Frontiers in allergy最新文献

{"title":"Alpha-gal syndrome and the gastrointestinal reaction: a narrative review.","authors":"Susan B H Propst, Dorothea K Thompson","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1535103","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1535103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances such as abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea are infrequently attributed to food allergies as an initial diagnosis in the absence of more traditional allergic reactions like hives, angioedema, or anaphylaxis. Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) is an atypical and under-recognized allergy characterized by a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose, a carbohydrate found in non-primate mammalian meat and derived products. This review of the current literature on AGS focuses on GI manifestations and diagnostic challenges. While clinical presentations of AGS vary widely, predominant or isolated GI symptoms, when manifested, can overlap with other disorders, thus making a timely and accurate diagnosis challenging. Here we provide an updated review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of AGS. Current diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and areas requiring further research are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1535103"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11802538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143384326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IgE as a predictor to omalizumab response in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria.","authors":"Luis Felipe Ensina, Larissa Brandão, Luisa Karla Arruda, Faradiba Sarquis Serpa, Régis Albuquerque Campos, Solange Rodrigues Oliveira Valle, Paulo Ricardo Criado, Sarbjit Singh Saini, Roberta Fachini Jardim Criado","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1451296","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1451296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This multicenter study aimed to explore whether baseline total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels could predict omalizumab response in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) patients. Refractory CSU patients, treated with omalizumab after failing second-generation H1-antihistamines, were analyzed retrospectively across seven centers in Brazil. The study assessed total IgE levels at baseline, comparing responders to non-responders and considering complete and partial responses. The results showed a significant reduction in CSU symptoms post-treatment. Non-responders had lower baseline IgE levels. A sensitivity of 67.8% and specificity of 93.3% for predicting a response were found at an IgE level of 59.5 IU/ml. Similar values were observed for complete responders. Notably, a baseline IgE level lower than 59.5 IU/ml may indicate late responders. The study underscores the potential of baseline IgE levels as a predictive biomarker for omalizumab response in CSU patients. Further research, incorporating diverse populations and analyzing response variables, is warranted to validate these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"5 ","pages":"1451296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11798913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17) as a clinical biomarker in atopic dermatitis: significance and limitations in the new treatment era.","authors":"Yoko Kataoka","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1473902","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1473902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC; CCL17) is a T-helper-2 chemokine that reflects atopic dermatitis (AD) disease activity. Since 2008, serum TARC levels have been commercially measured in Japan, and clinical experience has shown the usefulness of TARC. The fallacy that eczema is always visible often hinders successful treatment, when there is subclinical inflammation which is inferable from the TARC level. AD treatment has entered a new era with higher therapeutic efficacy. TARC has a different meaning than it did previously, and its significance and limitations are discussed. First, a more appropriate topical therapy monitoring TARC would be useful in selecting truly necessitated patients for expensive new therapies. Dupilumab quickly lowers serum TARC before clinical improvement, and its normalization is not a criterion for dose reduction. However, in some severe cases, TARC may help determine whether to continue treatment. During treatment with JAK inhibitors, serum TARC levels are often elevated and may be abnormally high, leading to the exacerbation of dermatitis. Prurigo nodularis is divided into two types associated with elevated and normal TARC levels, which may aid in the selection of therapeutic agents. In this new era, TARC remains a useful biomarker for more accurate drug selection and the determination of therapeutic efficacy; Currently, in clinical trials of AD, all outcome measurements depend on the clinical score; however the use of a biomarker, such as TARC, as a secondary outcome measure will clarify the characteristics of each drug and the pathophysiological conditions for which it is expected to be effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"5 ","pages":"1473902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11799291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitooligosaccharides suppress airway inflammation, fibrosis, and mucus hypersecretion in a house dust mite-induced allergy model.","authors":"Yun-Ho Kim, Chan-Ho Park, Ju Myung Kim, Yeo Cho Yoon","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1533928","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2025.1533928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Respiratory allergy is a serious respiratory disorder characterized by inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and airway tissue sclerosis. Disruption of the T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) immune systems by stimuli induced by house dust mites (HDM) and fine particulate matter leads to the secretion of various inflammatory cytokines, resulting in immune respiratory diseases characterized by airway inflammation. Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing COS at concentrations of 25-100 µg/ml for 24 h. No intracellular toxicity was observed up to 1,000 µg/ml. Cell experiments were conducted at COS concentrations below 100 µg/ml, while animal experiments were performed at concentrations below 100 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks. Samples of right lung tissue obtained from the experimental animals were used for gene and protein expression analysis, whereas samples of contralateral lung tissue were used for immunohistochemical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>COS regulated Th1 immunity by inhibiting major cytokines, including inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in BEAS-2B cells. In the HDM-induced allergic respiratory model, COS suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells around the airways and inhibited the mRNA expression of Th1 immune cytokines in lung tissues, while also reducing the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-related proteins. Furthermore, the results confirmed the suppression of the levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the blood secreted by mast cells activated by HDM, which led to a reduction in allergic mucus hypersecretion and airway sclerosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In summary, COS are thought to improve airway resistance by alleviating inflammatory allergic respiratory diseases caused by HDM and are regarded as substances that regulate the balance of the Th1 and Th2 immune systems in epithelial cells affected by mucus hypersecretion.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1533928"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11799285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143384327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the potential mediating role of systemic antibiotics in the association between early-life lower respiratory tract infections and asthma at age 5 in the CHILD study.","authors":"Maria V Medeleanu, Myrtha E Reyna, Darlene L Y Dai, Geoffrey L Winsor, Fiona S L Brinkman, Rahul Verma, Ella Nugent, Nashita Riaz, Elinor Simons, Piushkumar J Mandhane, Meghan B Azad, Stuart E Turvey, Theo J Moraes, Padmaja Subbarao","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1463867","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1463867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in early life are one of the strongest risk factors for childhood asthma and are often treated with systemic antibiotics (IV or oral). We aimed to explore the association between early-life LRTIs and systemic antibiotics on asthma development and the potential mediating role of antibiotics in this relationship.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected as part of the longitudinal, general Canadian population CHILD Study. LRTIs during the first 18 months of life were identified through parental symptom report at regular study visits. Systemic antibiotic use was defined as at least one dose of oral/intravenous antibiotics between birth and the 18-month visit and were further categorized by indication as either given for a respiratory indication (upper or lower respiratory symptoms) or non-respiratory indication. Asthma was diagnosed by in-study pediatricians at the 5-year study visit. Adjusted logistic regression models and mediation analyses via systemic antibiotics use were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 2,073 participants included in our analysis, 72 (4.9%) had asthma age 5, and 609 (29.3%) used systemic antibiotics before the 18-month visit. Among children who had taken antibiotics, 61.6% also had an LRTI in that period compared to 49.7% among children without exposure to systemic antibiotics (<i>p</i> < .001). Moderate-severe LRTIs before age 18 months were associated with higher odds of 5-year asthma [aOR 4.12 (95%CI 2.04-7.95) <i>p</i> < .001]. Antibiotics taken for respiratory indications were associated with higher odds of asthma at age 5 [aOR 2.36 (95%CI 1.59-3.48) <i>p</i> < .001]. Children who received systemic antibiotics for only non-respiratory indications during the first 18 months of life were not associated with increased odds of asthma [aOR 1.08 (95%CI 0.44-2.30) <i>p</i> = .851]. Using mediation analysis, 21.7% of the association between LRTI and asthma is estimated to be mediated through use of early-life systemic antibiotics. However, a significant direct effect of moderate-to-severe LRTIs on asthma risk remained in adjusted mediation models (<i>p</i> = .014).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Through mediation modeling we estimate that the increased risk of asthma at age 5 that is associated with moderate-severe LRTIs in infancy may be partially mediated by systemic antibiotics taken during the first 18 months of life. This underscores the importance of public health strategies focused on antibiotic stewardship and reducing early life LRTIs to mitigate asthma risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"5 ","pages":"1463867"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11790586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into self-reported food allergies in Romanian schoolchildren.","authors":"Claudia Felicia Pop, Daniela Rajka, Ioana Corina Bocsan, Petronela Alina Coblisan, Gabriela Edita Ichim, Anna Lazar, Paraschiva Chereches-Panta","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1472673","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1472673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of food allergy (FA) varies worldwide with an increasing rate in the last decades. Data of self-reported FA have been recorded by most European countries, the US, Canada and Australia, but not Romania. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence and severity of FA and to assess the extent of information the medical and teaching staff in schools have on students' medical history.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was performed in schoolchildren from Cluj-Napoca, Romania, using an online questionnaire delivered to their parents.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusions: </strong>Seven hundred and eight individuals completed the entire questionnaire. The prevalence of self-reported FA was 8.9%, 28.6% presented food-induced angioedema and 38.1% required ER presentation. Cow milk (36.5%), egg (9.5%), strawberry (20.6%) and nuts (2.7%)were the most frequent culprit foods. The lack of an appropriate and accurate communication with the medical and teaching staff in the school suggest the requirement for further measures for parents and children educations regarding food allergy detection and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"5 ","pages":"1472673"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11790658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asthma and obesity increase inflammatory markers in children.","authors":"Harshita Shailesh, Safa Noor, Lena Hayati, Antonisamy Belavendra, Nicholas Van Panhuys, Abdul Badi Abou-Samra, Stefan Worgall, Ibrahim Janahi","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1536168","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1536168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Asthma and obesity are both characterized by inflammation. However, the combined impact of these conditions on inflammatory mechanisms in children has not been studied extensively. To address this gap, we investigated the interaction effects of asthma and obesity on inflammation in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The multiplex and singleplex assays were used to measure the levels of circulating cytokines, including IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-33, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and the adipokine leptin, in plasma. The study included 97 children with normal weight and asthma (NW-A), 100 children with overweight/obesity and asthma (OO-A), 100 with overweight/obesity and no asthma (OO), and 67 normal weight children and no asthma (NW). The independent effects of asthma, obesity, and their interaction effect on these inflammatory markers were assessed using multiple regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Asthma was associated with the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-2, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-33, and TNF-α, and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 and adipokine, leptin in the circulation. Overweight/obesity was also linked to increased plasma levels of IL-5, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-33, TNF-α, and leptin and decreased levels of IL-10. In addition, obesity and asthma showed a significant interaction effect on the plasma levels of IL-5, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-33, TNF-α, and leptin. However, the interaction did not result in a synergistic or additive impact on cytokines, indicating a moderating effect of obesity on inflammation in pediatric asthma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both asthma and overweight/obesity were independently associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine in children. While the concurrent presence of asthma and obesity altered the inflammatory profile, it did not synergistically amplify the inflammation. These findings challenge the previous view that obesity enhances inflammation in individuals with asthma and highlight the importance of considering both conditions while treating obesity-associated asthma in children. Future studies are necessary to further explore the mechanisms that link obesity and asthma in the pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"5 ","pages":"1536168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11788363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in designing interventions for food insecure families with food allergy in a Californian latinx cohort.","authors":"Marleni Albarran, Emily Brown, Erin Martinez, Andrew R Chin, Sayantani B Sindher, Christopher M Warren, R Sharon Chinthrajah","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1389687","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1389687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food allergy poses substantial social, economic, and quality of life burdens which are even heavier for families that are struggling with food insecurity. In the United States (US), food insecurity disproportionately affects vulnerable and historically marginalized communities, such as Latino/a/x and Black households. Targeting these disparities via our recent Food Equality Initiative (FEI) research intervention was challenging due to the barriers faced by the target underserved populations, which included poor digital literacy, language barriers, and limited access to necessary resources. These barriers hindered our efforts to promote access to nutritious and safe food options for food-insecure families, potentially further exacerbating health disparities. Here we discuss common challenges and opportunities associated with conducting research interventions in underserved communities in the US-leveraging our experiences designing and implementing an intervention to improve food allergy management through supplemental nutrition assistance in a predominantly Spanish-speaking, lower-income neighborhood in Northern California. We also provide recommendations for other researchers regarding how to tailor research strategies to address these challenges, and in so doing reduce health disparities and promote positive health outcomes for vulnerable and historically marginalized communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"5 ","pages":"1389687"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11781254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143070038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplex basophil activation tests for allergy diagnosis: present and future applications.","authors":"Ana Koren, Peter Korosec","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1515843","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1515843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The basophil activation test (BAT) has become a major cellular <i>in vitro</i> test for evaluating the allergenic activity of specific IgEs. The impact of the BAT is due to the ability of blood basophil granulocytes to present IgE on the high-affinity Fc<i>ε</i>RI receptor and to mirror the mast cell response that elicits an acute allergic reaction. The BAT proved to be able to identify allergic patients at risk of reacting to a low dose of the allergen and/or developing life-threatening reactions and thus can significantly improve the current management of allergic patients. However, to improve the diagnostic utility for identifying the allergenic activity of different genuinely sensitizing allergens and lower the procedure and labour requirements, developing a multiplex BAT approach incorporating multiple allergen components would be highly anticipated. Recently, the novel multiplex BAT was described utilizing two major innovative steps. The first step was the fluorescent labeling of allergens. The second step was applying fluorescently labeled allergens in flow cytometry assessment to analyze the activation of basophil subpopulations gated according to the binding of different allergens or to evaluate the fluorescence intensity of multiple allergens on the surface of basophils. These novel cellular multiplex approaches will advance our understanding of IgE-mediated responses. Integration of multiplex BAT, in addition to multiplex IgE assays into practice, will personalize the measurement of allergenic IgE activity and can help estimate the likelihood of clinical relevance and risks for multiple allergens when testing individual allergic patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"5 ","pages":"1515843"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11772483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gut microbiome and cross-reactivity of food allergens: current understanding, insights, and future directions.","authors":"Carolina Taico Oliva, Ibrahim Musa, Daniel Kopulos, Fariba Ardalani, Anish Maskey, Aaron Wilson, Nan Yang, Xiu-Min Li","doi":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1503380","DOIUrl":"10.3389/falgy.2024.1503380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This mini-review examines the emerging role of the gut microbiome in influencing food allergen cross-reactivity. It specifically focuses on how microbial diversity, antigens, and metabolites impact IgE-mediated allergic responses. Cross-reactivity occurs when structurally similar food and microbial antigens trigger hypersensitivities, affecting millions of people worldwide. Recent research underscores the significance of microbial diversity in early life for developing immune tolerance. Beneficial strains, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, play a crucial role in supporting the functions of T regulatory cells (Tregs) and immunoglobulin A (IgA). Additionally, we discuss microbial metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which enhance immune tolerance by promoting Treg differentiation and maintaining gut barrier integrity, thereby reducing allergen entry. However, it is important to note that SCFAs can provoke inflammatory responses under certain conditions, highlighting the necessity for targeted research on their dual effects. Dysbiosis-related intestinal permeability, often referred to as \"leaky gut,\" can further worsen cross-reactivity. Microbial antigens like lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are known to influence Th2-dominant responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":73062,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in allergy","volume":"5 ","pages":"1503380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}