{"title":"Energy-Aware RF Fingerprinting for Device Identification in Ultra-Low-Power IoT Systems","authors":"Emmanuel Osei Owusu, Danlard Iddrisu, Griffith Selorm Klogo, Kwame Osei Boateng, Emmanuel Kofi Akowuah","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70293","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The security of ultra-low-power Internet of Things (IoT) systems is critical yet challenging due to significant energy constraints. These networks are vulnerable to impersonation and data poisoning attacks, where malicious entities can mimic legitimate devices to gain access or corrupt system integrity. While traditional cryptographic solutions are often too energy-intensive for these environments, radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting offers a promising physical layer security alternative by using intrinsic hardware imperfections to uniquely identify devices. However, existing RF fingerprinting methods often overlook the severe energy budgets of battery-powered IoT devices. To address this challenge, this paper introduces two complementary deep learning models for device identification in long range wide area network systems. The first, RFNet, is a full-capacity convolutional neural network that achieves 97.48% identification accuracy. The second, TinyRFNet, is an ultra-lightweight model designed for resource-constrained hardware, maintaining 93.19% accuracy with over 34 times fewer parameters than RFNet. We further propose a dynamic, energy-aware inference strategy that adaptively selects between these two models based on the device's remaining battery level, the model's prediction confidence, and the operational context. Extensive experimental evaluation on a dataset of 30 commercial LoRa devices demonstrates that this adaptive approach achieves an overall identification accuracy of 94.54% while reducing energy consumption by 17% compared to exclusively using the high-accuracy model. This system provides robust protection against physical-layer threats with minimal energy overhead, thereby extending the operational lifetime of devices in secure, ultra-low-power IoT deployments.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analyzing the Impact of Thermal Aging on the Dielectric and Physicochemical Performance of Transformer Insulating Papers Impregnated With Natural Monoesters","authors":"Gerard Ombick Boyekong, Gabriel Ekemb, Emeric Tchamdjio Nkouetcha, Ghislain Mengata Mengounou, Adolphe Moukengue Imano","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70297","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The application of alternative liquids in power transformers, instead of traditionally used mineral oils, is increasing due to safety and environmental reasons. Current research focuses on inedible natural esters to reduce the cost of production while avoiding a conflict with the food industry. This paper presents the issues of a comparative aging study between thermally Upgraded Kraft (TUK) and Nomex-910 insulating papers. Both papers were impregnated with palm kernel oil methyl ester (PKOME) and thermally aged. Dielectric and physicochemical tests were performed on new and aged samples. The Nomex-910 paper AC Breakdown Voltage (BDV) exceeded the corresponding values obtained with the TUK paper. However, PKOME/TUK samples had a smaller acid number than PKOME/Nomex. The PKOME kinematic viscosity exhibited an increase with aging. Also, the 2-FAL content and the degree of polymerization (DP) were estimated from the mean UV absorption values. This study shows that insulating papers can be associated with natural monoesters to improve the performance of power transformers.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Method for Slope Risk Stability Assessment: Combined Weighting and Improved Cloud Matter-Element Model","authors":"Wan-Rui Hu, Heng Liu, Xing-Tao Zhou, Bo Wei, Ceng Shang, Peng Guan","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70284","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to accurately evaluate the grade of slope stability and reduce the risk of geological disasters, a comprehensive evaluation method of slope stability based on game theory and finite interval cloud matter element model is proposed. Firstly, based on the principles of scientificity, rationality, representativeness, feasibility, and coefficient of variation, the evaluation index system of slope stability is constructed. Then, the subjective and objective weights of the evaluation indexes are determined by the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) and anti-entropy weight (AEW) respectively, which effectively reduces the deviation caused by the single weighting method. The comprehensive weight is determined based on game theory. Finally, the slope stability evaluation is carried out according to the finite interval cloud matter element model, and the expectation of multiple solutions is taken as the final evaluation result, which effectively solves the ambiguity in the evaluation process, and the confidence factor is introduced to measure the reliability of the result. This evaluation model is applied to three slopes in the engineering example, namely K1, K2, and K3. The results show that the stability levels of slope K1 and K3 are basically stable, the stability level of K2 is stable, and the evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation, which verifies the correctness of the model. The model has engineering application value in evaluating slope stability and can provide reference basis for slope treatment and prevention of safety accidents in the later stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influences of Variable Thermal Conductivity, Viscous Dissipation, and Cattaneo–Christov Heat and Mass Fluxes on MHD Tangent Hyperbolic Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Over a Stretching Sheet","authors":"Asfaw Tsegaye Moltot, Eshetu Haile Gorfie, Gurju Awgichew Zergaw, Hunegnaw Dessie Asress","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70291","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study focuses on the heat and mass transfer characteristics of magnetohydrodynamic tangent hyperbolic ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching plate, incorporating complex factors such as variable thermal conductivity, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, chemical reactions, Darcy–Forchheimer flow, and Cattaneo–Christov heat and mass fluxes, alongside nonlinear thermal radiation. The research employs ternary hybrid nanofluids composed of copper, silver, and aluminum oxide nanoparticles suspended in ethylene glycol, which are selected for their superior thermal conductivity and potential to enhance heat transfer efficiency. These nanofluids are of significant importance for applications in energy systems, heat exchangers, aerospace, and electronic cooling, where efficient thermal management is crucial. The study systematically analyzes how key physical factors including viscous dissipation, Joule heating, thermal and concentration relaxation times, the Darcy–Forchheimer effect, and nanoparticle volume fraction affect the flow and thermal behaviors of the fluid. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using a similarity variable and are solved numerically with the sixth-order Runge–Kutta (RK6) method in MATLAB. Results are benchmarked against previous literature to verify accuracy. The findings reveal that an increase in the magnetic field, porosity, Forchheimer number, and nanoparticle volume fraction reduces the flow velocity. Conversely, the temperature distributions are enhanced by the magnetic field, Eckert number, variable thermal conductivity, and higher nanoparticle concentration. Additionally, the concentration profile decreases with higher concentration relaxation time and chemical reaction rate. Notably, the Nusselt number increases with nanoparticle volume fraction and thermal relaxation time, significantly improving heat transfer efficiency. The results demonstrate that ternary hybrid nanofluids can significantly enhance heat and mass transfer, with promising applications in industrial cooling, renewable energy, and biomedical systems, while providing valuable insights for advancing energy and environmental technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Du Zhe, Zhao Xiaonan, Li Xinping, Xu Tian, Wu Yongbin, Dang Fengkui, Pang Jing
{"title":"Recognition and Positioning Method of Famous Tea Buds Based on Improved YOLOv8n Model","authors":"Du Zhe, Zhao Xiaonan, Li Xinping, Xu Tian, Wu Yongbin, Dang Fengkui, Pang Jing","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70274","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address the issue of poor accuracy and low efficiency in tea bud picking recognition with the obstruction of tea buds and leaves, a detection algorithm utilizing an improved YOLOv8n network model is proposed in this study. The improved YOLOv8n model incorporates an adaptive feature reconstruction recognition algorithm and an adaptive sparse activation convolution algorithm into the backbone network, based on the YOLOv8n model. The experimental results show that the precision, recall rate, F1 score, and mean average precision of the improved YOLOv8n model are 90.23%, 84.54%, 87.29%, and 88.62%, respectively, which are higher than those of other models. The improved YOLOv8n model achieves a reasoning speed of 97 frames/s. Consequently, the improved YOLOv8n model is suitable for detecting tea buds and exhibits robustness in harvesting scenarios, offering a theoretical foundation for high-quality image processing in intelligent tea picking systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization and Computational Modeling of Flexible Freestanding GaAs-Based Solar Cells","authors":"Athil S. Al-Ezzi, S. M. Anas, M. N. M. Ansari","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70282","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of flexible freestanding single-junction GaAs photovoltaic (PV) cells demonstrates a major innovation in solar technology, providing a lightweight, high-efficiency substitute to traditional silicon-based PV cells. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach is frequently used to deposit graphene “Gr” on a single crystalline substrate. As an innovative point, this study demonstrates that graphene can be deposited by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) before developing the epilayers on the substrate, which creates highly uniform and smooth interfaces. This research aims to develop flexible freestanding single-junction solar cells based on gallium arsenide (GaAs) and evaluate their photoelectric properties using both experimental and numerical methods. Flexible, freestanding GaAs-based membranes were fabricated using a novel combination of remote epitaxy and MOCVD. Initial experimental characterization under air mass global condition (AM1.5G) (1000 W/m<sup>2</sup> insolation, 25°C ambient temperature) yielded a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of approximately 9.45%. Through optimization of layer thickness and doping concentrations, this efficiency increased significantly to 19.62%. Numerical simulations conducted in MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics validated experimental findings, shedding light on critical mechanisms such as I–V characteristics, carrier generation, and recombination. Performance analysis under terrestrial and extraterrestrial (AM<sub>0</sub>) conditions revealed a maximum power output of 27.40 mW with a photocurrent of 28.86 mA under AM<sub>0</sub> spectra. These findings highlight the potential of flexible, high-efficiency GaAs solar cells for diverse energy solutions, including space applications, advancing their utility in terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Hybrid Method Using Slime Mold Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm for Feature Selection Problems in Intrusion Detection Systems","authors":"Soodeh Hosseini, Mahdieh Khorashadizade, Morteza Jouyban","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70254","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents an innovative hybrid approach for intrusion detection system (IDS) proposed by integrating the slime mold algorithm (SMA) and genetic algorithm (GA) within a feature selection (FS) framework for classification tasks. IDS faces challenges such as high-dimensional data and the presence of irrelevant or redundant features, which can degrade detection accuracy and increase computational cost. To enhance search efficiency, opposition-based learning (OBL) is utilized in the initialization phase, ensuring a well-distributed initial population and accelerating convergence. While SMA exhibits strong exploration capabilities, its exploitation ability remains limited; therefore, GA is incorporated to reinforce exploitation and maintain a balance between exploration and exploitation. The proposed hybrid approach, OSMOGA, is applied for FS in ID problems and is rigorously evaluated against well-established metaheuristic algorithms, including GA, grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), teaching-learning optimization (TLBO), and salp swarm optimization (SSA). Experimental results demonstrate that OSMOGA achieves superior detection accuracy while significantly reducing training time through effective FS. OSMOGA achieved classification accuracy of 98.64%, 98.99%, 99.43%, and 99.78% for NSL-KDD, KDD Cup'99, CICIDS2017, and UNSW-NB15 data sets, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fracture Mechanics of Nacre-Inspired Materials With Engineered Structural Defects","authors":"Chuang Dong","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70292","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of high-performance structural materials is a key challenge in materials engineering. In particular, the concurrent enhancement of strength and ductility, which are often mutually exclusive in traditional materials, remains difficult. While multi-element composite approaches have enabled mechanical enhancement, they frequently require complex manufacturing processes. Drawing inspiration from nacre's “brick-and-mortar” architecture, which features a periodic arrangement of hard and soft phases, we developed a biomimetic segmented defect design strategy. This structural optimization approach facilitates the precise regulation of ductility through defect engineering rather than compositional modification. Using discrete element modeling-based numerical simulations, we systematically examined the tensile fracture behavior of nacre-inspired defect-engineered structures. The data showed that controlled defect introduction enhances ductility by 30%–50% while maintaining material strength and stability. This defect design mechanism thus represents a promising approach for fabricating strong and tough engineering materials through geometry-driven property optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of an External Electric Field (EEF) on Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Monoterpenes (V Type DESs) With Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approach","authors":"Samaneh Barani Pour, Nasrin Jabbarvand Behrooz, Jaber Jahanbin Sardroodi","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70290","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have become known as solvents that have highly tunable properties and are eco-friendly. Several terpenes, such as thymol and menthol, have resonance effects, which subsequently lead to their polar asymmetry, and this factor causes the majority of V-type DESs to be investigated based on these terpenes. An External Electric Field (EEF) affects the intermolecular interactions and the electronic state energies of DESs. The ubiquitous presence of electric fields in systems plays an important role in functions. For this purpose, in the present study, MD simulations have been performed to design and describe the structural properties and gain deeper insights into the behavior of DES consisting of Menthol (MEN) and Thymol (THY) in molar ratios (1:1) in the absence (<i>T</i> = 298, 350, and 398.15 K) and presence of an EEF with strengths of 0.217, 0.434, 0.651, and 0.868 (V/Å) at a temperature of 398.15 K and atmospheric pressure. This is the first time that the structural and dynamical characteristics of DES-based terpenes under EEFs have been investigated. The response of the eutectic mixture to the external fields is analyzed using the dipolar arrangements, the intermolecular hydrogen bond network, and the relative orientations of the nearest neighbors. The simulation results showed that as the external electric field increased from 0.217 to 0.651 (V/Å), the distribution of solvent species around each other increased. The results indicate that with increasing temperature, the hydrogen bond network between components HBA and HBD was disturbed at high temperatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of the Dual-Frequency Ionospheric Free Combination on BDS-3 Single Point Positioning Accuracy","authors":"Xingli Sun, Jinjie Yao","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70212","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article analyzes the BDS Phase III (BDS-3) single point positioning (SPP) kinematic mode performance, under seven different dual-frequency ionospheric free combinations (IFC), namely B1C/B2a, B1C/B3I, B1I/B2a, B1I/B2b, B1I/B3I, B2a/B3I, and B2b/B3I, using the observation data of 84 static multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX) stations for 7 days. And the three coordinates are estimated each epoch as white noise. We have derived a detailed SPP model based on timing group delay (TGD) and inter-signal correction (ISC) for IFC. Next, the BDS-3's five signals are assessed in regard to carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) and code multipath (MP), B2b exhibits the best data quality, with an average C/N0 of 44.51 dB-Hz and the code MP value of 22.40 cm. The difference of C/N0 among BDS-3 single frequency signal is not obvious. The average number of satellites for all seven different IFCs is between 8.45 and 8.56, and the average PDOP value is between 2.03 and 2.08. There is not much difference in the number of satellites and PDOP between different IFCs. The root mean square error (RMSE) was used to assess the SPP performance. The sorted order of SPP kinematic performance of dual-frequency IFC, from best to worst, is B1C/B2a, B1C/B3I, B1I/B2a, B1I/B2b, B1I/B3I, B2a/B3I, and B2b/B3I. The results show that the SPP kinematic accuracy of the B1C/B2a dual-frequency IFC in the three directions of north, east, and up (NEU) is 0.70, 0.69, and 1.68 m, respectively, and B2b/B3I IFC is 3.63, 3.72, and 8.49 m, respectively. B1C/B2a has a positioning accuracy ~5 times better than B2b/B3I. If there are multiple IFC, it is recommended to use B1C/B2a in SPP.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}