Hygiene and environmental health advances最新文献

{"title":"Mechanistic insights into cobalt-induced lung injury: An integrated network toxicology and bioinformatics approach","authors":"Hongyan Yu ,&nbsp;Yingzhu Wang ,&nbsp;Yidi Chen ,&nbsp;Rong Zhang ,&nbsp;Shanfa Yu ,&nbsp;Xiaoting Jin ,&nbsp;Yuxin Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The widespread environmental contamination by cobalt compounds, coupled with their documented respiratory toxicities, has become a pressing public health concern. Current mechanistic research on the health impacts of these substances lacks coherence and integration, highlighting the need for a comprehensive investigation into the mechanisms of cobalt-induced lung injury.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Utilizing CTDbase and NetInfer databases, we obtained target genes of cobalt and its compound and ascertained their associated lung adverse outcomes. Disease-related targets were retrieved from OMIM, DisGeNet, GeneCards, and NCBI databases. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify the core targets between compounds and diseases. Based on the DAVID database, enrichment pathways were evaluated by GO and KEGG analyses. Finally, single-cell analysis was conducted to investigate specific cell types implicated in the cobalt-induced lung hazards.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was determined as the most critical lung injury associated with cobalt compounds. In total, we identified 275 compound-related and 3146 PH-related targets, ultimately pinpointing 169 overlapping targets. Among these, 28 pivotal co-targets were implicated in cobalt and its compound-induced PH, including IL6, AKT1, TNF, TP53, NFKB1, HIF1A, etc., which were primarily involved in the IL-17, TNF, and HIF-1 signaling pathways. Moreover, monocytes and macrophages were recognized as effector cells underlying the induction of PH by cobalt exposure, with CXCL8 and HIF1A serving as signature genes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study not only elucidates pivotal target genes, pathways, and specific cell types involved in cobalt-induced lung hazards, but also establishes a novel approach to clarify the mechanisms underlying metal toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of heavy metals pollution in vegetables grown on irrigated soil and their potential threat to human health and global food security","authors":"Bahati J. Manegabe ,&nbsp;Titus A.M. Msagati ,&nbsp;Adeeyo Adeyemi Ojutalayo ,&nbsp;Marie-Médiatrice Kikongo Ntabugi ,&nbsp;John B. Dewar ,&nbsp;Karin De Bryun","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heavy metals accumulation in vegetables grown on irrigated soils are affected by human-and natural activities. They represent a serious global concern due to the presence of harmful elements in the water used for irrigation that later accumulate in the soil at high level, affecting soil quality, crops and human health. Within the rhizosphere, metals severely affect microbiome and vegetables physiological function, which can compromise vegetable qualities and through their accumulation present a serious threat to consumers. Factors that influence heavy metal availability include the pH, organic matter, crop- and microbial deposits. Plant and associated symbiotic bacteria have evolved strategies to mitigate metal bacterial secretion into rhizosphere, including the siderophores, phytohormones, antibiotics, mucilage, organic acids, phenols, polypeptides, exopolysaccharides (EPS), as well as inorganic ligands such as NH₄⁺, PO₄^3-, and more may chelate heavy metal ions, desirable to decrease the availability and the uptake of heavy metals in plant and bacteria, potentially beneficial to plants and humans. This review focuses on the source of heavy metals in irrigated soils where vegetables are grown, mobility/availability of metals in such soil, uptake/accumulation by the plant, toxicity of these heavy metals to vegetables and human, and the mitigation strategies used by plants and bacteria to reduce the impact of metals on humans via the food chain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomonitoring result of PFAS exposure from Gabreski Air National Firefighting foam among residents in Westhampton, NY","authors":"Yichun Liu ,&nbsp;Eric J. Rose ,&nbsp;Karen Wilson ,&nbsp;Wanhsiang Hsu ,&nbsp;Ming Liu ,&nbsp;Monica Nordstrom ,&nbsp;Elizabeth J. Mullin ,&nbsp;Steven P. Forand","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Perfluorooctanoic sulfonic acid (PFOS) and other per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are considered emerging contaminants. The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) conducted a PFAS biomonitoring program for a sample of the population served by the public water supply in the Westhampton, NY area (<em>n</em> = 161). The objective of this study was to assess PFAS exposure levels in the study area and identify potential risk factors associated with PFAS concentrations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Descriptive analyses were conducted to present both demographic and exposure characteristics. Mann-Whitney U Tests were conducted to compare the differences of four PFAS concentrations, PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA, respectively, between the study group and the general population age 12 years and above (NHANES 2017–2018). Multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine PFAS concentration levels in relation to demographic and exposure characteristics. A sub-analysis was conducted for the female only study group to examine the associations between PFAS, risk factors and reproductive factors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The concentrations of PFAS levels in the Westhampton study group were in general higher than the 2017–2018 U.S population. A positive association was found between age, sex, length of residency (LOR) in the study area and local fish consumption and PFAS serum levels. The final model for PFOS concentrations among females in this study shows that the number of pregnancies was inversely associated with PFOS serum levels. These findings are consistent with other biomonitoring studies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The PFAS serum levels among study population were slightly elevated compared to the general U.S. population, suggesting a possible relation to public drinking water exposure but not indicative of long-term, high-level exposure to PFAS in the area. For a more thorough biomonitoring surveillance, systematic monitoring with more comprehensive questionnaire should be developed for emerging contaminants such as PFAS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of risks associated with environmental change on refractive and non-refractive ocular health: Special focus on Africa","authors":"Emmanuel Elochukwu Okenwa-Vincent ,&nbsp;Nathan Riel ,&nbsp;Linda S. Pagani","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Over the past two decades, the African continent has faced numerous environmental shifts that affect population health. Climate change, rapid urbanization, and air pollution contribute significant risks to human health. The impact of these shifts on refractive and non-refractive ocular health in Africa remains largely empirically undocumented.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>A systematic review of the risks associated with environmental factors on refractive and non-refractive ocular health, with a specific emphasis on the African context.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This systematic review over the recent decade, conforming to PRISMA guidelines, spanned two primary databases, PubMed, and Google Scholar. It included a combination of keywords related to ocular health, environmental change, air pollution, climate change, water quality, and other related concepts. In total, it captured 77 articles from 2013 to July 2023 that met review quality guidelines.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The review comprised varied study designs with a notable inclusion of cross-sectional (25·9%), cohort (14·3%), and review articles (36·4%). Findings indicated a significant correlation between air pollutants like PM_2·5 and NO_x with ocular diseases such as dry eye and ocular surface disorders (16·8%), conjunctival disorders (7·8%), and myopia (5·2%). Climate change exacerbated by rising temperatures and UV radiation was implicated in 39% of studies, with a specific focus on its relation to cataracts (5·2%) and retinal-related disorders (10·4%). Additionally, indoor air pollution disproportionately affected women and children in rural settings of Africa.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The data indicate the need for urgent continental and regional policies against air pollution and climate change to safeguard ocular health, especially among vulnerable African populations. The review underscores the need for interdisciplinary policy to address challenges. The documentation of the relationship between environmental factors and ocular health intersects with Sustainable Development Goals that emphasize the need for improved preventive eye care and intervention, particularly among vulnerable populations and rural inhabitants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban green spaces and mental health: Findings from Uganda","authors":"Hilbert Mendoza ,&nbsp;Solomon T. Wafula ,&nbsp;Katrien De Troeyer ,&nbsp;Hayat Bentouhami ,&nbsp;Busisiwe Shezi ,&nbsp;Grace Biyinzika Lubega ,&nbsp;Rawlance Ndejjo ,&nbsp;John Bosco Isunju ,&nbsp;Richard Mugambe ,&nbsp;David Musoke ,&nbsp;Lidia Casas","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Urban green spaces (UGS) may improve mental health in high-income countries. However, evidence from low-income African countries is scarce. Here, we assessed the associations of UGS with depressive and anxiety symptoms among adult residents of Kampala District (Uganda), the potential effect modification by sociodemographic factors, and the mediation roles of social interaction, outdoor physical activity, and residential distance to major roads as a proxy of traffic-related air pollution.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 641 adults. We objectively measured UGS using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within buffers of 100 m and 1,000 m around the residences. We assessed the utilization of UGS as a self-reported frequency (never, occasionally, and frequently) by which individuals visited UGS in the past 6 months. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale were used to examine the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms respectively. We used modified Poisson regression models to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CI), stratified our models, and conducted mediation analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We observed an inverse association between UGS and both outcomes. For example, an inter-quartile range increase in UGS within a 100 m buffer was associated with a 6 % and 8 % decrease in depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively (PR=0.94; 95 % CI=0.89–0.99, and PR=0.92; 95 % CI=0.85–0.95, respectively). Consistently, frequent visits to UGS relative to no visits were associated with a 33 % and 35 % lower prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms (PR=0.67; 95 %CI=0.53–0.84, and PR=0.65; 95 %CI=0.47–0.91, respectively). Depending on the UGS metric, we observed varying potential effect modification findings by sex, age, and educational level. Finally, residential distance to major roads emerged as a mediator in the association between residential surrounding greenness and depressive symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study suggests that UGS may also improve the mental health among residents of rapidly urbanizing African low-income cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143921913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing health risk reduction from road traffic noise: The impact of vehicle composition and traffic speed in the transition to electric vehicles – A prediction in Sapporo City, Japan","authors":"Farah Elida Selamat ,&nbsp;Junta Tagusari","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental noise poses a risk to public health. Recent societal shifts aimed at creating a low-carbon society are expected to change the acoustic landscape, such as the transition from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric vehicles (EVs). However, the impact of transitioning to EVs on traffic conditions and health risk reduction remains uncertain. This study aims to evaluate traffic efficiency and clarify how shifting from ICEVs to EVs influences health risks associated with road traffic noise. We analysed the relationship between health risk reduction, vehicle composition (i.e., proportion/percentage of heavy vehicles), and traffic speed according to the CNOSSOS-EU noise emission model and the exposure-response functions provided in the Environmental Noise Guidelines by the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO-EU). The results were validated by estimating the reduction of health risks in small and large urban areas using actual traffic conditions. The results of the calculations indicate that a greater percentage of heavy EVs and lower traffic speeds lead to a more significant reduction in health risks. In the two selected areas, the region with a higher proportion of heavy EVs achieved a risk reduction of 30–40 %, whereas the area with a lower percentage of heavy EVs experienced approximately a 20 % reduction. The reduction of each health risk in both areas was consistent with the calculation results. In Sapporo City, the health risk reduction was estimated to be 15—20 %. This study demonstrated that transitioning to EVs effectively reduces health risks associated with road traffic noise and identifies the optimal traffic conditions for minimizing these risks. Increasing the adoption of EVs could serve as a significant strategy for alleviating the health impacts of road traffic noise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between temperature variability, morbidity and mortality for specific categories of disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Maxwell D. Weidmann","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While research into temperature-related health outcomes has focused on absolute temperature exposure, an increasing number of studies have explored the distinct effect of temperature variability (TV). However, systematic reviews in this area have focused on a limited number of health outcomes and intra-day TV. A systematic review was therefore conducted for studies of intra- and/or inter-day TV and cardiovascular, respiratory, renal or mental illnesses through April 2023 (<em>n</em> = 38). There was a consistent relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) or respiratory disease (RD) morbidity, mortality and both diurnal temperature range (DTR) or short-term inter-day TV, particularly for the elderly. The effect of DTR and short-term inter-day TV were stronger on hot days and the warm season for CVD, but on cold days and cold season for RD. Meta-analysis for CVD or RD and DTR showed a significant 0.7 %/C° increase in CVD mortality, but not morbidity, while RD showed a significant 1.0 %/C° and 0.7 %/C° increase in morbidity and mortality, respectively. Most studies focused on CVD, RD, DTR or short-term inter-day TV, while few studies explored renal, GU, or mental health outcomes aside from schizophrenia. Future studies are needed to assess non-linear relationships between TV and disease, and the modifying effect of socioeconomic status.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clarifying the misuse of EC50, IC50, and LC50 in cytotoxicity study of water disinfection byproducts: A critical analysis and perspective","authors":"Zhuorong Du,&nbsp;Jiafu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cytotoxicity serves as a crucial standard for assessing the potential health risks posed by water disinfection by-products (DBPs). The precise use of toxicological metrics, such as EC₅₀, IC₅₀, and LC₅₀, is essential for reliable safety evaluations and effective prioritization of DBPs for regulatory control. However, recent studies have increasingly applied these metrics interchangeably, undermining the accuracy of research findings and hindering meaningful cross-study comparisons, which may even impact public health decision-making and the development of DBP regulatory policies. This paper seeks to clarify the distinctions between these metrics, emphasize their correct application, and propose strategies to promote consistency and accuracy in future research on DBP cytoxicity, ultimately contributing to improved public health protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought, desiccation, dust, and aridity in the American West: A California overview of climate change exposures, regional factors, and social conditions on maternal and child health","authors":"Dharshani Pearson","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When addressing climate change-associated health effects in children, much of the existing literature has focused on heat exposure. The role dust, drought, wetland desiccation (exposed lakebeds), and wind may have on health has been discussed less frequently. Many of these exposures affect children in rural populations who traditionally have fewer resources and healthcare options available to them. Some of the same children also belong to marginalized groups, ethnic minorities, or have pre-existing lung health issues, and often experience health disparities. In this overview, we discuss how these exposures along with social conditions and genetic susceptibility can affect children's health in the American West, considering: dusty conditions and coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever), exposed lakebeds and lung health, environmental factors and Kawasaki disease (KD), and dust events and motor vehicle accidents. With this summary, which utilizes a multifactorial approach, we stress further research could confirm current findings in other regions of the American West in addition to California, identify more vulnerable subgroups, and inform better policy. Considering exposures other than heat in a broader, more holistic perspective can more fully and equitably address climate change and children's health, setting the stage for a better health trajectory throughout the life course, especially in rural and tribal populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of Escherichia coli in drinking water: A comparative study of indoor and outdoor sources over four years across Bahia, Brazil","authors":"Danilo Moreira Vilas Boas ,&nbsp;Wilson José Fernandes Lemos Junior ,&nbsp;Joselene Nascimento ,&nbsp;Clícia Leite ,&nbsp;Juliana Matos ,&nbsp;Francine Paz ,&nbsp;Anderson S. Sant'Ana ,&nbsp;Alaíse Gil Guimarães","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waterborne diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever, pose significant health risks, particularly in areas with inadequate sanitation and contaminated water sources. The Northeast region of Brazil, characterized by limited water resources and high population density, faces challenges in maintaining water quality and distribution. This study aims to evaluate the microbiological quality of drinking water and its relation to the occurrence of waterborne diseases in outdoor environments over a four-year period. A total of 8497 water samples were analyzed, comprising 7912 outdoor and indoor samples and 585 longitudinal indoor samples from a resort-type hotel complex. The study focused on outdoor water sources such as swimming pools, rivers, lakes, and seas. An experimental design was further implemented to assess the microbiological quality of indoor water sources through a longitudinal case study. Among the 7912 outdoor and indoor samples, 1603 showed total coliforms, 501 exhibited growth of thermotolerant coliforms, and 106 tested positive for <em>Escherichia coli</em> (EC). In contrast, indoor samples demonstrated better microbiological quality, with only 18 samples containing total coliforms and none testing positive for EC. Ensuring the microbiological quality of drinking water is vital for public health and the prevention of waterborne diseases. The presence of contaminants in outdoor sources highlights the need for rigorous control mechanisms and monitoring, especially in high-risk regions. Indoor water sources, when properly maintained, can significantly reduce contamination risks, emphasizing the importance of stringent water treatment and hygiene practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}