Engineering reports : open access最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Operational Effectiveness Based on Stacking Integrated Learning and Case Reasoning","authors":"Yang Bai,&nbsp;Dong Kan,&nbsp;Xiaoying Wu,&nbsp;Zhenglie Yang","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70153","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the advancement of intelligent warfare, the accurate evaluation of combat system effectiveness is crucial for informed combat decision-making. Given the subjectivity and inefficiency associated with traditional artificial combat effectiveness evaluation methods, this paper proposes an evaluation approach based on Stacking ensemble learning and case reasoning. First, an efficiency evaluation index system is developed, utilizing historical evaluation data and the entropy weight-TOPSIS method to gather expert assessments of combat effectiveness, thereby forming an evaluation case. Next, an integrated feature selection model is established to analyze the importance of various indicators, using Stacking ensemble learning to evaluate operational effectiveness. Finally, the effectiveness of this approach is validated through a case study of operational effectiveness assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Discrete-Element-Based Pore-Scale Hydromechanical Approach to Investigate the Hysteresis Effect on the Unsaturated At-Rest Earth Pressure Coefficient","authors":"Hossein Ansari,&nbsp;Ghassem Habibagahi,&nbsp;Ehsan Nikooee","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70180","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate design of several geotechnical structures, such as retaining walls and piles, necessitates a thorough understanding of the dependence of earth pressure on various soil conditions. Designing resilient earth structures in a rapidly changing climate requires consideration of soil moisture variations caused by droughts or intense rainfall. Therefore, saturation-dependent alterations in the soil's mechanical behavior, such as lateral earth pressure, are crucial to consider. In this study, a pore scale approach, namely, a coupled discrete element-pore network method, was utilized to study the volumetric behavior of unsaturated sandy soils under at-rest conditions. The simulated oedometer tests indicated that the behavior of the soil under study is nonlinear, regardless of variations in the degree of saturation and the hydraulic hysteresis, in which the elastic and elastoplastic regions can be vividly captured. The higher the suction level, the more stretched the elastic region, highlighting the suction-induced effects on the lateral pressure variation with vertical stress; moreover, the increase in suction results in lower values for the at-rest earth pressure coefficient. Finally, the effect of the hysteresis phenomenon and cycles of drying–wetting on the at-rest pressure coefficient was examined. The effect of drying–wetting cycles was assessed in terms of a new quantity, the so-called degree of hysteresis in <i>K</i>₀. The results indicate that the earth pressure coefficient is highly dependent on the hydraulic path as well as the drying–wetting cycles, where a considerable reduction in the degree of hysteresis in <i>K</i>₀ was observed during the second cycle of drying–wetting and this reduction is more prominent in the samples of lower density.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust Expansion Planning of Distribution Network in Presence of Electric Vehicles to Improve Economic Parameters and Reduce Energy Consumption","authors":"Mahyar Abasi,&nbsp;Javad Ebrahimi,&nbsp;Shirin Besati","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70158","url":null,"abstract":"<p>First-world countries and underdeveloped countries share concerns regarding global warming, climate change, and climate migration. Hence, one of the greatest issues faced by governments in the present day is to effectively control the escalating pace of climate change and achieve equilibrium since it directly impacts the future. The fate of the human race hinges on this matter. One of the contributors to the production of pollutants and global warming is the use of cars based on nonrenewable fuel. Consequently, most governments must eliminate fossil fuel vehicles and substitute them with electric vehicles (EV) as part of their short-term and long-term goals. However, the growing adoption of EVs has made it crucial for operators and network designers to strategically plan for electric power consumption, adapt the distribution network structure, and accurately determine the optimal number and positioning of charging stations. Thus, this paper utilizes a convex solution method based on integer linear programming to effectively plan the expansion of the distribution network considering the availability of EV charging stations, compensators, substations, resources, and new lines. This article aims to minimize the long-term expenses associated with constructing network infrastructure, subtransmission substations, EV charging stations, building sources, capacitor banks, and procuring power from the upstream network. The YALMIP toolbox in MATLAB software was utilized to model and solve the objective function of this problem, which is expressed in both deterministic and nondeterministic versions. The MOSEK solver was employed as the problem-solving tool. Three scenarios were implemented to plan the growth of the network on the 18-bus bus system. The results indicate that having EV charging stations in the network can be advantageous as it improves reliability and reduces network costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study on EDM Wire Cutting and CO2 Laser Cutting for High-Precision Stainless Steel Sheet Processing","authors":"A. Parthiban,&nbsp;K. Ananthakumar,&nbsp;S. Ajith Arul Daniel,&nbsp;S. Sivaganesan,&nbsp;T. Sathish,&nbsp;Jayant Giri,&nbsp;A. Johnson Santhosh,&nbsp;Ahmad O. Hourani","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70201","url":null,"abstract":"<p>CO₂ laser cutting and electrical discharge machining (EDM) wire cutting are two advanced thermal energy-based methods widely utilized for precision profile cutting tasks. This study conducts a comprehensive experimental analysis of these techniques, focusing on their performance when cutting stainless steel grades AISI 316L and 304. The research evaluates key process parameters influencing the cut quality, aiming to achieve minimal surface roughness. Additionally, the surface morphologies resulting from both methods are thoroughly examined. By analyzing the cutting performance and tracking the outcomes for both techniques, the study identifies the most efficient cutting technology for these materials. Using a multi-objective optimization approach based on Genetic Algorithms, the study demonstrates a significant enhancement in surface roughness. The percentages of deviations for AISI 316 Stainless steel for 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm thickness for CO₂ laser cut and EDM wire cut surfaces are 24.8%, 21.59%, and 35.61%, respectively, and also that The percentages of deviations for AISI 304 Stainless steel for 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm thickness for CO₂ laser cut and EDM wire cut surfaces are 36.86%, 27.88%, and 22.96%, respectively. The optimized process achieves a superior surface roughness of cutting quality. These findings offer valuable insights into selecting the appropriate cutting method and parameters for achieving high-precision results in industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Heavy-Tailed Inverse Power Lindley Type-I Model: Reliability Inference and Actuarial Applications","authors":"Amal S. Hassan,&nbsp;Diaa S. Metwally,&nbsp;Mohammed Elgarhy,&nbsp;Rokaya Elmorsy Mohamed","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The analysis and modeling of asymmetric data present an interesting and important area of research across various applied sciences, particularly in lifetime studies, medical research, and financial analysis. In this work, we present the heavy-tailed inverse power Lindley Type-I (HTIPL-TI) distribution, a versatile three-parameter probability model. This distribution is derived by applying the generator of the Type-I heavy-tailed family to the inverse power Lindley model. The new model provides more flexibility in the shape of the inverse power Lindley with the addition of the shape parameter via the Type-I heavy-tailed-G family. The suggested distribution accommodates nonmonotonic patterns with a great versatility in capturing the features of lifetime data with increasing, U-shaped, N-shaped, upside-down bathtub-shaped, and reversed J-shaped. Some mathematical and statistical properties of the HTIPL-TI distribution were examined. We discuss the estimation of the distribution parameters and reliability functions (survival and hazard rate) for the HTIPL-TI by considering the maximum likelihood (ML) method along with their asymptotic confidence intervals. Bayesian estimators for the parameters and reliability functions (survival and hazard rate) are derived using gamma priors and both symmetric and asymmetric loss functions. Furthermore, the highest posterior credible intervals are created. Given the complex nature of various Bayesian estimates, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, which uses the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, is employed. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the performance of the generated estimators, assessing accuracy by examining average interval length, coverage probability, and mean squared error. The results of the study confirmed that Bayes estimates are generally more appropriate than ML estimates. Also, the highest posterior density (HPD) credible intervals outperform the confidence intervals of the ML estimates based on average interval length and coverage probability in most situations. In most circumstances, the Bayesian estimates under the minimum expected loss function provide the best values corresponding to other loss functions. The flexibility and goodness-of-fit performance of the proposed model are also demonstrated by re-analyzing two actuarial real datasets and comparing its fit with those obtained by extended inverse Lindley, extended exponentiated inverse Lindley, inverse power Lindley, inverse Lindley, and alpha power-transformed inverse Lindley distributions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability Functional Model: How to Make It Applicable to the Developing Countries","authors":"Mohammad Reza Sheibani,&nbsp;Amir Moshari,&nbsp;Mehdi Zeraati","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70143","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the power systems reliability studies, all attention is generally focused on technical issues, while structural and organizational problems and weaknesses can also affect systems reliability. The problems include mismatching and overlapping duties and lack of clear responsibilities. Implementing a reliability functional model (RFM) can overcome the mentioned problems. RFM is a precise and trustworthy framework implemented to organize the reliability-related tasks of various electricity industry entities. The NERC RFM is a practical experience carried out in the North American electricity industry. Implementation of this model in developing countries will cause problems due to insufficient infrastructure and structural differences between the electricity industry of these countries and the USA. This may lead to discouraging policymakers from executing the RFM. A modified RFM based on the conditions and structure of the electricity industry in developing countries is proposed in this manuscript. India, Turkey, Iran, and Bangladesh are considered as the case studies for the proposed model. This model is based on the NERC RFM, with necessary modifications including the elimination of some of the NERC functions, suggesting new functions, and defining new relationships between the functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topology Optimization Design of Automotive Suspension Control Arm","authors":"Rongfeng Lin,&nbsp;Xianghui Zhan,&nbsp;Xiaoda Li","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to reduce the weight of electric vehicle suspension systems, improve structural strength and stiffness, and lower manufacturing costs. This study is based on the continuum topology optimization method to optimize the structure design of the lower control arm. First, taking the minimization of overall flexibility as the optimization objective, the sub objectives are normalized based on the compromise programming method, and a comprehensive mathematical model of the objectives is constructed. Subsequently, the Analytic Hierarchy Process was used to determine the weight coefficients for each operating condition, and an optimization plan was obtained by combining ANSYS finite element analysis. Finally, the optimized conceptual model is reconstructed into a 3D solid on the NX platform. The optimization results show that the overall weight of the optimized lower control arm has been reduced by 15.1%, and the structural stiffness and strength performance have been significantly improved. The topology optimization design of the lower control arm not only provides an effective technical solution for the lightweight design of electric vehicle suspension systems, but also takes into account manufacturing feasibility, bringing energy-saving and economic benefits to large-scale production.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical Properties of LiCoO2 as Anode Material of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Implementation for Recycling and Reuse of Spent Material","authors":"Mikhail Kamenskii,&nbsp;Alexey Volkov,&nbsp;Valentin Romanovski,&nbsp;Evgenii Beletskii","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70204","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The electrochemical behavior of the cathode material LiCoO₂ was systematically investigated within the anodic potential range to explore its feasibility as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Reversible lithium-ion intercalation was observed as a function of the low potential limit, demonstrating its potential for high-capacity energy storage. The study revealed that stable electrochemical performance was achieved when 1.25 Li⁺ per formula unit was inserted into the material, yielding an average capacity of 350 mA·h·g⁻¹. Detailed galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry tests indicated that LiCoO₂ could intercalate lithium ions reversibly without significant structural degradation up to 1.5 Li⁺ per formula unit. At this optimal lithium content, the material exhibited a well-balanced performance between specific capacity and long-term cycling stability. However, challenges such as capacity fading at higher lithium concentrations were noted, which were attributed to structural instability and phase transformations. Despite these limitations, LiCoO₂ demonstrated promising properties as a conversion-type anode material, making it a viable alternative to conventional anodes for advanced LIBs. This study underscores the importance of precise control over lithium intercalation levels to optimize the electrochemical performance of LiCoO₂.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive Model of Endodontic Access in Maxillary Central Incisors Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography","authors":"Maria Llacer-Martínez,&nbsp;María T. Sanz,&nbsp;Mar Jovani-Sancho,&nbsp;Benjamín Martín Biedma,&nbsp;Elisabet Palazón Radford","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Root canal access is essential for successful root canal treatment, yet it poses significant risks in teeth with calcified or constricted canals, such as root perforation or excessive loss of healthy dentin. The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model that could guide the design of a conservative, accurate endodontic access in maxillary central incisors using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). In this retrospective cross-sectional study, CBCT scans from 135 maxillary central incisors were analyzed to obtain anatomical and demographic data. Twenty-four variables significantly correlated with three key aspects of access design—access starting point, depth to the pulp horn, and access angle (target variables). Mathematical functions were formulated using non-linear regression, and the resultant model was validated for the three target variables with a new set of 18 maxillary central incisors (<i>R</i>² &gt; 0.68, <i>W</i> &gt; 0.90). The results showed that age, tooth length, and specific CBCT-derived parameters, such as starting point, angle, and depth, which are related to the tooth's access opening, strongly influenced the predicted access cavity parameters. This predictive model has the potential to be integrated into dynamic navigation software, optimizing endodontic access and reducing iatrogenic errors for practitioners.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface-Based Parallel and Multi-Rate Real-Time Simulations for Thermal-Electric Systems","authors":"Yanbo Jia,&nbsp;Pengfei Han,&nbsp;Zhaohui Shi,&nbsp;Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70175","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The integrated energy system (IES) comes out with significant advantages in reducing carbon emissions and improving energy efficiency. However, the complicated electrothermal couplings in the IES operations pose significant challenges to dynamic process simulation. To inquire into the dynamic electrothermal coupling characteristics, a bidirectional coupling multi-rate real-time simulation method for the thermal-electric systems (TESs) based on the functional mechanism is proposed to depict the dynamic interaction process between the subsystems. The stability of the multi-rate simulation method is proved by small signal analysis. Then, a real-time dynamic simulation platform for the TESs is developed, which is utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in thermal power tracking and electrical power tracking modes. The simulation results validate that the proposed multi-rate simulation method for the TESs in this paper can effectively reflect the dynamic process and enhance the simulation efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}