The SADRA Algorithm as a Framework for Sustainable Innovation: A Review of Case Studies on 3D-Printed Reinforced Concrete Beam and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

Abstract

The absence of a structured and evolutionary approach in civil engineering research often leads to fragmented innovations and limited progress. This study introduces the SADRA Algorithm, a philosophical and practical framework inspired by Mulla Sadra's concept of substantial motion, which emphasizes continuous development and refinement in engineering projects. The effectiveness of this algorithm is demonstrated through two comparative case studies: 3D-Printed Reinforced Concrete Beams and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. In the 3D printing case, an evolutionary sequence of projects shows a transition from ineffective hyperboloid shell structures (which reduced compressive and tensile strength) to optimized truss patterns like the Warren and Howe trusses, which improved flexural strength by over 14%. Further refinements led to innovations in print geometry and placement, such as the honeycomb infill at 10 mm from the beam's bottom, which enhanced flexural strength by 25%. Each project built upon previous insights, illustrating SADRA's principle of iterative progress. In contrast, fiber-reinforced concrete studies (e.g., basalt and steel fiber integration) yielded isolated findings. For instance, while 0.5%–1.2% basalt fiber improved tensile and flexural strength, and steel fibers increased ductility and compressive performance, the lack of methodological continuity hindered broader evolution. The primary conclusion is that the SADRA Algorithm fosters sustainable engineering innovation by enabling project-based evolution, offering a transformative methodology for civil engineering design, materials development, and project management.