Engineering reports : open access最新文献

{"title":"Heat Transfer Enhancement in the Microscale: Optimization of Fluid Flow","authors":"Md Atiqur Rahman,&nbsp;Abhinav Adarsh,&nbsp;Dharani Kurri,&nbsp;Aishwarya Gittoju,&nbsp;Prabhu Paramasivam,&nbsp;S. M. Mozammil Hasnian,&nbsp;Abinet Gosaye Ayanie","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microchannel heat sinks have emerged as a leading solution for high-heat-flux thermal management in electronics, aerospace, energy conversion and biomedical systems owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio and superior convective performance. As channel hydraulic diameters decrease to the microscale, however, fluid flow and heat transfer deviate markedly from classical continuum predictions. These deviations arise from pronounced scale effects, rarefaction, surface roughness, axial wall conduction and compressibility, together with the complex behavior of advanced working fluids such as nanofluids and phase-change coolants. This review presents a systematic synthesis of microscale heat transfer and hydrodynamics from two complementary perspectives: (1) pure scale effects governing single-phase convection, and (2) the coupled thermal–hydraulic phenomena that occur when microscale confinement interacts with advanced fluids. Key dimensionless parameters (Knudsen, Reynolds, Bond and Mach numbers) are examined in detail, and their influence on velocity slip, temperature jump, friction factor, Nusselt number, and two-phase flow regimes is critically assessed. Emerging geometric strategies biomimetic fractal and leaf-vein networks, shark-skin and fish-scale surfaces, honeycomb and raccoon-type channels are evaluated with respect to heat-transfer enhancement and pressure-drop penalty. A comprehensive analysis of numerical methodologies is provided, spanning continuum Computational Fluid Dynamics, mesoscopic Lattice Boltzmann methods, molecular-dynamics and direct-simulation Monte Carlo techniques, as well as data-driven optimization frameworks based on Genetic Algorithms, the Taguchi method, and Artificial Neural Networks (multi-layer perceptrons, hybrid convolutional networks, and physics-informed neural networks). Comparative performance metrics, unresolved modeling challenges, and practical selection criteria for each approach are identified. By integrating mechanistic insight with modern computational and optimization tools, this review establishes clear design guidelines and highlights priority research directions for the next generation of high-performance microchannel heat sinks operating under extreme heat fluxes and compact spatial constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Machine Learning Approach for Signal Detection Using Rational Function Curve Fitting in Slow Flat Fading MIMO Communications","authors":"Hamid Nourollahi,&nbsp;S. Abolfazl Hosseini,&nbsp;Ali Shahzadi","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ensuring reliable signal detection and accurate channel estimation is fundamental to the success of modern communication systems. While various methods have been introduced to address these challenges, classical theoretical detection schemes primarily rely on comparing the received signal with a predetermined transmitter signal constellation. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme for signal detection in MIMO communication, leveraging curve fitting (CF) and supervised machine learning. This approach classifies received signals without relying on explicit knowledge of the signal constellation, modulation type, channel estimation, or the specific transmitter-receiver structure of an <i>N</i>_<i>t</i> × <i>N</i>_<i>r</i> MIMO system. Specifically, a specific rational function is fitted to the samples of each received symbol waveform, where the coefficients of the numerator and denominator polynomials are extracted as distinctive features. We apply the proposed method to MIMO-QPSK modulation systems transmitting over slow, flat Rayleigh fading channels with independent MIMO links. In this process, each corrupted received symbol is sampled, and various rational fraction curves with different polynomial degrees are fitted to the signal samples. Subsequently, an artificial neural network (ANN) classifier utilizes the polynomial coefficients to classify the fitted curves. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed classification method achieves a lower error rate compared to classical maximum likelihood (ML), minimum mean square error (MMSE), and zero forcing (ZF) methods in a slow, flat Rayleigh fading channel.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sliding Mode Control of Electro-Hydraulic Servo System Based on Time Delay Observer","authors":"Jongchol Kim,&nbsp;Hyok Jo,&nbsp;Yonghun Kim,&nbsp;Choljin Oh,&nbsp;Unsong Kim,&nbsp;Cholman Ri","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates a sliding mode control strategy with a time delay observer for electro-hydraulic servo systems subject to parametric uncertainties, unmodeled nonlinearities, and sensor noise. Because the angular velocity obtained through numerical differentiation of encoder measurements amplifies sensor noise and degrades control performance, a time delay observer is proposed to estimate unmeasurable states without requiring exact knowledge of the nonlinear dynamics. A proportional-derivative sliding mode control law is designed based on a third-order sliding surface that accounts for the relative degree of the nonlinear plant, and a rigorous Lyapunov stability proof is provided to guarantee finite-time convergence to the sliding manifold. The time delay observer is constructed using past sampled states to estimate current uncertainties, and uniform ultimate boundedness of the observer error dynamics is established under bounded estimation residuals. Comparative simulations are conducted against a conventional proportional-derivative controller, numerical differentiation, and an extended state observer under identical disturbance and noise conditions. Quantitative results demonstrate that the proposed controller achieves smaller root-mean-square tracking errors and reduced control chattering while exhibiting robustness to sensor noise with standard deviations of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1.64</mn>\u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mtext>and</mtext>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mn>2.14</mn>\u0000 <mo>×</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ 1.64times {10}^{-3} mathrm{and} 2.14times {10}^{-3} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> for noise amplitudes of 0.001 and 0.01, respectively. All conclusions are drawn strictly from simulation studies, and future hardware-in-the-loop validation is suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Carbon Sequestration Techniques From Geological to Biological Methods: Mechanisms, Methods, and Future Perspectives","authors":"Mohmmadreza Alipour,&nbsp;Masoud Shafiei,&nbsp;Mohammadkazem Amiri,&nbsp;Ehsan Nikooee","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human-induced climate change driven by greenhouse gas emissions has raised significant concerns globally. One of the most promising strategies for achieving a sustainable climate is CO₂ sequestration. Numerous review studies have examined CO₂ storage methods, both individually and in groups. However, there remains a need for a comprehensive and critical review of CO₂ sequestration methods that evaluates technological maturity, economic feasibility, scalability, long-term sustainability, and the efficiency of each common and emerging method. This study aims to fill that gap by rigorously reviewing various underground storage methods—including depleted reservoirs, salt caverns, saline aquifers, basalt formations, and geothermal storage—alongside ocean-based and microorganism-based methods. Each section provides an overview of the background and historical context of each method, detailing the storage mechanisms, technical and operational advantages, limitations, environmental risks, technology maturity, storage capacity and efficiency, as well as storage costs. Particularly, this study emphasizes microorganism-based methods, presenting them as a standalone approach or as a complementary strategy to enhance long-term sustainability in CO₂ storage. Finally, this study outlines the prospects for microorganism-based methods, identifies key research priorities, and discusses hybrid storage systems as a strategic advantage for sustainable carbon management.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Prediction of Heat Transfer and Frictional Drag Analysis in MHD Fluid Flow Using Fuzzy α-Cut Parametric Sensitivity Analysis","authors":"R. Lakshana,&nbsp;A. David Maxim Gururaj","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71111","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;MHD Non-Newtonian fluid flows commonly exhibit parametric uncertainty due to measurement limits, ambient variability, and modeling approximations for which a completely deterministic analysis cannot capture. Motivated by this, the present study focuses on the two-dimensional steady flow of an incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Williamson fluid across a stretched surface with fuzzy parametric uncertainty. This research focuses on investigating the flow characteristics such as velocity, temperature distribution, rate of heat transfer, and coefficient of skin friction under the fuzzy conditions. The non-linear governing partial differential equations (PDEs) defining the fluid flow are converted to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity conditions and solved using the MATLAB software. The parameters of the flow, namely the magnetic parameter (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;M&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ M $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), the Non-Newtonian Williamson parameter (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;λ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ lambda $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), the Prandtl number (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Pr&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ mathit{Pr} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), the radiation parameter (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ R $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), and the temperature ratio parameter (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;θ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {theta}_w $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), are transformed into triangular fuzzy numbers (TFN) through the alpha-cut approach. This study includes sensitivity analysis of the fuzzy parameters within their respective ranges to attain a deeper insights into the effects of skin friction and heat transfer. According to the analysis, the Prandtl number &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Pr&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ mathit{Pr} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; has the most significant effect on heat transfer, with a &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;345.9&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ 345.","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Investigation of MHD-Driven Heat and Mass Transfer in a Porous Enclosure Filled With Cu–Water Nanofluid","authors":"Samiha Islam Tanni,&nbsp;Muhammad Shafiq Ahmed,&nbsp;Rohani Us Shams Zaman,&nbsp;Faria Kabir Ava,&nbsp;Imran Shabir Chuhan","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The main objective of this research is to investigate the natural convection and heat transfer characteristics of Cu-water nanofluid in a porous cavity with circular obstacles. This study examines the combined effects of magnetic damping, porous resistance, buoyancy, nanoparticle-enhanced transport, obstacle arrangement, and enclosure geometry on heat and mass transfer. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations describing fluid flow and heat–mass transfer are solved using the finite element method (FEM). A detailed parametric analysis is conducted by varying the Darcy number, Rayleigh number, Hartmann number, nanoparticle volume fraction, and aspect ratio, while grid independence is ensured for solution accuracy. The results reveal that increasing the Darcy and Rayleigh numbers significantly enhances fluid circulation and promotes convection-dominated heat transfer. Lower aspect ratio configurations produce stronger circulation and higher thermal performance compared to higher aspect ratios. The higher Hartmann number strengthens the Lorentz force, weakens fluid circulation, and reduces convective transport. The addition of nanoparticles has a marginal influence on heat transfer, with the average Nusselt number decreasing slightly (approximately 0.04%–0.06%) as the nanoparticle volume fraction increases, while mass transfer exhibits greater sensitivity to nanoparticle loading. This study examines the combined effects of porous permeability, magnetic field strength, cavity geometry, and nanoparticle concentration on coupled heat and mass transfer in an obstructed enclosure.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Enterprise Environmental, Social, and Governance Rating Prediction Model Integrating Financial Features and Random Forest","authors":"Li Mo,&nbsp;Yujiang Xie","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71101","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper briefly introduces the enterprise environmental, social, and governance (ESG) rating and the random forest (RF) model for ESG rating prediction. The China Securities Index (CSI) ESG rating dataset is selected for simulation experiments. During the experiments, the effects of the number of decision trees, maximum tree depth, maximum number of features, and minimum number of samples per node on the RF model are first examined. The RF model is then compared with the linear logistic regression (LLR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithms. Finally, the importance of the feature indicators for predicting the ESG rating is analyzed. Furthermore, ablation experiments and cross-data generalization control experiments are conducted. The RF model exhibits the best predictive performance, with a precision of 0.8414, a recall of 0.8463, an <i>F</i>-score of 0.8442, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.8971, when the number of decision trees is 300, the maximum tree depth is 10, the maximum number of features is 6, and the minimum number of samples per node is 3. The RF model has better predictive performance than the LLR, SVM, and XGBoost algorithms. The proportion of independent directors is the most important (218.74), followed by the number of green patents (196.32), information disclosure violations (182.59), and return on net assets (167.81). The results of the ablation experiment show that the RF model incorporating financial features performs significantly superior to the RF model that only uses non-financial features; the cross-data generalization control experiment verifies the generalization performance of the RF model.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adversarially Regularized Dynamic Graph Embeddings for Robust Community Evolution and Threat Detection in OSN","authors":"Romil Rawat,&nbsp;Ashish Dibouliya,&nbsp;Antonio González-Torres,&nbsp;Ranjana Sikarwar,&nbsp;A. Samson Arun Raj,&nbsp;Yagyanath Rimal","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Online social networks generate large-scale dynamic graph data, where existing systems often struggle with three issues: limited robustness under adversarial perturbations, lack of temporal consistency in evolving communities, and high energy consumption during continuous training. To address these limitations, an adversarially regularized and carbon-aware dynamic graph framework is proposed for threat detection in evolving networks. The method combines adversarially regularized dynamic embeddings (AR-DyGS), temporal community tracking, and a sequential threat profiling module. A carbon-aware training controller (CATC) is used to adjust embedding updates and snapshot processing to reduce computational load. Graph snapshots are normalized to [0, 1], filtered for low-activity edges (&lt; 1%), and processed using embedding dimension <i>d</i> = 128, learning rate 0.001, batch size 512, dropout 0.25, and AdamW optimization. Adversarial testing uses bounded perturbations (≤ 3% edges, ≤ 1.5% nodes). Experiments are conducted on Twitter Higgs, Reddit Hyperlink Network, and DARPA SocialSim standard datasets. Results show consistent performance with around 95%–96% accuracy and 92%–93% F1-score across datasets. Energy consumption is reduced by about 40%–45% using CATC, while maintaining stable detection performance. Ablation studies show performance drops when individual modules are removed, confirming their contribution. The framework scales up to 450,000-node graphs with stable accuracy above 92%. The system is suitable for social media threat monitoring, fraud detection in interaction networks, and cybersecurity surveillance in dynamic environments. The approach maintains detection reliability while reducing computational cost and supporting scalable deployment in real-world online network systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian and Classical Inference for the Weighted Exponential-Lindley Distribution Under Adaptive Type-II Hybrid Progressive Censoring","authors":"Sunita Sharma","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71105","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Censoring strategies in reliability testing are often adopted to control testing time, sample size, and cost. To improve inferential efficiency under such settings, this study considers an adaptive Type-II hybrid progressive censoring scheme. The recently proposed one-parameter Weighted Exponential–Lindley distribution is considered for modeling censored lifetime data. Both classical and Bayesian estimation approaches are developed for the model parameters, as well as for reliability and hazard rate functions. The classical inference is carried out using the maximum likelihood estimation, and approximate confidence intervals are constructed for the unknown parameter and reliability characteristics. Bayesian estimation is performed assuming a gamma prior under symmetric and asymmetric loss functions. Since the joint posterior distribution is analytically intractable, the Markov chain Monte Carlo technique is employed to obtain Bayes estimates and construct the highest posterior density credible intervals. The performance of the proposed estimators is examined through extensive simulation studies under different progressive censoring schemes. A real data application demonstrates the practical relevance and effectiveness of the proposed model.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Source Hydrogeological Investigation, Water Inflow Prediction, and Water–Mud Inrush Risk Zoning for a Strongly Karstified Limestone Tunnel: A Case Study of the Dongyang Tunnel","authors":"Guowei Wu,&nbsp;Yong Liu","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71098","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study conducts a preconstruction assessment of the Dongyang Tunnel through three linked steps: multi-source hydrogeological investigation, comparison of three water-inflow prediction methods, and section-based water–mud inrush risk assessment and zoning. The investigation integrated geological mapping, boreholes, an EM3D high-density electrical-resistivity survey, Lugeon tests, hydrochemistry, and regional hydrogeological records. All nine investigated boreholes intersected karst cavities; the maximum cavity height was 8.0 m, and CSZK2-1 intersected five vertically distributed bead-like cavity layers. Hydraulic conductivity was 0.01304–0.01357 m/day. The precipitation-infiltration, groundwater-runoff-modulus, and groundwater-dynamics-based empirical methods yielded normal inflows of 621.00, 386.12, and 532.56 m³/day and maximum inflows of 1242.00, 772.24, and 1557.61 m³/day, respectively. The initial maximum of 1557.61 m³/day was adopted as a design control reference, not an observed construction inflow. The resulting qualitative zoning identifies higher-risk and high-risk sections for targeted prediction, drilling, grouting, and controlled drainage. The predictions and zoning remain design-stage results without systematic construction monitoring or back-analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}