&nbsp;Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the NY on Pause stay-at-home order (March 22 – June 8, 2020), substantially reduced traffic and traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in New York City (NYC). We evaluated the magnitude of TRAP decreases and examined the role of modifying factors such as weekend/weekday, road proximity, location, and time-of-day.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Hourly nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations from January 1, 2018 through June 8, 2020 were obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency's Air Quality System for all six hourly monitors in the NYC area. We used an interrupted time series design to determine the impact of NY on Pause on NO₂ concentrations, using a mixed effects model with random intercepts for monitor location, adjusted for meteorology and long-term trends. We evaluated effect modification through stratification.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>NO₂ concentrations decreased during NY on Pause by 19% (-3.2 ppb, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.5, -3.0), on average, compared to pre-Pause time trends. We found no evidence for modification by weekend/weekday, but greater decreases in NO₂ at non-roadside monitors and weak evidence for modification by location. For time-of-day, we found the largest decreases for 5 am (27%, -4.5 ppb, 95% CI: -5.7, -3.3) through 7 am (24%, -4.0 ppb, 95% CI: -5.2, -2.8), followed by 6 pm and 7 pm (22%, -3.7 ppb, 95% CI: -4.8, -2.6 and 22%, -4.8, -2.5, respectively), while the smallest decreases occurred at 11 pm and 1 am (both: 11%, -1.9 ppb, 95% CI: -3.1, -0.7).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>NY on Pause's impact on TRAP varied greatly diurnally. Decreases during early morning and evening time periods are likely due to decreases in traffic. Our results may be useful for planning traffic policies that vary by time of day, such as congestion tolling policies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9580220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9703683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between organophosphate insecticides, blood pressure dysregulation, and metabolic syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2015-2016","authors":"Frank Glover ,&nbsp;Kyle Steenland ,&nbsp;Michael L. Eisenberg ,&nbsp;Federico Belladelli ,&nbsp;Evan Mulloy ,&nbsp;Francesco Del Giudice ,&nbsp;William M. Caudle","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Organophosphate (OP) insecticides represent some of the most common environmental contaminants in the United States. Organophosphate insecticide use has been associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, including hypertension (HTN) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), but results from current studies are conflicting and inconclusive. In a study of 916 U.S. adults from the 2015–2016 NHANES cycle, we investigated the association between five dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP insecticides and blood pressure parameters (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure, HTN), as well the association between total body burden of DAPs with HTN and MetS. Weighted, multivariable linear regression revealed significant, inverse associations between diethylphosphate and systolic blood pressure (β= -0.16 <em>p</em> = 0.02), diethylthiophosphate and systolic blood pressure (β= -0.91 <em>p</em> = 0.01), total DAP exposure and systolic blood pressure (β= -0.13, <em>p</em> = 0.04), and between dimethylphosphate and diastolic blood pressure (β= -0.15, <em>p</em> = 0.0075). No significant associations were observed between total DAP exposure and odds of HTN. We additionally modeled the odds of abnormally high pulse pressure given specific quartile of total DAP exposure. Results showed a significant association between diethylphosphate and odds of abnormal pulse pressure (OR=1.29, 95% CI[1.01,1.65]), and between total DAP exposure and odds of abnormal pulse pressure (OR=1.05, 95% CI[1.03,1.10]). Lastly, we found that adults in the 3rd quartile of OP metabolite exposure had a 3.61 increased odds of having MetS when compared to individuals in the 1st quartile (OR=3.61, 95% CI[1.32,9.85]).</p><p>Our preliminary findings support data from previous studies suggesting a role for OP insecticides in the pathogenesis of blood pressure dysregulation and MetS. Future studies are warranted to corroborate these findings, determine population-level clinical significance, and to elucidate potential mechanisms explaining these associations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049222000356/pdfft?md5=5472e0e2409f7434da05f151d28adac8&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049222000356-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44287733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How do El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and local meteorological factors affect the incidence of seasonal influenza in New York state","authors":"Jianpeng Xiao ,&nbsp;Michael Gao ,&nbsp;Miaoling Huang ,&nbsp;Wangjian Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhicheng Du ,&nbsp;Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Meng ,&nbsp;Wenjun Ma ,&nbsp;Shao Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Research is lacking in examining how multiple climate factors affect the incidence of seasonal influenza. We investigated the associations between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), meteorological factors, and influenza incidence in New York State, United States.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>We collected emergency department visit data for influenza from the New York State Department of Health. ENSO index was obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Meteorological factors, Google Flu Search Index (GFI), and Influenza-like illness (ILI) data in New York State were also collected. Wavelet analysis was used to quantitatively estimate the coherence and phase difference of ENSO, temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and absolute humidity with emergency department visits of influenza in New York State. Generalized additive models (GAM) were employed to examine the exposure-response relationships between ENSO, weather, and influenza. GFI and ILI data were used to simulate synchronous influenza visits.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The influenza epidemic in New York State had multiple periodic and was primarily on the 1-year scale. The incidence of influenza closely followed the low ENSO index by an average of two months, and the lag period of ENSO on influenza was shorter during 2015–2018. Low temperature in the previous 2 weeks and low absolute humidity in the prior week were positively associated with influenza incidence in New York State. We found an <span>l</span>-shaped association between ENSO index and influenza, a parabolic relationship between temperature in the previous two weeks and influenza, and a linear negative association between absolute humidity in the previous week and influenza. The simulation models including GFI and ILI had higher accuracy for influenza visit estimation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Low ENSO index, low temperature, and low absolute humidity may drive the influenza epidemics in New York State. The findings can help us deepen the understanding of the climate-influenza association, and help to develop an influenza forecasting model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9914518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10697461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust time‐series analysis of the effects of environmental factors on the CoViD‐19 pandemic in the area of Milan (Italy) in the years 2020–21","authors":"Carlo Grillenzoni","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects of environmental factors on the spread of the CoViD-19 pandemic have been widely debated in the scientific literature. The results are important for understanding the outbreak dynamics and for defining health measures of prevention and containment. Using multivariate autoregressive (AR) models and robust statistics of causality, this paper analyzes the effect of 19 time series (10 physical and 9 social) on 3 daily CoViD-19 series (infected, hospitalized, deaths) in the Milan area for about 16 months. Robust M-estimation shows the weak effect of climatic and pollution factors, while authority restrictions, people mobility, smart working and vaccination rate have a significant impact. In particular, the vaccination campaign is important for reducing hospitalizations and deaths.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9458756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10276637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban air pollution and emergency department visits for injury in Edmonton and Toronto, Canada","authors":"Mieczysław Szyszkowicz ,&nbsp;Errol M. Thomson ,&nbsp;Nicholas de Angelis ,&nbsp;Curtis Lavoie ,&nbsp;Thắng Chiến Nguyễn","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Air pollution is associated with a broad spectrum of health conditions. Among the reported associations are central nervous system effects, suggesting that air pollution may also affect human behavior and reaction time, which could in turn increase likelihood of injury. Injuries impose a significant public health and economic toll, but to our knowledge the relationship with air pollution has not been examined. This study investigated associations between air pollution and emergency department (ED) visits for injury and poisoning in two Canadian cities (Edmonton, Toronto). Daily concentrations of carbon monoxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), and two air quality indexes (AQHI, AQHIX; incorporating O₃, NO₂, and PM_2.5), were considered. A time-stratified case-crossover design and conditional Poisson regression models were used to study short-term exposure effects (0 to 14 day lags). The analysis was done by sex, age group, and season. Significant positive associations were observed in both cities, albeit with some differences in the pattern of effects across strata. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for an interquartile range (IQR) increase of NO₂ (IQR=13.0 ppb, Edmonton) in cold season (October-March) for male were RR=1.012 (95% CI: 1.005, 1.018), 1.025 (1.018, 1.031), 1.026 (1.020, 1.033), and 1.025 (1.019, 1.032), for lags from 0 to 3 days, respectively. The corresponding results in Toronto (IQR=8.8 ppb) were: 1.010 (1.004, 1.017), 1.007 (1.000, 1.013), 1.009 (1.003, 1.016), and 1.007 (1.000, 1.013). The data suggest a potential association between air pollution and increased number of ED visits for injury.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049222000204/pdfft?md5=b060fd914928db6f5fa79e233c587fdb&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049222000204-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41514021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues and retention rates in two different face masks used during the COVID-19 lockdown period","authors":"Mehmet Ferhat Sari,&nbsp;Fatma Esen,&nbsp;Yücel Tasdemir","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to determine the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in the ambient air and in face masks of different configurations and to reveal how much masks protect from cancer risk. The total concentrations of 43 PCB congeners (∑₄₃PCBs) in the particulate phase, measured with a high-volume air sampler (HVAS), were 169.2±30.7 pg/m³ and the ∑₄₃PCBs concentrations in surgical masks were found to be 201.6±66.6 pg/m³. Similarly, the ∑₄₃PCBs concentrations in double surgical masks were 297.7±62.3 pg/m³ and 126.7±31.7 pg/m³ in non-surgical masks (cloth masks). A typical surgical mask consists of three layers (outer, filter and inner). The ∑₄₃PCBs concentrations in the outer, filter and inner layers were 273.5±8.8, 199.1±25.7 and 132.1±25.9 pg/m³, respectively. Finally, it has been determined how much the masks reduce the risk of cancer that may occur through inhalation of PCBs. According to the results, the mask with the lowest protection was the cloth mask, while the mask with the highest protection was the double surgical mask.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049222000162/pdfft?md5=ad59035d135da2302fb508f764c061b8&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049222000162-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44326449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A meta-analysis of microbial contaminants in selected ready-to-eat foods in Bayelsa State, Nigeria: Public Health implications and risk-reduction strategies","authors":"Sylvester Chibueze Izah ,&nbsp;Ebitimitula Nicholas Etebu ,&nbsp;Tamaraukepreye Catherine Odubo ,&nbsp;Ayobami Omozemoje Aigberua ,&nbsp;Ikiemoye Iniamagha","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Food poisoning is a major public health concern. This study employs a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarise and parameterise microbial densities and isolates in ready-to-eat-foods in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A random effect meta-analysis model is used to compare the microbial density of these foods across the various locations and occurrence rate of the commonly isolated microbes. Whereas meta-analysis results for total heterotrophic bacteria range from 3.65–6.58 Log CFU/g with a <em>p =</em> 0.01 measure of heterogeneity, I² =61% and overall effect being insignificantly different (<em>p =</em> 0.73), total fungi range from 3.10–4.03 Log CFU/g with a <em>p =</em> 0.92 measure of heterogeneity, I² =0% and overall effect being significantly different (<em>p =</em> 0.0001). The measure of heterogeneity for the microbial diversity is <em>p =</em> 0.22, I² =24% and overall effect is insignificant (<em>p =</em> 0.51). 22 microbial genera are isolated and <em>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Aspergillus</em> species depict the highest occurrence rate of 90.48 - 100%, 82.08–88.57% and 57.14- 100% respectively. The availability of these microbial diversities suggests a possible risk of food-borne diseases, hence, the need [i] to enlighten the preparers, vendors and consumers of ready-to-eat foods on the health threats posed by microorganisms found in the foods, [ii] for surveillance of ready-to-eat foods in the study area by appropriate regulatory agencies, and [iii] for vendors to improve on their storage and packaging materials as well as make provision for sources of heat in show glasses in order to retain the freshness of cooked food over prolonged periods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049222000174/pdfft?md5=86394d4fb4e823b29b284479abbff041&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049222000174-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41526837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential diagnostic role of galactomannan and β-D-glucan in occupational asthmatics in wheat mills","authors":"Safaa Elserougy ,&nbsp;Safia Beshir ,&nbsp;Mohamed El-Gewily ,&nbsp;Mustafa El-Husseini ,&nbsp;Salwa Hafez ,&nbsp;Mohamed El-Hamshary","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Occupational asthma is defined as variable airway obstruction due to exposure to a specific substance in the workplace environment. The aim of the study was to find out the frequency of occupational asthma in wheat mill workers and to explore the role of fungi biomarkers (galactomannan (GM) and β-D-glucan (βDG)) in occupational asthma. Subjects and methods: Assessment of fungi in air was done. Spirometric function of workers (n=120) were assessed during diurnal (before and 15 minutes after inhalation of salbutamol) and nocturnal time. Blood samples were analyzed to measure serum GM and βDG and allergen specific immunoglobulin E. The workers were asked about asthma symptoms. Results and conclusion: A significant proportion of workers had occupational asthma (25%) and only four workers (3.3%) had non-occupational asthma (excluded from the study). The rest were normal (86 workers). <em>Penicillium</em> and <em>Aspergillus</em> were the only species found in the air environment. Mean GM concentration (GM-c) was significantly higher among occupational asthmatics than normal workers. The estimated risk of occupational asthma (Odds ratio) was 13.3 times higher among workers with high GM-c (&gt;1 pg/ml). Ln (GM) was the only significant predictor of PEFR variability. GM has a potential diagnostic role in occupational asthma due to fungal exposure among wheat mill workers. βDG did not have a role in occupational asthma. We recommend that wheat mill flour workers should do periodic spirometric functions and serum GM every 6 - 12 months for early diagnosis and control of occupational asthma.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049222000307/pdfft?md5=a122f1a74989922b695ab40c9eb41ace&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049222000307-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49149072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arsenic speciation and concentration in the urine of infants in Xiamen, China:A cross-sectional survey","authors":"W. Zhang, Hongwei Li, Hanying Zheng, H. Lan, Yingying Zhuang","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heha.2022.100037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42734368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence of coliphage in effluent: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","authors":"Kaedra R. Jones ,&nbsp;Sorina Eftim ,&nbsp;Alexander J. Lindahl ,&nbsp;Steven Black ,&nbsp;Sharon P. Nappier","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2022.100014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Studies have illustrated that wastewater treatment methods targeting bacteria do not remove all types of viruses and available epidemiological studies indicate bacteria concentrations may not always be predictive of viral illnesses associated with recreational water exposure. To address these challenges, coliphages have been proposed as an indicator of fecal contamination in recreational water. When compared to traditional fecal indicator bacteria, coliphages exhibit a longer persistence in the environment. The persistence of coliphages in the environment and through wastewater treatment more closely resembles that of pathogenic viruses. We conducted a systematic literature search of peer-reviewed publications to identify coliphage density data (somatic [SC] and male-specific [MSC]) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent categorized as primary, secondary, tertiary treated, or disinfected. Scope, study quality, and data availability were included as literature review inclusion criteria. An analysis was conducted to estimate the coliphage densities for specific treatment types within each respective WWTP effluent category. Densities of MSC and SC in influent were significantly higher when compared to densities of MSC and SC in effluent subjected to secondary treatment using biological treatment processes both with and without nutrient removal, tertiary treatment using either a treatment pond or a phosphate removal process, or disinfection using either chlorine, UV, or a combination of both UV and chlorine. Distributions of coliphage in various wastewater effluents will be useful for evaluating the efficacy of treatment processes and disinfectants in future microbial risk assessments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049222000149/pdfft?md5=a3aa19ad0e6b4fdbbd6d2c048702f444&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049222000149-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42590352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}