Frontiers in allergy最新文献

{"title":"Reducing ocular <i>Demodex</i> using petroleum jelly may alleviate dry eye syndrome, blepharitis, facial dermatoses, ocular and respiratory allergies, and decrease associated prescribing: a hypothesis.","authors":"Diana E Senior-Fletcher","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1576102","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1576102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Demodex</i> eyelash mites are increasingly associated with eye and skin inflammation in humans, and cause demodectic mange in mammals. Informal accounts of symptom improvement and reduced need for anti-allergy medicines, when <i>Demodex</i> reproduction is prevented, indicate a further role linking <i>Demodex</i> to rhinitis, asthma and dermatitis. Their mobility, allergenic debris and consequential immunological impact may also explain progression of allergies in the <i>\"allergic march\"</i>. Being photophobic and nocturnal, <i>Demodex folliculorum</i> shelter, feed, and sleep in eyelash follicles during daylight. Coston (1967) speculated that <i>Demodex</i> emerge to mate during darkness and observed that medicated ointments rubbed into the eyelid margins at bedtime treated <i>Demodex</i> blepharitis effectively, presumably by preventing mating. Sixteen cases are described retrospectively whereby interested volunteers adopted Coston's technique, using unmedicated petroleum jelly. To break the lifecycle, a minimum 28-day course was advised, though concordance varied. Fourteen people reported relief from a surprising range of symptoms including not only dry eye and blepharitis but also rhinitis, asthma, angioedema and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Analysis of GP prescribing data in three volunteers allowed comparison of five-year periods immediately before and after starting continuous treatment. Mean yearly issues of anti-allergy and antimicrobial medicines reduced from 15.6 (range 8-25) to 1.8 (range 0-4), representing an 88.5% decrease for Volunteer 1 and from 5.8 (range 3-9) and 14.2 issues (range 9-24) to zero for both Volunteer 2 and Volunteer 13 respectively, representing 100% reductions in prescribing. Exacerbations of acne and dermatitis in two cases illustrate possible <i>Demodex</i> involvement in common dermatoses. This account is limited by its informal and retrospective nature in a disparate cohort, without assessment of <i>Demodex</i> levels. These preliminary observations support the hypothesis that <i>Demodex</i> allergens may trigger facial, ocular and respiratory inflammation and that reducing mite count with petroleum jelly improves symptoms. Formal clinical trials are needed to test this hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1576102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12405285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitization to inhaled and food allergen sources in patients with allergic diseases in Eastern China.","authors":"Zhibang Hu, Chunhui Wang, Jianrong Xue, Shiyu Yang, Yongzheng Bao, Yunhui Wu, Xiaoju Hou, Yishake Kaiseer, Jing Ma","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1616730","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1616730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Allergen exposure plays a critical role in the onset of allergic disease, and the distribution of allergens varies by geographic location, climate, and lifestyle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 4,149 patients with clinically suspected allergic diseases who sought medical care at Changzhou Third People's Hospital. The total IgE and specific IgE (sIgE) levels for 19 inhaled and food allergen sources were assessed using the Mediwiss AllergyScreen system. The sensitization patterns to various allergen sources were delineated based on sex and age categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2,491 (60.04%) patients were positive for sIgE to at least one allergen source. Specifically, 997 (40.02%) patients were positive for one allergen source, while 1,494 (59.98%) were positive for two or more allergen sources. The sensitization rate for inhaled allergen sources was 49.41% (2,050), which was significantly higher than that for food allergen sources at 36.61% (1,519) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The most commonly inhaled allergen source was <i>D. pteronyssinus</i> (37.58%, 1,559/4,149), followed by mold mix (13.11%, 544/4,149) and house dust (9.11%, 378/4,149). Among food allergen sources, the most prevalent reactions were cashew nut (15.57%, 646/4,149), cow's milk (10.99%, 456/4,149), and egg (9.33%, 387/4,149). The majority of sIgE levels were concentrated in the lower grades (grade I to III), while eight cases of crab and six cases of shrimp allergen sources presented at the highest responses (grade IV). Males exhibited significantly higher sIgE-positive rates for both inhaled and food allergen sources than females (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Additionally, the sIgE-positive rates for most inhaled and food allergen sources displayed significant variations across different age groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The highest sIgE-positive rate for inhaled allergen sources was observed in the 11-15 years group, and the positive rates of sIgE for food allergen sources decreased with advancing age. The levels of total serum IgE also varied among different age groups, with 2,631 (63.41%) individuals belonging to the high-concentration group. Total serum IgE exhibited an upward trend until the age of 11-15 years, which was then followed by a steady decrease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results revealed the sensitization characteristics of allergen sources in eastern China, providing valuable insights into the prevention, diagnosis, and management of allergic diseases in this region.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1616730"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12405366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of food allergy reaction severity: biomarkers and host factors.","authors":"David J Fitzhugh","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1578601","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1578601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prediction of food allergy reaction severity remains a challenging clinical dilemma, with no single biomarker or patient factor serving as a definitive predictor. Clinically, being able to accurately estimate future reaction severity would be a key advancement in terms of risk-stratifying patients who might most benefit from specific immunotherapy, anti-IgE therapy, or at minimum, ensuring this population always has autoinjectable epinephrine. This mini-review explores advancements in two key domains: biomarkers and host factors. Biomarker studies highlight the predictive limitations of IgE sensitization levels, while emerging tools such as basophil activation tests (BAT) and bead-based epitope assays (BBEA) are promising but are not yet in widespread use. Specifically, BAT demonstrates superior discriminatory power for severe peanut and baked egg reactions, whereas Arah2 component level above 1.4 kU/L suggest a more severe peanut allergy phenotype. Host factors, including comorbid conditions, age, and behavioral variables, further complicate severity prediction. While asthma has frequently been assumed to be involved in more severe reactions, recent meta-analyses refute this association unless asthma is poorly controlled. Similarly, a history of anaphylaxis does not reliably predict future reaction severity. Age emerges as a significant variable, with adolescents through the fourth decade of life displaying a higher risk for severe reactions. Additionally, cofactors such as exercise, alcohol, and certain medications may modulate reaction severity, albeit with varying degrees of evidence. Despite these advances, significant knowledge gaps remain in predicting reaction severity with high confidence. The future likely lies in a multifactorial approach. Understanding the interplay of biomarkers and host factors will be crucial in developing more accurate predictive models, ultimately enhancing food allergy management and patient safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1578601"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12380843/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144981003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial haplogroup M contributes to asthma risk in the Kuwaiti population.","authors":"Mohammed Dashti, Hussain Bahbahani, Hussain Alsaleh, Thangavel Alphonse Thanaraj, Fahd Al-Mulla","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1618964","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1618964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Asthma is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease characterized by intermittent airflow obstruction, which may result in irreversible pathological remodelling of the airways. In Kuwait, the prevalence of asthma among young adults is approximately 11%, with a strong maternal influence on asthma risk. While nuclear genetic studies have identified several asthma-associated loci, the role of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in asthma susceptibility remains poorly understood, particularly in Middle Eastern populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this exploratory study, we analysed mtDNA from 287 Kuwaiti individuals, including 48 asthmatics and 239 controls, extracted from whole-exome sequencing data (average coverage 27×), with variant calling via GATK and haplogroup assignment using HaploGrep2. Logistic regression was used to assess associations between mtDNA variants/haplogroups and asthma, adjusting for age, sex, and BMI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mitochondrial haplogroup M was identified as a significant risk factor for asthma (OR = 3.37; 95% CI = 1.09-10.42; <i>P</i> = 0.035). Additionally, we identified fourteen mtDNA variants associated with asthma risk through complementary case-control and exclusivity analyses. These variants are located within genes encoding subunits of mitochondrial Complex I (<i>MT-ND1</i>, <i>MT-ND3</i>, <i>MT-ND5</i>), Complex III (<i>MT-CYB</i>), Complex IV (<i>MT-CO1</i>, <i>MT-CO2</i>), and the mitochondrial control region. Most are linked to dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, key processes implicated in asthma pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that mitochondrial haplogroup M and specific mtDNA variants contribute to asthma susceptibility in the Kuwaiti population. These insights provide a foundation for future research on mitochondrial genetic influences in asthma and highlight the need for larger studies to validate these associations and explore potential therapeutic implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1618964"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144980974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Veterinary rhinology and emerging insights in olfaction.","authors":"Melissa Singletary, Cynthia M Otto","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1668340","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1668340","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1668340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144980951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eosinophils in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: an ROS-centric view.","authors":"Toshihiro Tomii, Gen Kano","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1608202","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1608202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eosinophils (Eos), long recognized for their roles in allergy and helminth defense, are now emerging as key players in gastrointestinal immune regulation. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), eosinophils are frequently elevated in both blood and intestinal tissues, yet their functional significance has been underexplored. This review reexamines the role of eosinophils in IBD pathogenesis, integrating recent insights into mucosal immunity and tissue homeostasis. We outline the shift in perspective from viewing eosinophils solely as inflammatory effectors to recognizing their dual roles in inflammation and repair. Clinical and experimental findings reveal correlations between eosinophil abundance, activation markers, granule protein release, and disease activity in IBD. Central to our model is the regulatory function of eosinophil-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide, in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. Dysregulation of ROS-due to dysbiosis or genetic variants-may impair healing and exacerbate inflammation. We further highlight Siglec-8, an inhibitory receptor on eosinophils that induces apoptosis in response to Neu5Ac-containing sialic acids. This pathway may be disrupted by Neu5Gc, a non-human sialic acid abundant in red meat, potentially linking Western diets to impaired eosinophil regulation. These findings suggest new therapeutic directions targeting Siglec-8 and ROS balance to modulate eosinophil activity and restore intestinal immune homeostasis in IBD. These insights may also help bridge traditionally distinct disease paradigms by highlighting a potential common pathogenic mechanism of epithelial barrier dysfunction and dysregulated eosinophil activation shared between allergic diseases (e.g., asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis) and IBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1608202"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144980992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing equity in allergy and immunology: progress, pitfalls, and the path forward.","authors":"Philip Mendez, Ayobami Akenroye, Sharmilee M Nyenhuis, Juan Carlos Cardet","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1639718","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1639718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Health disparities in allergic and immunologic conditions are shaped by unequal exposure to social determinants of health (SDoH), including education, healthcare quality, neighborhood and built environment, social context, and economic stability. This review summarizes recent literature on disparities across asthma, food allergy, eosinophilic esophagitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, drug allergy, and primary immunodeficiency. Marginalized populations-including Black, Latinx, and low-income individuals-experience delayed diagnoses, limited access to specialist care, underuse of evidence-based therapies, and disproportionate exposure to environmental triggers. The manuscript highlights successful interventions including community health worker-led outreach, school-based programs, housing modifications, and policy reforms addressing affordability, housing, and environmental quality. However, recent cuts to federal agency staffing and funding jeopardize continued progress, threatening public health infrastructure that supports equitable care for many diseases. Sustained investment, interdisciplinary collaboration, and policy-driven strategies remain critical to addressing persistent inequities and improving outcomes in historically underserved communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1639718"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12354566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144877101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Labeled NSAID hypersensitivity and the risk of opioid prescribing; an observational study.","authors":"Laila Carolina Abu Esba, Reham Alhoraibi, Salem Abu Al-Burak, Husam I Ardah","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1611309","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1611309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>NSAIDs are widely used for pain management but are second only to antibiotics in causing drug hypersensitivity reactions. Misclassification of these reactions often leads to unnecessary avoidance of the entire drug class, potentially resulting in increased opioid prescribing. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of NSAID hypersensitivity, cross-reactivity patterns, and the association between NSAID hypersensitivity and opioid prescribing. The use of COX-2 selective inhibitors as a safe alternative was also explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, including patients with documented NSAID hypersensitivity between 2016 and 2023. Data on demographics, hypersensitivity reactions, NSAID cross-reactivity, and opioid prescriptions were collected. Patients with penicillin hypersensitivity were included for comparison. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between NSAID hypersensitivity and opioid prescribing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 319 patients with NSAID hypersensitivity, 30% (<i>n</i> = 96) were classified as true allergy, 12.5% (<i>n</i> = 40) as pseudo-allergy, and 57% (<i>n</i> = 183) were unclassified. Cross-reactivity between NSAIDs was observed in 13%, although 52% tolerated at least one other NSAID. Patients with NSAID hypersensitivity were 62% more likely to be prescribed opioids compared to those with penicillin hypersensitivity [adjusted OR 1.62 (95% CI: 1.40-1.88), <i>p</i> < 0.001]. Celecoxib was underutilized, prescribed to only 10% of hypersensitive patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NSAID hypersensitivity is associated with increased opioid prescribing due to class-wide avoidance. Despite concerns about cross-reactivity, many patients can tolerate alternative NSAIDs. Improved classification tools and clinical decision support systems are needed to guide prescribers.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1611309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12339446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144838732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Efficacy of index of reactivity-liquid sublingual immunotherapy in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies.","authors":"Danilo Di Bona, Andrea Di Biase, Giovanni Paoletti, Rosanna Villani, Gaetano Serviddio, Josiane Cognet-Sicé, Silvia Scurati, Giorgio Walter Canonica","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1652198","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1652198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2025.1597003.].</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1652198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12333659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144818395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shrimp oral immunotherapy outcomes in the phase 2 clinical trial: MOTIF.","authors":"Shirley Y Jiang, Shu Cao, Kristine Martinez, Reyna Sharma, Olivia Raeber, Andrea Fernandes, Dinara Bogetic, Abhinav Kaushik, Sheena Gupta, Monali Manohar, Holden T Maeker, Andrew R Chin, Andrew J Long, Catherine Feight, Margaret Woch, Kari C Nadeau, R Sharon Chinthrajah, Sayantani B Sindher","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1458131","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1458131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Shrimp is a common but understudied food allergen with relatively high rates of emergency department visits. Here we report the shrimp OIT outcomes in the MOTIF (NCT03504774) clinical trial and discuss some of the challenges with performing this study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this phase 2 clinical trial, 12 shrimp allergic participants aged 7-55 years (median age 21.5 years) were enrolled to receive shrimp OIT. Shrimp OIT was performed up to a maintenance dose of 1,000 mg shrimp protein by week 28 with desensitization to shrimp assessed by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge at week 52 followed by switching to avoidance and assessing sustained unresponsiveness (SU) at week 58. The primary endpoint was the change in CD28 in CD4+ allergen specific (CD154+) T-cells at baseline and 52 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Shrimp OIT induced desensitization to a cumulative 4,043 mg shrimp protein in 58.3% (7/12) of the intention to treat and 87.5% (7/8) of the per protocol group after 52 weeks of shrimp OIT. Most shrimp OIT participants who remained in the study after desensitization (87.5%, 7/8) achieved SU. Although adverse events were common during shrimp OIT (75%), most were mild (Bock grade 1, 88%) and there were no severe (Bock grade 3+) reactions or use of epinephrine. No significant differences in CD28 expression were observed after shrimp OIT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Shrimp OIT is safe and effective for the treatment of shrimp allergy. Most participants were successful and achieved SU after 6 weeks of avoidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1458131"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12321884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144790903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}