Frontiers in allergy最新文献

{"title":"Correction: Effectiveness and safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy using a depigmented, polymerized extract of cat epithelium in allergic patients: a retrospective, real-world study.","authors":"María Aránzazu Jiménez-Blanco, María Rosario González-Mendiola, Cosmin Boteanu, Javier Dionicio Elera, Maria Luisa Sánchez-Millán, M Ruíz-García, Jose Julio Laguna","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1918161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2026.1918161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2025.1642315.].</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"7 ","pages":"1918161"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13579387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148992864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence-assisted type 2 inflammatory endotyping in CRSwNP: from Sinus CT and digital pathology to biologic decision support.","authors":"Xinou Jiang, Tianhui Kang, Chuan Chen, Hong Qiao, Wei Lv, Aodeng Surita","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1923079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2026.1923079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous rhinologic disease frequently driven by type 2 inflammation, yet routine clinical phenotyping remains insufficient for endotype-informed management. Conventional markers, including blood eosinophils, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), fractional exhaled nitric oxide, tissue eosinophilia, nasal polyp score, and sinus computed tomography (CT) scores, provide useful but incomplete information. Artificial intelligence (AI) enables integration of sinus CT, radiomic features, digital pathology, biomarkers, comorbidities, and follow-up treatment outcomes. Emerging studies suggest that CT-based AI supports non-invasive identification of eosinophilic or type 2-high disease, whereas digital pathology links routine histology with inflammatory and molecular endotypes. However, published evidence remains dominated by retrospective single-modality studies or partial multi-source integration, and no model has yet jointly integrated sinus CT, digital whole-slide pathology, and biomarkers in CRSwNP. Additional limitations include heterogeneous endotype labels, insufficient external validation, and uncertain clinical utility for biologic decision-making. This Mini Review synthesizes existing single-modality artificial intelligence pipelines, contextualizes CRSwNP as a representative disease model for AI-driven type 2 inflammatory endotyping, and proposes a clinically oriented, multimodal interpretable scoring framework integrating sinus imaging and digital pathology to support precision type 2 stratification in CRS management.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"7 ","pages":"1923079"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13578729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148992812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent presumed allergic fungal rhinosinusitis during tezepelumab therapy with improvement after revision surgery: a case report.","authors":"Bashayer Saad Hamoud Alsultan, Aasem Gharamah Alshehri, Leen Abdulmohsin Sarhan, Ghadah Saad H Alsultan, Yahya Shabi","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1944701","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1944701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a clinically distinct subset of type 2 chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), characterized by markedly elevated total IgE, fungal sensitization, and expansile disease with bony remodeling. Definitive diagnosis requires all five Bent and Kuhn criteria, including histopathological demonstration of eosinophilic mucin without tissue invasion and a positive fungal stain. Tezepelumab, a monoclonal antibody against thymic stromal lymphopoietin (anti-TSLP), has phase 3 evidence in severe CRSwNP but has not been evaluated specifically in AFRS. We report a 32-year-old woman with an AFRS-like CRSwNP phenotype, clinically and radiologically suspected but not histologically confirmed (total serum IgE 1,330 IU/mL; fungal polysensitization to Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium and Candida) and severe asthma. During 11 months of tezepelumab prescribed for severe asthma rather than initiated for sinonasal disease, sinonasal disease was not controlled: the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) score remained severe (85→89/110) and imaging showed interval progression of maxillary disease, with persistence of a left posterior ethmoidal mucocele encroaching on the optic canal and orbit that had already been present on pre-biologic imaging. Revision endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was required; two months postoperatively the SNOT-22 improved markedly to 48/110 and asthma control improved partially (Asthma Control Test [ACT] 8→15/25). The temporal pattern is compatible with improvement following surgery rather than anti-TSLP therapy, although perioperative corticosteroids, continued medical treatment, changes in adherence and the natural course of disease may also have contributed. A single, uncontrolled observation with only two months of postoperative follow-up cannot establish that TSLP blockade is ineffective in AFRS; it does illustrate that fixed structural disease may not be addressed by biologic therapy alone. Dedicated prospective studies of anti-TSLP therapy in histologically confirmed AFRS are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"7 ","pages":"1944701"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13572269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148972467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allergen extract-based sensitization patterns in mono-sensitized versus multi-sensitized patients with allergic rhinitis in Ningxia, China.","authors":"Yuqiao Zhang, Peng Liu, Fengxia Yang, Xiaohui Yan, Xueliang Shen, Xiyuan Yan, Ruixia Ma","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1848987","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1848987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and multi-sensitization experience more severe symptoms and a higher risk of asthma complications compared to those with mono-sensitization. Allergen proportion is closely linked to geographical distribution, yet detailed profiles of multi-sensitized AR patients in Ningxia, China, remain underexplored.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the distribution of inhaled allergens and associated factors in multi-sensitized AR patients in Ningxia, providing a data foundation for individualized treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis included 1,180 AR patients diagnosed at Yinchuan First People's Hospital (January 2018-August 2022) who underwent serum allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) testing. After excluding 70 patients who tested negative for all 10 inhalant allergens, 1,110 patients with at least one positive inhalant allergen were analyzed. Among them, 826 patients with ≥2 positive inhalant allergens (multi-sensitized group) and 284 with a single positive inhalant allergen (mono-sensitized group) were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>(1) 74.4% (826/1,110) of sensitized AR patients had multi-sensitization. (2) The predominant inhaled allergens were mugwort (74.1%), ragweed (54.7%), and tree mix (49.2%). (3) The top allergens by mean sIgE intensity were mugwort (3.65), cat dander (3.06), and house dust (3.00). (4) Multi-sensitization was significantly associated with age (<i>χ</i> ² = 116.032, <i>P</i> < 0.001), food allergy comorbidity (<i>χ</i> ² = 107.622, <i>P</i> < 0.001), season of consultation (<i>χ</i> ² = 58.475, <i>P</i> < 0.001), COVID-19 pandemic period (<i>χ</i> ² = 85.513, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and ethnicity (<i>χ</i> ² = 64.627, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Post-COVID-19, the proportion of multi-sensitization decreased from 80.0% to 55.2%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pollen allergens, particularly mugwort, are the most common triggers for multi-sensitized AR patients in Ningxia, demonstrating distinct regional and demographic patterns. Comprehensive allergen testing, local pollen monitoring, and exposure reduction are crucial for managing this high-risk subgroup.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"7 ","pages":"1848987"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13572123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148972417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can negative HRCT locate ethmoid CSF leaks? A retrospective analysis.","authors":"Jie-Wen Zhou, Xin-Yu Zhang, Yu-Wen Gong, Jing-Wen Yuan, Meng-Qi Zhao, Xiao-Bai Pang, Jian Li, Wei-Ping Wen, Nian-Zhen Zheng","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1914144","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1914144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is a rare condition, and preoperative identification of the defect location can be challenging. This study aims to summarize the clinical characteristics of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea and analyze the relationship between ethmoid region defects and missed detection on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT).</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>We included patients diagnosed with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea via endoscopic surgery from 2016 to 2024 at the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University.</p><p><strong>Review methods: </strong>Retrospective cohort study. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to summarize clinical characteristics. The t-test and Fisher's exact test were used for comparison between patients with defects located in the ethmoid region and those without. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between ethmoid region defects and HRCT missed detection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 49 patients were included in the study, comprising 20 males (40.82%) and 29 females (59.18%). The average BMI was 25.68 kg/m². Common symptoms included clear rhinorrhea (89.80%) and headache (20.41%). Multifactorial logistic regression revealed that patients with ethmoid region defects had a 0.04 times lower likelihood of HRCT detection (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.00-0.40) compared to those with defects located elsewhere.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ethmoid region is the most common site of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea. Pre-operative detection of rhinorrhea defects using HRCT, the most commonly used imaging method in clinical practice, is challenging. Endoscope exploration is necessary for patients who had suspicious symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"7 ","pages":"1914144"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13561782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148957424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute tree nut-triggered food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in two infants: a case report.","authors":"Mariëtte R Nortier, Anke M Merks, Anneke A van Boekholt, Irene C E M Herpertz, Hylke H A C M van der Heijden, Marjoke M J Verweij","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1926479","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1926479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE-mediated food allergy characterised by delayed repetitive vomiting and can be difficult to distinguish from infectious illness or even an IgE-mediated allergy. Tree nuts are uncommon but increasingly recognised triggers, and evidence regarding atypical FPIES with concomitant IgE sensitisation remains limited.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We describe two infants with severe acute reactions to tree nuts who were managed at a paediatric allergy centre. The first, a boy with eczema and cow's milk allergy, developed reproducible delayed vomiting, pallor, and lethargy after cashew ingestion; an oral food challenge (OFC) confirmed atypical FPIES to cashew and required treatment with intravenous fluids, anti-emetics, and corticosteroids. The second, a girl with eczema and a complex allergic phenotype, had IgE-mediated peanut allergy, FPIES to egg and walnut, and presumed atypical FPIES to cashew. Her reactions were characterised by repetitive vomiting, pallor, lethargy, and hypotension with loss of consciousness, requiring intravenous fluid resuscitation. In both cases, interpretation of the symptoms was challenging due to concomitant infections.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These cases add to the limited literature on tree nut-triggered FPIES, illustrate the complexity of atypical FPIES when sensitisation coexists, and highlight challenges in allergen introduction, OFC timing, and management of infants with multiple food allergies.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"7 ","pages":"1926479"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13558101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148931387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taming pet allergens: strategies to make furry cats less allergenic.","authors":"Carole Guillet, Alessia Lüthi, Lara Šošić, Marta Paolucci, Thomas M Kündig, Pål Johansen","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1930696","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1930696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Much research on allergy to furry animals focuses on diagnosis and treatment of the human patients. However, this review will explore strategies aimed at reducing the allergenic potential of the furry animals themselves. A primary focus is vaccination of cats to induce allergen-specific IgG and IgA antibodies. These antibodies can bind the major allergens, potentially prevent their shedding, or neutralise them when exposure occurs. By consequence, neutralising antibodies can reduce IgE-mediated reactions in humans. Two key studies by Thoms et al. (PMID: 32155887; 31056187) provide proof-of-concept for this approach. After vaccination of cats, these produced anti-Fel d 1 IgG and IgA and the cat owners experienced improved tolerance to their pets. Complementary strategies include physical removal of allergens from furry animals through grooming methods such as combing, bathing, or using wipes and enzymatic washing agents, which can reduce the allergen load in the environment. Finally, selective breeding and choice of animal breeds with inherently lower allergen production or reduced shedding may further mitigate exposure. Together, these interventions represent a shift from exclusively human-targeted allergy therapies toward integrated approaches that manage allergen sources at their origin. This review will discuss current evidence, practical implications, and future directions for allergen-reducing strategies in furry animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"7 ","pages":"1930696"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13555257/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148921927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Granular parakeratosis associated with the use of laundry sanitizers containing benzalkonium chloride: a case report.","authors":"Meizhen Fang, Jingqiu Zhang, Zilu Qu, Bin Hu, Yun Xia, Liang Zhang, Liuqing Chen","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1906480","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1906480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Granular parakeratosis (GP) is a rare benign inflammatory dermatosis that preferentially involves the axillae and other intertriginous, friction-prone skin sites and typically presents with pruritic erythema and scaling. Cases associated with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) exposure have rarely been systematically summarized, and further clinical evidence is needed. Herein, we report a case of generalized GP potentially associated with long-term exposure to a BAC-containing laundry sanitizer, with the aim of expanding the clinical spectrum of cutaneous adverse reactions associated with BAC.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 43-year-old Asian man presented with a persistent rash on the trunk and intertriginous areas for more than 1 year. He had a long-standing history of eczema with possible underlying skin-barrier dysfunction but no confirmed diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. He had regularly used a commercial laundry sanitizer containing BAC (0.5 g/L) for clothing disinfection since June 2020, at a frequency of 1-3 times per week. The first rash appeared in July 2021, approximately 13 months after the start of exposure, initially involving the groin and subsequently spreading symmetrically to the neck, axillae, antecubital fossae, lateral waist, back (with sparing of the spinal midline), and undergarment-covered areas. Fungal microscopy and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were negative. Histopathology showed epidermal hyperkeratosis with characteristic granular parakeratosis, intracorneal pustule formation, neutrophil aggregation, and superficial dermal perivascular inflammatory infiltrates. Direct immunofluorescence for IgG, IgA, IgM, and C3 was negative. In August 2023, the patient completely discontinued the BAC-containing laundry sanitizer, repeatedly rinsed all garments with clean water, and used topical emollients for skin-barrier repair. The lesions gradually subsided and achieved complete clinical remission in September 2023, approximately 1 month after the intervention. No recurrence was observed during 1 year of follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Exposure to BAC-containing laundry sanitizer may be a potential trigger for generalized GP in susceptible individuals. A history of eczema and associated skin-barrier dysfunction may increase susceptibility to irritant exposure. Avoidance of suspected irritants together with skin-barrier repair may be effective in the management of BAC-associated GP. Further prospective studies and confirmatory testing are needed to clarify the causal relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"7 ","pages":"1906480"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13553242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148921910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined in-office endoscopic debridement and supine head-hanging budesonide instillation for postoperative difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Lili Wang, Minghui Zhou, Shanpeng Yuan, Yang Jiao, Luping Wang, Yunpeng Ba, Qingwen Zhu","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1914838","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1914838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) may remain uncontrolled after adequate endoscopic sinus surgery and guideline-directed postoperative therapy. Obstructive edematous or polypoid tissue in the operated sinus cavity may limit topical corticosteroid access and delay mucosal recovery. We evaluated whether an intensified outpatient strategy-targeted in-office endoscopic debridement followed by supine head-hanging budesonide instillation-was associated with earlier recorded postoperative cavity epithelialization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center retrospective cohort included 102 adults treated from January 2020 to January 2025 and reassessed against EPOS 2020 difficult-to-treat criteria. Fifty-two patients received the intensified strategy, and 50 received conventional budesonide nasal spray; both groups received the same 7-day oral methylprednisolone course. The primary endpoint was recorded postoperative cavity epithelialization at 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints included 8-week epithelialization, time to first recorded epithelialization, symptom and Lund-Kennedy score improvement, exploratory adjusted association with 12-week epithelialization, and adverse events documented in records. Because the intensified strategy comprised multiple co-delivered components, the study evaluated the overall strategy, not individual components.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Epithelialization by week 8 was recorded in 43/52 (82.69%) intensified-strategy patients and 20/50 (40.00%) conventional-strategy patients (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Twelve-week epithelialization was recorded in 46/52 (88.46%) and 32/50 (64.00%) patients, respectively (risk difference, 24.46 percentage points; 95% CI, 8.57-40.35; risk ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.10-1.74; <i>P</i> = 0.004). Median time to first recorded epithelialization was 4 versus 12 weeks (log-rank <i>P</i> < 0.001). Holm-adjusted comparisons favored the intensified strategy for symptom and endoscopic score improvements. In exploratory Firth regression, the intensified strategy remained associated with 12-week epithelialization (adjusted OR, 5.58; 95% CI, 1.87-16.68; <i>P</i> = 0.002). Serious adverse events were not documented, but safety assessment was retrospective and incomplete.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In adults with postoperative difficult-to-treat CRSwNP, the intensified outpatient strategy was associated with earlier and more frequent recorded postoperative cavity epithelialization than conventional budesonide nasal spray. These findings indicate a strategy-level association and do not isolate component effects or establish comparative safety. The 12-week endpoint reflects early recorded epithelialization and does not establish durable disease control or recurrence prevention. Prospective component-controlled or factorial studies with follow-up of at least 12 months are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"7 ","pages":"1914838"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13549901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148914532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response: Commentary: \"Clinical evaluation of pediatric olfactory disorders: a review from etiology to management\".","authors":"Eleonora M C Trecca, Manuel Marra, Marella Reale, Luca Leone, Michele Cassano, Antonio Della Volpe, Ignazio La Mantia, Fabio Pagella, Elena Cantone","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1939998","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2026.1939998","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"7 ","pages":"1939998"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13547038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148908211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}