Engineering reports : open access最新文献

{"title":"A Review of Flow Field and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Jet Impingement From Special-Shaped Holes","authors":"Md Atiqur Rahman,&nbsp;Savinay Kalluri,&nbsp;Kalakoti Madhurya,&nbsp;Katikarla Arun Kumar,&nbsp;Abhinav Adarsh,&nbsp;S. M. Mozammil Hasnain,&nbsp;Prabhu Paramasivam,&nbsp;Leliso Hobicho Dabelo","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Jet impingement cooling offers high convective heat transfer coefficients, making it effective for high-heat-flux applications. However, conventional circular impinging jets (CIJs) typically produce non-uniform heat transfer distributions, with high Nusselt numbers (<i>Nu</i>) at the stagnation point that rapidly decline in the wall-jet region, causing thermal stresses. This review critically analyzes the flow field and heat transfer performance of jet impingement from special-shaped holes, including swirling (threaded and twisted-tape), converging/diverging, lobed, chevron, cross-shaped, and racetrack nozzles. It synthesizes experimental and numerical studies examining the effects of nozzle geometry on jet structure, vortex dynamics, entrainment, turbulence generation, and local/average <i>Nu</i> distributions. Swirling impinging jets (SIJs) introduce tangential velocity through helical inserts or twisted tapes, generating additional streamwise and azimuthal vortices. These enhance radial momentum redistribution and significantly improve thermal uniformity. Non-circular orifices (lobed, chevron, and cross-shaped) promote stronger entrainment and axis-switching, yielding Nu enhancements of 25%–110% relative to circular jets, especially at low <i>H</i>/<i>D</i> ratios. The integration of nanofluids (Al₂O₃, CuO, TiO₂, and hybrids) with both CIJs and SIJs is also examined. Nanofluids further augment heat transfer (typically 20%–75%) via increased thermal conductivity and microconvection, although they increase viscosity and pressure drop (Δ<i>p</i>). Key parameters, including Reynolds number (<i>Re</i>), <i>H</i>/<i>D</i>, swirl number, and nanoparticle concentration, are systematically evaluated using compiled data and correlations. The review concludes that special-shaped holes shift cooling from localized high-heat-transfer zones toward more uniform temperature distributions, making them suitable for gas turbine blades and electronics. Critical gaps remain in combined SIJ-nanofluid systems on non-planar surfaces and long-term nanofluid stability under high-shear conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical Response and Dissipation of Progressively Fractured Annealed Laminated Glass Elements Under Large Cyclic Displacements","authors":"Chiara Bedon,&nbsp;Nicola Cella","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The post-fracture mechanical performance of laminated glass (LG) is a critical factor for structural safety, primarily governed by fragment size and interlayer coupling. In this article, attention is given to the experimental analysis of 2-ply small-scale LG elements in the partially and fully cracked stages. Using a three-point-bending (3PB) setup, annealed (AN) glass specimens are subjected to the fracture of the residual glass layer, followed by a cyclic protocol with large imposed displacements. The study evaluates the impact of several geometrical and mechanical parameters on the observed bending response, including variations of glass thickness (4 mm or 10 mm), interlayer type (EVA or SG), interlayer thickness (0.76 mm or 1.52 mm), and fracture layout. Experimental results are discussed in relation to reference performance limits, such as the intact (SI) and monolithic (SM) schemes. The experimental findings emphasize that a significant residual mechanical capacity can be maintained even after prolonged cyclic loading, providing key insights for the design of LG components.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black Phosphorus Quantum Dot Hybrid Systems: From Interfacial Design Principles to Multifunctional Energy Platforms","authors":"Kamel A. Saleh,&nbsp;Praharshkumar B. Raj,&nbsp;Masharipov Kamolbek Ko‘palovich,&nbsp;Hussein Khaled Nwr,&nbsp;Omayma Salim Waleed,&nbsp;Harvinder Singh Sohal,&nbsp;Divya Singhal,&nbsp;Ahmad Esmaeilpour","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) have emerged as promising nanoscale building blocks for advanced energy-storage and energy-conversion technologies owing to their tunable electronic structures, abundant active sites, quantum-confinement effects, and versatile surface chemistry. The integration of BPQDs with complementary materials has enabled the development of hybrid systems with enhanced charge-transfer behavior, structural robustness, and multifunctional energy capabilities. Despite rapid progress, existing studies remain largely application-oriented, while the fundamental relationships among interface construction, hybrid architecture, stability, and functional performance are often examined independently. This review provides a critical and design-oriented perspective on BPQD hybrid systems with particular emphasis on interfacial engineering. Major interface-construction strategies, including van der Waals assembly, surface functionalization, covalent coupling, and in situ growth, are comparatively analyzed in terms of their structural features, advantages, and limitations. The interplay among component selection, dimensional architecture, interface configuration, and stability is further discussed to establish a unified framework for rational hybrid design. Representative advances in alkali-ion storage, electrocatalytic water splitting, nitrogen reduction, and photocatalytic hydrogen production are evaluated from the viewpoint of interfacial functionality. Finally, emerging directions involving stability-by-design concepts, scalable manufacturing, data-driven materials discovery, and integrated energy systems are highlighted. By bridging interface engineering, materials design, and energy functionality, this review provides a comprehensive framework for the development of next-generation BPQD hybrid platforms for sustainable energy applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI Real-Time Compositing Algorithm for Film and Television Special Effects Based on Latent Space Diffusion Model","authors":"Bowen An,&nbsp;Yue Xie,&nbsp;Yalun Lei","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Artificial intelligence–driven visual effects have become increasingly important in film and television production; however, achieving high-quality real-time compositing with temporal stability and visual realism remains a significant challenge. This study proposes a novel real-time compositing framework based on a latent space diffusion model to efficiently integrate foreground and background elements while preserving structural consistency across frames. The pipeline employs a Matting Objective Decomposition Network (MODNet) to extract the foreground and corresponding alpha matte, followed by latent space encoding and diffusion-based compositing using conditional reverse denoising. To enhance temporal coherence, a temporal attention mechanism is incorporated to ensure frame-to-frame consistency. Additionally, a Deep Image Harmonization Network (DIHNet) is applied to align illumination and color between composited elements, improving perceptual realism. The proposed method is evaluated on Human-Centric Video Matting and HYouTube datasets under diverse lighting and motion conditions. Experimental results demonstrate superior performance, achieving a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 41.2 dB, Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) of 0.958, Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS) of 0.067, and Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) of 13.1. The framework operates in real time at 31.4–36 frames per second with low latency. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach for high-quality, temporally stable, and efficient video compositing in practical visual effects applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle-Reinforced Ti-6Al-4V Metal Matrix Nanocomposites for Additive Manufacturing: Synthesis Methods, Process Optimization, and Performance Enhancements","authors":"Precious Onyeji,&nbsp;Abhijit Cholkar,&nbsp;Alan Martin,&nbsp;David Culliton,&nbsp;Ronan McCann,&nbsp;Ramesh Raghavendra","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Additive manufacturing is increasingly adopted across industries for producing complex, high-performance components with reduced material waste, yet optimizing build quality remains challenging. Reinforcing Ti-6Al-4V, a lightweight, biocompatible alloy widely used in biomedical, aerospace, and automobile industries with nanoparticles to form metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) offers a promising solution. This review examines current Ti-6Al-4V MMNC preparation methods for AM, linking nanomaterial incorporation to improvements in microstructure, porosity, thermal behavior, nano-hardness, and tensile strength. Uniquely synthesizing these MMNCs, the review highlights literature-reported nanoparticle loadings that are often associated with defect reduction and improved build quality. Fine-tuning nanoparticle content and process parameters is crucial for tailored microstructures and superior mechanical performance in AM-fabricated MMNCs. The process parameters to fabricate MMNC and the current state of art synthesizing methods are presented and discussed. The challenges and future research requirements in the field of different types of metal additive manufacturing to fabricate components with improved part quality are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Synthesis and Mechanism of AlB2-KAlF4 Composites Prepared by Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis Method","authors":"Yu Li,&nbsp;Pan Yang,&nbsp;Weijun Tian","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70969","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using Al and KBF₄ as raw materials, AlB₂-KAlF₄ composites were synthesized by self-propagating high temperature synthesis method. The phase composition and morphology of the composites were investigated and its mechanism was revealed. The results show that the phases of the combustion synthesized product of the Al-KBF₄ system are AlB₂ and KAlF₄, in which AlB₂ is a hexagonal cylinder, and KAlF₄ has two morphologies: a tetragonal cylinder and a hollow needle-shaped leaf particle. The combustion synthesis reaction of the Al-KBF₄ system begins with the successive melting of KBF₄ and Al. With the increase of temperature, KBF₄ decomposes to form liquid phase KF and gas phase BF₃. Subsequently, the gas phase BF₃ reacts with the liquid phase Al to form B and AlF₃, then, AlF₃ reacts with KF to produce KAlF₄. Finally, the reduced B reacts with the remaining Al to produce AlB₂.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Seismic Intensity Using Machine Learning With Ancillary Data: Evidence From Destructive Earthquakes in China","authors":"Ma Yuan,&nbsp;Yu Jianming,&nbsp;Zhao Hui,&nbsp;Gong Huiyuan,&nbsp;Zhang Jianying","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate and rapid assessment of seismic intensity is crucial for postearthquake emergency response. This is especially true during the initial “black-box” period, when real-time data are scarce. To address this challenge, we developed a machine learning-based (ML) framework for predicting kilometer-grid-scale seismic intensity distribution. We selected 50 destructive earthquakes that struck western China after 2003 as case studies and then constructed a high-dimensional covariate dataset for them. The dataset integrates 39 predictors tied to mainshock intensity, covering seismic parameters, socioenvironmental indicators, and natural geographic attributes. Feature importance ranking was employed to select the top predictive covariates, which were then combined with digitized observed intensity values to train four ML models. The optimized Random Forest model achieved the best prediction performance. Its overall accuracy ranged from 85.3% to 98.7% on independent validation earthquake cases. The corresponding RMSE was 0.21–0.39, and the <i>R</i>² reached 0.88–0.97. Evaluations based on independent earthquake cases indicate that the predictions can reasonably capture the location, extent, and severity of heavily damaged zones. This approach offers a promising, data-adaptive supplementary tool for rapid postearthquake damage assessment, particularly in regions with limited seismic monitoring infrastructure.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and Bioconvective Modeling and Analysis of Unsteady Cu-Water Nanofluid Flow through Porous Media with Gyrotactic Microorganisms","authors":"Mazhar Hussain,&nbsp;Zara Iqbal,&nbsp;Mubashir Qayyum,&nbsp;Saraswati Acharya","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examined unsteady boundary layer flow of a <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mtext>Cu/H</mtext>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ mathrm{Cu}/{mathrm{H}}_2mathrm{O} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> nanofluid over an expanding sheet embedded in a Darcy porous medium, containing gyrotactic microorganisms. The model includes often-overlooked factors like heat source effects, unsteadiness, buoyancy, slip conditions, and nanoparticle radius. The bvp4c technique in MATLAB is utilized to solve the governing PDEs numerically once converted into ODEs by utilizing similarity transformations. The findings indicate that while a higher volume fraction of nanoparticles raises temperature and thermal conductivity, it decreases velocity because of increased viscosity. Unsteadiness reduces surface temperature and enhances heat transmission. Larger nanoparticle radii, acting through relative viscosity, increase velocity and decrease temperature. In contrast to thermal buoyancy, which increases fluid motion and thickens the momentum boundary layer, permeability makes flow and convective transport difficult. Shear stress and heat transport are considerably changed by velocity and thermal slip. Larger bioconvection Schmidt numbers decrease the dispersion of microorganisms; thermophoresis and Brownian motion aid in their movement. Additionally, the skin friction coefficient increases as velocity slip increases, whereas the Nusselt number decreases with increased slip and porous resistance but improves in unsteady conditions. The work provides fresh perspectives on bioconvective systems, renewable energy, and thermal control.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Carbon Capture System Utilizing Wolffia globosa and CaO Derived From Waste Seashells With Continuous Real-Time IoT-Based Monitoring","authors":"Methawee Nukunudompanich,&nbsp;Nopparat Suriyachai,&nbsp;Nattapon Leeabai,&nbsp;Neeraphat Kunbuala,&nbsp;Suebsakul Pontong,&nbsp;Thanavit Anuwongpinit","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents the design and implementation of a prototype-scale hybrid CO₂ capture system that combines <i>Wolffia globosa</i> cultivation, mineral carbonation with waste seashell-derived CaO, and real-time IoT-based monitoring. Waste seashells were calcined at 900°C to produce CaO, which was characterized by XRD and morphological FESEM and EDS analysis and was selected for mineral carbonation. The IoT system monitored changes in CO₂ concentration above the <i>W. globosa</i> tank, which were influenced by photosynthesis and respiration cycles. It also tracked CO₂ concentration after the mineral bed, where a consistent decrease of approximately 300 ppm relative to the inlet was observed under the tested conditions, with outlet readings approaching the lower bound of the sensor's specified accuracy (±[50 ppm + 5% of reading]). This decrease was attributed to CaO hydration and subsequent carbonation. Continuous measurements of CO₂, pH, and temperature provided useful diagnostic information for interpreting system behavior. The results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating locally available waste-derived CaO with biological cultivation and IoT-based monitoring in a small-scale laboratory prototype. However, a full net carbon balance, including calcination emissions and operational energy demand, was not included in this study. Therefore, the observed CO₂ decrease should be interpreted as local CO₂ uptake during the mineral carbonation step rather than confirmed net carbon removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GIS-AHP-Based Spatial Analysis of Flood Susceptibility: A Case Study of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Faarid Shah,&nbsp;Touqeer Ali Rind,&nbsp;Muhammad Waseem,&nbsp;Muhammad Arsalan Khan,&nbsp;Haris Abdullah,&nbsp;Shahzad Ahmed,&nbsp;Waheed Ali Khoso,&nbsp;Muhammad Atta ur Rehman,&nbsp;Megersa Kebede Leta","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70939","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Floods rank among the world's most deadly hazards and have a huge impact on people's livelihoods. An essential part of proper land-use planning for flood-prone areas is the mapping of flood hazards and the suitability study of flood shelters. Dera Ismail Khan (DI Khan), Pakistan, floods of 2022 severely damaged the city's economy, infrastructure, property, and human life. Urban areas in DI Khan, Pakistan, are now more susceptible to flood catastrophes due to the region's growing urbanization and shifting climatic trends. A precise evaluation of flood risk is essential for efficient flood hazard management and urban development. This research work focuses on using GIS and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to map flood susceptibility in DI Khan, Pakistan, using rainfall records from 2010 to 2022 together with DEM, Sentinel-2, soil, and meteorological datasets. Topographic wetness index, slope, land use/land cover, elevation, NDVI, stream distance, precipitation, soil type, and curvature were the flood-influencing elements considered in this study. Using AHP, weights and ranks were assigned to each factor independently, and they were then analyzed in a GIS to generate a flood risk assessment map. The results identified four major flood risk zones within the study area: very high (22.3%), high (63.81%), moderate (10.2%), and very low (3.69%). Previous floods in the research area provided additional validation for the model. The current model is dependable because approximately 90% of previous flood hazard events occurred mostly in high and very high zones of the model. Overall, the comprehensive flood risk assessment map developed in this study can support disaster management and urban planning by identifying high-risk areas and guiding the prioritization of mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70939","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}